Effect of drying-wetting cycles on pore characteristics and mechanical properties of enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation-reinforced sea sand

Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation(EICP)is an emanating,eco-friendly and potentially sound technique that has presented promise in various geotechnical applications.However,the durability and microscopic characteristics of EICP-treated specimens against the impact of drying-wetting(D-W)cycles is under-explored yet.This study investigates the evolution of mechanical behavior and pore charac-teristics of EICP-treated sea sand subjected to D-W cycles.The uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)tests,synchrotron radiation micro-computed tomography(micro-CT),and three-dimensional(3D)recon-struction of CT images were performed to study the multiscale evolution characteristics of EICP-reinforced sea sand under the effect of D-W cycles.The potential correlations between microstructure characteristics and macro-mechanical property deterioration were investigated using gray relational analysis(GRA).Results showed that the UCS of EICP-treated specimens decreases by 63.7% after 15 D-W cycles.The proportion of mesopores gradually decreases whereas the proportion of macropores in-creases due to the exfoliated calcium carbonate with increasing number of D-W cycles.The micro-structure in EICP-reinforced sea sand was gradually disintegrated,resulting in increasing pore size and development of pore shape from ellipsoidal to columnar and branched.The gray relational degree suggested that the weight loss rate and UCS deterioration were attributed to the development of branched pores with a size of 100-1000 m m under the action of D-W cycles.Overall,the results in this study provide a useful guidancee for the long-term stability and evolution characteristics of EICP-reinforced sea sand under D-W weathering conditions.

Deterioration Mechanism of Sulfate Attack on Concrete under Freeze-thaw Cycles

The experiments of concrete attacked by sulfate solution under freeze-thaw cycles were investigated. The sulfate solution includes two types of 5% Na2SO4 and 5% MgSO4. Through the experiment, microstructural analyses such as SEM, XRD and TGA measurements were performed on the selected samples after freeze-thaw cycles. The corrosion products of the concrete were distinguished and quantitatively compared by the thermal analysis. Besides, the damage mechanism considering the dynamic modulus of elastically of concrete under the coupling effect was also investigated. The experimental results show that, under the action of freeze-thaw cycles and sulfate attack, the main attack products in concrete are ettringite and gypsum. The corrosion products exposed to MgSO4 solution are more than those to Na2SO4 solution. Furthermore, the content of gypsum in concrete is less than that of ettringite in test, and some of gypsum can be observed only after a certain corrosion extent. It is also shown that MgSO4 solution has a promoting effect to the damage of concrete under freeze-thaw cycles. Whereas for Na：SO4 solution, the damage of concrete has restrained before 300 freeze-thaw cycles, but the sulfate attack accelerates the deterioration process in its further test period.

Effect of Carbonation and Drying-Wetting Cycles on Chloride Diffusion Behavior of Coral Aggregate Seawater Concrete

Based on seawater immersion,drying-wetting cycles,carbonation and drying-wetting cycles for coral aggregate sea-water concrete(CASC)with different strength grades,the effect of carbonation and drying-wetting cycles on chloride diffusion be-havior of CASC is studied.The results show that the free surface chloride concentration(Cs),free chloride diffusion coefficient(Df)and time-dependent index(m)of CASC in the drying-wetting cycles is obviously higher than that in seawater immersion.The Df and m of CASC of carbonation and drying-wetting cycles is higher than that in the drying-wetting cycles.Carbonation increases the Df and m of CASC,which is against CASC to resist chloride corrosion.The corrosion possibility of CASC structures in different ex-posed areas is as follows:splash zone(carbonation and drying-wetting cycles)>tidal zone(drying-wetting cycles)>underwater zone(seawater immersion).Besides,the chloride diffusion rate of C65-CASC is 17.8%-63.4%higher than that of C65-ordinary aggre-gate concrete(OAC)in seawater immersion(underwater zone).Therefore,anti-corrosion measures should be adopted to improve the service life of CASC structure in the oceanic environment.

Chloride Ion Transmission Model under the Drying-wetting Cycles and Its Solution

The chloride ion transmission model considering diffusion and convection was established respectively for different zones in concrete by analyzing chloride ion transmission mechanism under the dryingwetting cycles. The finite difference method was adopted to solve the model. The equation of chloride ion transmission model in the convection and diffusion zone of concrete was discreted by the group explicit scheme with right single point （GER method） and the equation in diffusion zone was discreted by FTCS difference scheme. According to relative humidity characteristics in concrete under drying-wetting cycles, the seepage velocity equation was formulated based on Kelvin Equation and Darcy＇s Law. The time-variant equations of chloride ion concentration of concrete surface and the boundary surface of the convection and diffusion zone were established. Based on the software MATLAB the numerical calculation was carried out by using the model and basic material parameters from the experiments. The calculation of chloride ion concentration distribution in concrete is in good agreement with the drying-wetting cycles experiments. It can be shown that the chloride ion transmission model and the seepage velocity equation are reasonable and practical. Studies have shown that the chloride ion transmission in concrete considering convection and diffusion under the drying-wetting cycles is the better correlation with the actual situation than that only considering the diffusion.

