Denitrification potential enhancement by addition of external carbon sources in a pre-denitrification process

The aim of this study is to investigate the denitrification potential enhancement by addition of external carbon sources and to estimate the denitrification potential for the predenitrification system using nitrate utilization rate （NUR） batch tests. It is shown that the denitrification potential can be substantially increased with the addition of three external carbon sources, i.e. methanol, ethanol, and acetate, and the denitrification rates of ethanol, acetate, and methanol reached up to 9.6, 12, and 3.2 mgN/（g VSS.h）, respectively, while that of starch wastewater was only 0.74 mgN/（g VSS,h）. By comparison, ethanol was found to be the best external carbon source. NUR batch tests with starch wastewater and waste ethanol were carried out. The denitfification potential increased from 5.6 to 16.5 mg NO3-N/L owing to waste ethanol addition. By means of NUR tests, the wastewater characteristics and kinetic parameters can be estimated, which are used to determine the denitrification potential of wastewater, to calculate the denitrification potential of the plant and to predict the nitrate effluent quality, as well as provide information for developing carbon dosage control strategy.

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in step feeding biological nitrogen removal process

The simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in step-feeding biological nitrogen removal process were investigated under different influent substrate concentrations and aeration flow rates. Biological occurrence of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification was verified in the aspect of nitrogen mass balance and alkalinity. The experimental results also showed that there was a distinct linear relationship between simultaneous nitrification and denitrification and DO concentration under the conditions of low and high aeration flow rate. In each experimental run the floc sizes of activated sludge were also measured and the results showed that simultaneous nitrification and denitrification could occur with very small size of floc.

Nitrogen removal influence factors in A/O process and decision trees for nitrification/denitrification system

In order to improve nitrogen removal in anoxic/oxic(A/O) process effectively for treating domestic wastewaters, the influence factors, DO(dissolved oxygen), nitrate recirculation, sludge recycle, SRT(solids residence time), influent COD/TN and HRT(hydraulic retention time) were studied. Results indicated that it was possible to increase nitrogen removal by using corresponding control strategies, such as, adjusting the DO set point according to effluent ammonia concentration; manipulating nitrate recirculation flow according to nitrate concentration at the end of anoxic zone. Based on the experiments results, a knowledge-based approach for supervision of the nitrogen removal problems was considered, and decision trees for diagnosing nitrification and denitrification problems were built and successfully applied to A/O process.

Feasibility of an innovative integrated process of simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification for high strength wastewater

An anaerobic expanding-bed reactor was adopted to investigate the feasibility of an innovative integrated process of simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification （SDD） for high strength wastewater. In the reactor, heterotrophic bacteria （including sulfate reducing bacterium and denitrifying bacteria） and autotrophic bacteria （ including Thiobacillus denitrificans） cooperated together by incubating and enriching functional bac- teria on different carriers in the anaerobic activated sludge. Synthetic wastewater with high concentrations of sulfate and nitrate was employed. The experimental resuhs showed that the removal efficiency of sulfate and nitrate was above 85% , elemental sulfur was observed while nitrate was absent in effluent. The balance of sulfur, nitrogen and electron was discussed respectively, which indicated that the integrated SDD process could be actualized. These resuhs might provide a guidance to further investigate the key factors affecting the integrated SDD process and to improve the efficiency of desulfurization and denitrification in wastewater treatment.

Determination of respiration, gross nitrification and denitrification in soil profile using BaPS system

A facility of BaPS （Barometric Process Separation） was used to determine soil respiration, gross nitrification and denitrification in a winter wheat field with depths of 0-7, 7--14 and 14-21 cm. N2O production was determined by a gas chromatograph. Crop root mass and relevant soil parameters were measured. Results showed that soil respiration and gross nitrification decreased with the increase of soil depth, while denitrification did not change significantly. In comparison with no-plowing plot, soil respiration increased significantly in plowing plot, especially in the surface soil of 0-7 cm, while gross nitrification and denitrification rates were not affected by plowing. Cropping practice in previous season was found to affect soil gross nitrification in the following wheat-growing season. Higher gross nitrification rate occurred in the filed plot with preceding crop of rice compared with that of maize for all the three depths of 0-7, 7-14 and 14-21 cm. A further investigation indicated that the nitrification for all the cases accounted for about 76% of the total nitrogen transformation processes of nitrification and denitrification and the N2O production correlated with nitrification significantly, suggesting that nitrification is a key process of soil N2O production in the wheat field. In addition, the variations of soil respiration and gross nitrification were exponentially dependent on root mass （p〈0.00l）.

