Friction-reducing,Anti-wear and Self-repairing Properties of Sulfonated Graphene

The friction reducing properties of sulfonated graphene as a lubricating additive were investigated using a four-ball machine tester with high carbon chromium bearing steels GCr15（SAE52100） friction pairs. The microscopic morphology, elemental composition, and self-repairing properties were observed and analyzed by using scanning electronic microscopy（SEM）, X-ray diffraction（XRD） and digital microscopy. The relationships among sulfonated graphene ethanol solution concentration, friction coefficient, and abrasion loss were revealed. It was found that the optimal concentration of ethanol solution with the addition of sulfonated graphene was 0.15g/m L and the coefficient of friction was only 0.105 under certain condition. Then the stable chemical properties and good anti-corrosion properties of the metal-graphene layer were further confirmed using salt spray corrosion test. In summary, sulfonated graphene can be used as a new kind of self repairing additive, and it has excellent wear-resistant and self-repairing performances.

Sulfonated Graphene Synthesized via a Green Route and Its Capacitive Properties

An environmentally friendly approach is presented to synthesize sulfonated reduced graphene oxide （S-rGO） by using L-ascorbic acid （L-AA） and aryl diazonium salt of sulfanilic acid. The preparation conditions have been optimized in order to obtain isolated and conductive S-rGO, and the products have been characterized by Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction and electrochemical methods. The results show that the S-rGO sheets possess excellent water-solubility and high electrical conductivity, which implies that the oxygen-containing functional groups have been removed and conjugated sp2 network has been restored. What＇s more, the electrochemical measurements reveal that the capacitive performance of the S-rGO has been improved compared with the graphene oxide （GO） and the reduced graphene oxide （rGO, reduced by L-AA）. The optimum S-rGO exhibits a specific capacitance of 205 F·g^-1 and good cycling stability （3.9% decreasing after 10000 cycles）, which are better than those for graphene oxide （109 F·g^-1 and decreasing 6.6% after 10000 cycles） and rGO （139 F·g^-1 and decreasing ll.3% after 10000 cycling）. This approach proves a new route to improve the capacitive properties of rGO.

Probing the Efficiency of PPMG-Based Composite Electrolytes for Applications of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

PPMG-based composite electrolytes were fabricated via the solution method using the polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinylpyrrolidone blend reinforced with various contents of sulfonated inorganic filler.Sulfuric acid was employed as the sulfonating agent to functionalize the external surface of the inorganic filler,i.e.,graphene oxide.The proton conductivities of the newly prepared proton exchange membranes(PEMs)were increased by increasing the temperature and content of sulfonated graphene oxide(SGO),i.e.,ranging from 0.025 S/cm to 0.060 S/cm.The induction of the optimum level of SGO is determined to be an excellent route to enhance ionic conductivity.The single-cell performance test was conducted by sandwiching the newly prepared PEMs between an anode(0.2 mg/cm^(2) Pt/Ru)and a cathode(0.2 mg/cm^(2) Pt)to prepare membrane electrode assemblies,followed by hot pressing under a pressure of approximately 100 kg/cm^(2) at 60℃for 5–10 min.The highest power densities achieved with PPMG PEMs were 14.9 and 35.60 mW/cm^(2) at 25℃and 70℃,respectively,at ambient pressure with 100%relative humidity.Results showed that the newly prepared PEMs exhibit good electrochemical performance.The results indicated that the prepared composite membrane with 6 wt%filler can be used as an alternative membrane for applications of high-performance proton exchange membrane fuel cell.

Improved nitrogen reduction electroactivity by unique MoS_(2)‐SnS_(2) heterogeneous nanoplates supported on poly(zwitterionic liquids)functionalized polypyrrole/graphene oxide

Unique MoS_(2)‐SnS_(2)heterogeneous nanoplates have successfully in‐situ grown on poly(3‐(1‐vinylimidazolium‐3‐yl)propane‐1‐sulfonate)functionalized polypyrrole/graphene oxide(PVIPS/PPy/GO).PVIPS can attract heptamolybdate ion(Mo7O246−)and Sn^(4+)as the precursors by the ion‐exchange,resulting in the simultaneous growth of 1T’‐MoS2 and the berndtite‐2T‐type hexagonal SnS_(2)by the interfacial induced effect of PVIPS.The obtained MoS_(2)‐SnS_(2)/PVIPS/PPy/GO can serve as electrocatalysts,exhibiting good NRR performance by the synergistic effect.The semi‐conducting SnS_(2)would limit the surface electron accessibility for suppressing HER process of 1T’‐MoS_(2),while metallic 1T’‐MoS_(2)might efficiently improve the NRR electroactivity of SnS_(2)by the creation of Mo‐Sn‐Sn trimer catalytic sites.Otherwise,the irreversible crystal phase transition has taken place during the NRR process.Partial 1T’‐MoS_(2)and SnS_(2)have electrochemically reacted with N_(2),and irreversibly converted into Mo^(2)N and SnxNz due to the formation of Mo−N and Sn−N bonding,meanwhile,partial SnS_(2) has been irreversibly evolved into SnS due to the reduction by the power source in the electrochemical system.It would put forward a new design idea for optimizing the preparation method and electrocatalytic activity of transition metal dichalcogenides.

Cementitious grain-boundary passivation for flexible perovskite solar cells with superior environmental stability and mechanical robustness

The power conversion effciency(PCE)of flexible perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has increased rapidly,while the mechanical flexibility and environmental stability are still far from satisfactory.Previous studies show the environmental degradation and ductile cracks of perovskite films usually begin at the grain boundaries(GBs).Herein,sulfonated graphene oxide(s-GO)is employed to construct a cementitious GBs by interacting with the[Pb I6]4–at GBs.The resultant s-GO-[Pb I6]4–complex can effectively passivate the defects of vacant iodine,and the devices with s-GO exhibit remarkable waterproofness and flexibility due to the tough and water-insoluble GBs.The champion PCE of 20.56%(1.01 cm^(2))in a device treated with s-GO is achieved.This device retains 90%of its original PCE after 180 d stored in the ambient condition,as well as over 80%retention after 10,000 bending cycles at a curvature radius of 3 mm.