Calculation of salt-frost heave of sulfate saline soil due to long-term freeze−thaw cycles

Based on salt-frost heave tests of sulfate saline soil under repeated freeze−thaw cycles,this paper discusses the mechanism of the salt-frost heave under long-term freeze−thaw cycles.The results show that the salt-frost heave can be restricted considerably by loads,and there is a critical load for the salt-frost heave cumulative effect.Under this load,peak values of salt-frost heave approach a constant,and the residual values become 0.There is no longer structure heave or cumulative effect of saline soil exposed to freeze−thaw cycles under the critical load.Taking cumulative effect into account in calculations of salt-frost heave,a salt-frost heave model under freeze−thaw cycles is developed.

Investigation of Sulfate Attack Resistance of Shotcrete under Dry-wet Cycles

In order to research the sulfate attack resistance of shotcrete, the sulfate attack of shotcrete in the presence and absence of steel fiber was experimentally studied by using dry-wet cycle method. Meanwhile, compared with ordinary concrete by the same mixture, the difference of sulfate attack resistance of shotcrete was studied. The experimental results showed that, with dry-wet cycles increasing, the changes of loss rate of relative dynamic elastic modulus and mass loss rate of specimens included three stages： initial descent stage, stable stage, and rapid descent stage, respectively. However, the changes of mechanical properties first increased and then decreased. Furthermore, the corrosion products of shotcrete after sulfate attack were observed by using the method of XRD, thermal analysis, and SEM, respectively, and the failure mode of shotcrete turned from ettringite destruction to ettringite-gypsum comprehensive failure. Meanwhile, the contents of ettringite and gypsum increased with increasing dry-wet cycle. Simultaneously, the stratified powders drilled from shotcrete under 150＇s dry-wet cycle were analyzed for the mineral phase composition and thermal analysis. With the drywet cycle increasing, the content of ettringite first increased and then decreased and tended to stable. However, the determination of gypsum decreased gradually and even to 0 when the depth was more than 12 mm.

Research on Corrosion Effect of Sulfate Ions on Concrete Under Wetting-Drying Cycle

Saline soil is widely distributed in the marine sediments along the coast of the world and the arid-semi-arid areas of the Middle East and Iraq,and calcium sulfate erosion has become one of the important factors affecting the durability of concrete in this area.In order to clarify the mechanism of sulfate ion damage to concrete,this paper mainly takes saline soil with high sulfate content in coastal area as well as arid-semi-arid area as the research object,and uses indoor geotechnical test,field test and numerical simulation to study the influence of different dry-wet cycle times on the unconfined compressive strength of concrete test blocks,and puts forward the relationship between the erosion arrival depth and time of sulfate ion in concrete,so as to predict the long-term erosion depth by using the erosion depth of sulfate ion in concrete in short time.The results show that the shorter the erosion time when the erosion reaches a certain depth,and the larger the erosion reaches when the erosion time is the same,the faster the erosion reaches the depth with the increase of erosion time.Compared with rectangular section concrete,circular section concrete penetrates faster.The results of this study can provide a reference for the durability design of concrete in saline soil sites containing sulfate.

Ultrasonic testing and microscopic analysis on concrete under sulfate attack and cyclic environment

The damage process of concrete exposed to sodium sulfate attack and drying-wetting cycles was investigated. The water to binder(W/B) ratio and the concentration of sulfate solution were taken as variable parameters. Through the experiment, visual change, relative dynamic modulus of elasticity(RDME) and the surface damage layer thickness of concrete were measured.Furthermore, SEM and thermal analysis were used to investigate the changing of microstructure and corrosion products of concrete.The test results show that the ultrasonic velocity is related to the damage layer of concrete. It approves that an increase in damage layer thickness reduces the compactness and the ultrasonic velocity. The deterioration degree of concrete could be estimated effectively by measuring the surface damage layer and the RDME of concrete. It is also found that the content of gypsum in concrete is less than that of ettringite in test, and some gypsum is checked only after a certain corrosion extent. When the concrete is with high W/B ratio or exposed to high concentration of sulfate solution, the content of ettringite first increases and then decreases with corrosion time. However, the content of gypsum increases at a steady rate. The content of corrosion products does not correspond well with the observations of RDME change, and extensive amount of corrosion products can be formed before obvious damage occurs.