Engineering practice and economic analysis of ozone oxidation wet denitrification technology

SO_(2)and NO emitted from coal-fired power plants have caused serious air pollution in China.In this study,a test system for NO oxidation using O_(3)is established.The basic characteristics of NO oxidation and products forms are studied.A separate test system for the combined removal of SO_(2)and NO_(x)is also established,and the absorption characteristics of NO_(x)are studied.The characteristics of NO oxidation and NO_(x)absorption were verified in a 35 t·h^(-1)industrial boiler wet combined desulfurization and denitrification project.The operating economy of ozone oxidation wet denitrification technology is analyzed.The results show that O_(3)has a high rate and strong selectivity for NO oxidation.When O_(3)is insufficient,the primary oxidation product is NO_(2).When O_(3)is present in excess,NO_(2)continues to get oxidized to N_(2)O_(5)or NO_(3).The removal efficiency of NO_(2)in alkaline absorption system is low(only about 15%).NOx removal efficiency can be improved by oxidizing NO_(x)to N_(2)O_(5)or NO_(3)by increasing ozone ratio.When the molar ratio of O_(3)/NO is 1.77,the NOx removal efficiency reaches 90.3%,while the operating cost of removing NO_(x)per kilogram is 6.06 USD(NO_(2)).

Feasibility of Biological Elimination of COD, Ammonia-Nitrogen and Total Nitrogen from HTS Molecular Sieves Wastewater Using SBR Processes

The wastewater from hollow titanium silicate (HTS) zeolite consists essentially of high concentrations of COD and salt, and low ammonia-nitrogen concentrations (or high, sometimes). These chemical pollutants are produced in very large quantities during oil refining and are very difficult to manage on site. In addition, they can be very harmful to the environment when released without any treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate, on the one hand, the feasibility of removing the COD from HTS wastewater using a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and, on the other hand, to test the combined effect of nitrification and denitrification under different conditions of treatment on the elimination of Total Nitrogen (TN) from HTS wastewater containing a high concentration of ammonia-nitrogen. SBR intermittent domestication tests of sludge have been successfully carried out with wastewater from a municipal treatment plant with a COD removal rate of 87%. Subsequently, HTS wastewater containing high concentrations of COD was treated by this SBR system. After three months of operation, the efficiency of COD elimination fluctuated between 47% and 67%. Therefore this result could serve as a precursor to a possible second COD bioprocessing. The results obtained during nitrification of the same HTS molecular sieves wastewater with low C/N ratio gave, under an operating temperature below 10°C (winter conditions), less than 16% of total nitrogen (TN) removal. When the temperature was increased to 40°C, the TN removal efficiency remained worse. These observations make it possible to affirm that the change in temperature solely had no effect on oxidation of TN. Thereafter, two SBR devices were used for the denitrification process: one containing HTS wastewater, activated sludge and glucose as carbon source, and the other only HTS wastewater and activated sludge. In both cases, the elimination of TN still low even with an increase in the amount of glucose. These situations show that the TN removal was not only depended on type of carbon source. Based on the results of nitrification and denitrification tests, it may turn out that the activated sludge microorganisms’ activities were affected by the HTS molecular sieves wastewater high concentration as well as the salinity (about 3%) of this kind of wastewater.

Full scale application of combined SBF-AS process for municipal wastewater treatment in small towns and cities in China

The combined submerged biofilm （ SBF）-activated sludge （AS） process for treatment of municipal wastewater in a small city in China is described in this paper. The process exhibited high removal efficiencies for carbonaceous substances, nitrogen and phosphorus which mainly took place in the combined SBF-AS biore- actor. The SBF-AS bioreactor was divided into pre-anoxic, anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic zones from inlet to outlet, in which fixed biofilm carriers were packed. Excellent performance had been obtained under normal operating conditions in more than one year of operation in Dong＇ e municipal WWTP, Shandong province, with mean removal efficiencies of BOD5 93.4%, COD 88%, SS 92%, NH4 - N 82. 1%, TP 75% and TN 66.7%, and quite high effluent quality such as BOD5 6 to 10 rag/L, COD 20 to 40 rag/L, SS 5 to 10 rag/L, TN 10 to 20 rag/L, NH4 - N 4 to 8 mg/L and TP 0. 6 to 1.0 mg/L. The effluent was reused multi-purposely, such as toilet flushing, green belt watering and artificial lake pounding. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification took place due to the DO gradient in biofilm in aerobic zone of the SBF-AS bioreactor, which made TN removal efficiency improved remarkably in system. Some activated sludge was returned from final clarifiers to the bioreactor for phosphorus removal. The process had the advantages of low investment and low operational/ maintenance （O/M） costs, low sludge yield and was preferably employed in small towns and cities.