Dydrogesterone treatment for menstrual-cycle regularization in abnormal uterine bleeding-ovulation dysfunction patients

BACKGROUND Dydrogesterone has shown significant efficacy in treatment of irregular menstrual cycle due to abnormal uterine bleeding-ovulation dysfunction(AUB-O),but there were few relevant studies.This observational study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of dydrogesterone for the treatment of Chinese patients with AUB-O.AIM To evaluate the effects of dydrogesterone on menstrual-cycle(MC)regularization and metabolism in the patients with AUB-O.METHODS A prospective,non-interventional,single-arm,post-marketing observational study was conducted.Chinese women aged 16 years or above with AUB-O who had been prescribed dydrogesterone were enrolled.The patients were treated with dydrogesterone 10 mg from day 16 to day 25 of each cycle,consecutively for at least 3 cycles.The main outcome was defined as the percentage of patients whose MCs returned to normal(defined as 21 d<menstrual cycle≤35 d)after three cycles of dydrogesterone treatment.RESULTS One hundred and fourteen women with AUB-O were enrolled in the present study.Of 89 patients who completed treatment,72(80.9%)achieved a regular MC at the end of the 3rd circle.The level of androgen,including testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate,declined significantly(P=0.01 and 0.031,respectively),whereas other hormone levels remained steady.During the treatment,44/80(55.0%)subjects in the per-protocol set had reported biphasic basal body temperature.CONCLUSION Dydrogesterone therapy was effective in achieving MC regularization for Chinese patients with AUB-O.

盐冻耦合作用下水工混凝土耐久性及寿命预测

为研究西北地区冻融盐侵环境下水工混凝土的耐久性,制备了不同粉煤灰掺量的混凝土试件,以不同浓度的硫酸钠溶液作为介质开展了冻融循环试验,阐明了不同循环次数下试件的外观、质量、抗压强度和动弹模量的变化规律,基于XGBoost模型建立了混凝土寿命预测模型并对其进行了评价和验证。研究结果表明,随着冻融循环次数增加,混凝土质量、抗压强度和动弹模量逐渐减小;冻融循环次数和硫酸钠溶液浓度是影响混凝土寿命的关键因素,8%硫酸钠溶液破坏度最高,此溶液浓度下冻融150次后混凝土质损率达4.55%;粉煤灰的掺入量对混凝土耐久性有一定影响;最优粉煤灰掺量为10%,此掺量下冻融150次后混凝土质损率为3.99%;XGBoost模型在混凝土寿命预测方面具有较高的精确性和可靠性。本研究可为混凝土结构的耐久性设计和寿命预测提供参考。

硫酸锌胶结珊瑚砂渗透特性试验及工程应用探讨

对松散珊瑚砂进行胶结处理以降低岛礁地层渗透性是促进生态岛淡水涵养的重要手段之一。为此,开展了硫酸锌胶结珊瑚砂的渗透试验,分析了不同浸泡时长、硫酸锌溶液浓度及初始干密度对胶结珊瑚砂渗透性的影响,采用干湿循环试验验证其耐久性,通过X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,简称XRD)、扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,简称SEM)、能量色散X射线光谱(energy dispersive spectrometer,简称EDS)及计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,简称CT)扫描研究微观胶结机制。结果表明:(1)硫酸锌胶结可将珊瑚砂渗透系数降低70.17%~95.79%;(2)干湿循环16次后,胶结处理36 h的珊瑚砂样品质量损失率不超过4%,渗透系数变化不超过1.0×10^(-3)cm/s,表明样品耐久性良好;(3)珊瑚砂和硫酸锌反应生成二水石膏与菱锌矿填充样品孔隙,使孔喉平均半径、配位数均减小,孔隙连通性显著下降。该技术可应用于岛礁吹填初期固砂防侵蚀、提高地基承载力、降低渗透性以促进地下淡水涵养和生态岛建设,具有重要的工程应用价值。

干湿循环作用下吉林省西部土壤盐离子对混凝土的侵蚀破坏机理

为了解决干湿循环条件下长期的外部碳酸盐和硫酸盐侵蚀导致混凝土耐久性能显著退化的问题,进行了在干湿循环条件下混凝土内部CO_(3)^(2-)和SO_(4)^(2-)侵蚀规律和迁移规律的研究。先通过混凝土受到离子侵蚀的化学反应过程和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)实验分析并对比两种离子对混凝土侵蚀的损伤机理,后通过引用房室模型的方法分析CO_(3)^(2-)和SO_(4)^(2-)在混凝土表面与外界交界面处的传输和交换规律。结果表明:在180 d的时间内,离子侵蚀主要发生在混凝土表面0~20 mm的范围内,房室模型的预测值与实测值决定系数R^(2)在0.75左右;混凝土被侵蚀的深度与水灰比正相关,并且房室模型可以预测混凝土受到侵蚀的程度;硫酸盐和碳酸盐的化学反应生成物引起的膨胀压力导致混凝土产生裂缝而引起破坏。

硫酸盐干湿循环下玄武岩纤维混凝土抗侵蚀研究

以玄武岩纤维混凝土为研究对象,开展了不同硫酸盐浓度下干湿循环侵蚀试验,重点研究抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、相对动弹性模量及质量变化随干湿循环周次的变化规律及不同玄武岩纤维掺量对侵蚀劣化程度的影响。试验结果表明:干湿循环下硫酸盐浓度对不同纤维体积掺量的混凝土性能侵蚀劣化影响显著。随着硫酸盐浓度的增大,在干湿循环条件下抗压强度、劈裂抗压强度和质量变化曲线均由近似线性增长逐渐演化为“锅盖状”的先增后减,最大值对应的干湿循环周次为30,相对动弹性模量则由“躺L型”演变为“躺S型”;适量纤维的掺入可有效提高混凝土致密性,削弱硫酸盐侵蚀对混凝土性能劣化的影响。

养护条件对混凝土力学性能及抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响

针对新疆盐渍环境及高温干旱气候条件下混凝土普遍存在的硫酸盐侵蚀问题,研究了不同养护条件[标准养护、自然条件下内养护、(40±2)℃恒温内养护]对混凝土力学及抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响,进行了混凝土的抗压强度、干湿循环硫酸盐侵蚀试验,计算了质量损失率及耐蚀系数。结果表明:SAP内养护可以在一定程度上改善混凝土的抗压强度,且可以延缓干湿循环硫酸盐侵蚀对混凝土的腐蚀破坏;混凝土的耐蚀系数与质量损失率之间有显著的负相关性,随着耐蚀系数的降低,混凝土的质量损失率增加。

矿化煤矸石混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能

为研究微生物菌液浓度、尿素浓度、钙离子浓度、煤矸石取代率对矿化煤矸石混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响,开展4因素3水平正交试验。结果表明:微生物矿化技术可显著提升煤矸石混凝土力学性能,煤矸石混凝土强度影响排序为煤矸石取代率>菌液浓度>钙离子浓度>尿素浓度,微生物矿化煤矸石混凝土力学性能和抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的最优配比为:菌液浓度4×10^(8) cells/mL、尿素浓度0.9 mol/L、钙离子浓度0.2 mol/L、煤矸石取代率30%;硫酸盐与水化产物反应生成钙矾石是硫酸盐干湿循环前期质量和抗压强度提升的主要原因,也是后期表观形态盐化、体积膨胀、鼓包掉落、强度降低的主要原因。研究成果可为微生物矿化煤矸石混凝土力学和耐久性提供试验依据。

冻融循环作用下粉砂质硫酸盐渍土变形特性研究

【目的】为探究南疆地区粉砂质硫酸盐渍土的变形特性,【方法】在封闭系统条件下对粉砂土进行冻融循环试验,利用扫描电镜对土体结构进行表征分析。【结果】结果显示:粉砂质硫酸盐渍土硫酸钠含量为0和1.0%时变形以融沉为主,5次循环后变形量分别为-1.30 mm、-1.02 mm;硫酸钠含量为2.0%、5.0%、8.0%时变形表现为盐胀-冻胀变形,5次循环后变形量分别为2.46 mm、8.53 mm、3.43 mm。【结论】结果表明:粉砂质硫酸盐渍土在冻融循环作用下温度和硫酸钠含量是影响土体发生冻融变形的主要因素。在低温区间土体的变形随温度的降低表现为盐胀-冻胀,在升温过程中土体先后出现冰融和盐溶变形;土体的最终变形量与硫酸钠含量的变化表现为先增后减,当硫酸钠含量为5.0%时,土体的盐-冻胀率达到最大为2.5%。运用扫描电镜可发现粉砂质硫酸盐渍土经冻融循环后在自重作用下会产生沉降,内部盐分重结晶是抑制沉降甚至造成土体膨胀的主要原因。