厌氧氨氧化工艺在主流污水处理中的应用及其调控研究进展

厌氧氨氧化工艺(Anammox)具有低能耗、低产泥量、高脱氮性能等特点,在处理垃圾渗滤液、污泥消化液等领域的应用与研究得到了广泛重视。尽管如此,受制于氨氮浓度低、有机物与水量波动大、低温等问题,影响了其在城市污水主流工艺的应用。本文在介绍厌氧氨氧化工艺的基础上,总结了以厌氧氨氧化为基础的组合工艺处理城市污水案例,分析了当前厌氧氨氧化工艺应用于城市污水处理的限制性因素以及新型调控手段与策略。进一步展望了厌氧氨氧化应用于城市污水主流工艺的发展方向,以期为厌氧氨氧化应用到主流污水提供理思路。

污水处理系统中厌氧氨氧化细菌的富集策略

厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)工艺有利于实现可持续的污水生物处理,自发现以来就引起了人们的极大兴趣,与传统的生物脱氮技术相比,其优势在于节约充氧电耗与外加碳源所需的运行费用,以及较低的剩余污泥产量。然而,厌氧氨氧化细菌(AnAOB)的生长速率极其缓慢,限制了Anammox工艺的大规模应用。综述了以往富集AnAOB的研究,主要介绍了以下3个方面:接种污泥选择、载体与反应器设计以及外加化学物质。该文将有助于研究人员规划和设计一个合适的AnAOB富集策略,有利于拓宽Anammox工艺在污水生物处理中的应用。

不同碳氮比下后置反硝化工艺中溶解性有机质的分子特征及其转化机理

污水处理厂后置反硝化工艺中外加碳源的投加量会影响出水溶解性有机质(DOM)的特性,从而影响后置反硝化的处理效率和出水水质.本研究以实际污水中DOM为研究对象,利用傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱(FT ICR-MS)开展了不同碳氮比(C/N=3、4、5、6)下后置反硝化工艺中DOM的分子特征及其转化机理研究.结果表明,在4种C/N下,C/N=5的反应器出水芳香性DOM分子(AImod>0.5)和不饱和程度高的分子(DBE≥4)占比最高,分别为24.72%和97.6%,说明C/N=5时,出水难生物降解程度较高.通过分子转化分析可知,C/N=5的反应器产生的DOM分子占比(58.35%)最高且不饱和程度较高,去除的分子占比(2.80%)低且不饱和程度较低,再次证实C/N=5的反应器出水相较于C/N=3、4、6的反应器出水DOM分子惰性高,排放至受纳水体环境风险较低.此外,微生物群落结构及其与DOM的关联分析可知,Proteobacteria在C/N=5的反应器中相对丰度最高,其主导后置反硝化工艺中DOM分子的产生,Planctomycetota、Nitrospirota、Chloroflexi和Gemmatimonadota对DOM分子的去除和产生也具有重要作用.综上所述,推荐C/N比为5作为后置反硝化工艺中外加碳源的适宜C/N比.

膜曝气生物膜反应器脱氮性能研究

膜曝气生物膜反应器(MABR)有效地将生物膜法技术和膜分离技术结合在一起,在污水脱氮方面潜力巨大。以MABR处理模拟生活污水和豆制品加工废水,着重考察了MABR的稳定性及脱氮性能。结果表明,在HRT=12 h、曝气压力=10 kPa和C/N=5时,MABR对模拟生活污水处理效果最佳,COD、氨氮、TN的平均去除率分别为92.0%、86.5%、83.3%。而在HRT=8 h和曝气压力=10 kPa时,MABR对豆制品加工废水处理效果最佳,COD、氨氮、TN的容积负荷分别为1320、125.5、184 g(/m^(3)·d),平均去除率分别可达到84.2%、81.5%、79.7%,优于传统生物膜法脱氮。