硫酸盐侵蚀和干湿、冻融循环下混凝土单轴受压损伤对比

为研究宁夏典型服役环境下混凝土材料的损伤特点,本文在硫酸钠侵蚀和干湿、冻融循环三因素的共同作用和耦合作用下研究混凝土棱柱体试样的不同单轴受压应力-应变特点。改变硫酸钠溶液浓度和腐蚀次数,测量试样的质量损失率、相对动弹性模量以及应力-应变曲线。结果表明:随着腐蚀次数的增加,耦合作用下质量损失率和相对动弹模均先增大后减小,共同作用下则均逐渐减小;随着硫酸钠溶液浓度的增大,两种腐蚀制度下试样的应力-应变曲线上升段斜率和峰值应力均逐渐减小,且共同作用比耦合作用劣化效果更明显;随着腐蚀次数的增加,两种腐蚀制度下试样的应力-应变曲线上升段斜率均逐渐减小,耦合作用下峰值应力先增大后减小,共同作用下则逐渐减小,两种腐蚀制度下峰值应变均逐渐增大,共同作用比耦合作用劣化更大。本文提出的两种腐蚀制度下的混凝土应力-应变曲线预测模型可为宁夏服役环境下的混凝土结构寿命预测提供依据。

硫酸盐侵蚀冻融循环下聚乙烯醇纤维钢筋混凝土的黏结性能试验研究

为了研究硫酸盐侵蚀冻融循环下聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维钢筋混凝土的粘结滑移性能,对4种掺不同体积百分比PVA纤维混凝土进行不同次数的硫酸盐浸泡下的冻融循环实验。实验结果表明,在一定范围内,随着PVA纤维掺量的增高可以提高混凝土的抗压强度;PVA纤维可以一定程度上阻止硫酸盐对混凝土的侵入,在硫酸盐冻融初期可以增强混凝土的抗压强度;在混凝土中添加一定量百分比体积的PVA纤维可以增加钢筋混凝土粘结的峰值滑移,增加了混凝土的塑性应变,硫酸盐冻融次数的增加会减少钢筋在混凝土中的峰值滑移。

黄金尾矿掺量对冻融循环和硫酸盐侵蚀作用下混凝土抗劣化性能的影响

为探究黄金尾矿掺量对混凝土力学性能及在冻融循环和硫酸盐侵蚀联合作用下的抗劣化性,利用电液伺服压力机对细黄金尾矿机制砂掺量为0%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%的试件静态力学性能进行了测试分析,并研究了素混凝土及细黄金尾矿机制砂混凝土在冻融循环及硫酸盐侵蚀联合作用下的抗压强度劣化规律。试验结果表明:①黄金尾矿机制砂的掺入能够极大改善混凝土材料的延展性,对提升建筑物的安全性具有重要意义;②相较于未掺尾矿机制砂试件,掺量为5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%时试件抗压强度增幅为8.04%、10.87%、21.04%、17.73%、3.31%、-9.22%,抗拉强度增幅为15.04%、20.70%、31.25%、36.72%、29.10%、14.06%,适量黄金尾矿的掺入能够有效提高混凝土材料的力学性能,且最佳掺为20%;③冻融循环及硫酸盐侵蚀联合作用对2种混凝土试件均存在劣化作用,且随着冻融循环次数增加及硫酸盐浓度增大试件劣化程度不断增加;④黄金尾矿机制砂混凝土试件在浓度为0%的硫酸盐溶液下冻融循环50、100、150、200、250次时,试件抗压强度降幅仅为素混凝土的43%、44%、47%、45%、47%,尾矿在试件内部与骨料间良好的黏结作用提高了试件抗外荷载能力以及抗盐侵蚀、抗冻融能力。

硫酸盐环境下MKPC浆体干湿循环制度设计及性能评价

为评价硫酸盐干湿循环耦合作用下磷酸钾镁水泥(MKPC)浆体的力学性能和物理性能,根据GB/T 3810.3—2016测试方法,通过真空保水和不同温度的真空烘干试验,设计出适用于MKPC浆体试件的干湿制度。遵循设计的干湿制度,测试MKPC试件在硫酸盐环境下进行不同干湿循环次数和全浸泡不同龄期的质量损失、强度变化。试验结果如下:经过反复试验,以相邻两次质量变化率<0.1%为标准,设计出MKPC试件1个干湿循环周期为72 h。MKPC试件在5%Na_(2)SO_(4)溶液干湿循环120次后其抗折强度、抗压强度较未干湿循环试件的强度分别下降24.44%、18.63%,质量损失为4.12%;在5%Na_(2)SO_(4)溶液浸泡360 d后,MKPC试件的抗折强度较未浸泡的强度下降1.23%,抗压强度较未浸泡的试件强度增加1.11%,质量损失为1.54%。因此,MKPC试件在干湿循环作用下对抗折强度变化和质量损失更加敏感。