硫化物对厌氧氨氧化耦合自养脱硫反硝化工艺脱氮除硫效能的影响

以成熟Anammox颗粒污泥与产甲烷颗粒污泥作为接种物实现了硫自养反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化(SADA)工艺快速启动,探究了不同硫化物负荷对SADA工艺脱氮效能的影响及其脱硫机理.结果表明:较高硫化物负荷(>1.50g S/(L·d))对耦合系统中An AOB无显著抑制作用,相应的系统脱氮效率连续运行1.5个月后趋于稳定.当将硫化物浓度降为零,耦合系统的总氮去除率(TNRE)仍能达到88.1%,相应的化学计量比R_(s)(1.23±0.13)与R_(p)(0.33±0.08)亦与Anammox理论值近似,表明解除高硫化物负荷胁迫条件后SADA系统中Anammox颗粒污泥仍能实现生物脱氮过程.当解除高硫化物负荷胁迫1.5个月后,在较低硫化物负荷条件下(0.30g S/(L·d))恢复硫化物胁迫,耦合系统出水NO_(3)^(-)降低,相应的R_(p)降至0.21,表明SADA系统仍能较好地实现同步脱氮除硫,兼具硫自养反硝化和厌氧氨氧化的双重功效.系统存在的产甲烷颗粒污泥降低硫化物对An AOB抑制,缩短了SADA工艺启动时间,且能在重新引入硫化物后快速激活脱硫反硝化过程.通过颗粒污泥形态分析和高通量测序菌群解析可知:不同硫化物胁迫条件下,SADA系统中仍能实现An AOB(如Candidatus Kuenenia,16.9%)和硫氧化菌(如Thiobacillus,31.6%)的共存富集,且能实现高硫化物负荷条件下较高的TNRE(>60%)和硫单质产率(95.2%).

异养/硫自养集成短程反硝化工艺影响因素研究

为保证厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)过程的亚硝态氮(NO2--N)稳定来源,提升自养脱氮系统的运行效能。本研究采用上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器,构建异养/硫自养集成短程反硝化系统,探究碳源浓度、pH、水力停留时间(HRT)、温度对系统的影响。结果表明,碳源浓度与系统短程反硝化效能成反比。碳源浓度为200 mg/L时NO2--N积累率(NAR)最高,此时NO_(2)^(-)-N平均积累率及其速率分别为76.99%和1.63 mg/(L·h),异养反硝化功能菌属Thauera丰度由3.26%升至19.73%。系统短程反硝化效能随pH的升高先升后降,pH为8.0±0.5时NAR最高,此时NO2--N平均积累率及其速率分别为79.46%和1.90 mg/(L·h);HRT与系统短程反硝化效能成反比。当HRT=9.7左右时NAR最高,此时NO2--N平均积累率及其速率分别为77.35%和1.68 mg/(L·h)。温度与系统短程反硝化效能成正比,与Thauera、Terrimonas等反硝化功能菌属丰度成反比。当温度在35℃左右时NAR最高,此时NO_(2)^(-)-N平均积累率及其速率分别为71.21%和1.68 mg/(L·h)。集成短程反硝化为自养脱氮工艺提供NO2--N的过程具有NAR高且运行稳定性强等优点,更适用于自养脱氮工艺稳定高效运行,为该领域提供更多思考。

CaCO_(3)对二次铝灰焙烧脱氮的影响

铝资源的利用过程会产生大量铝灰,是一种危险固体废弃物。在系统分析AlN焙烧脱氮热力学基础上,探究了CaCO_(3)对二次铝灰在不同焙烧温度、时间、配料比下的脱氮影响,采用XRD、SEM、EDS、蒸馏-中和滴定等方法研究了二次铝灰的工艺矿物学、物相变化以及脱氮率。结果表明:铝灰中活性物相Al、氮化铝(AlN)等含量较多,在400~1600℃的温度范围内,高温焙烧后铝灰中AlN的N元素最有可能转化为N_(2),适当的升高温度能有效降低二次铝灰中AlN的含量,焙烧时间过长对二次铝灰中的AlN含量影响不大;CaCO_(3)作为脱氮剂,最佳脱氮工艺参数为配料比m_(CaCO_(3))∶m_(ash)=0.6∶1、焙烧温度1100℃、焙烧时间240 min。二次铝灰钙化焙烧后,主要物相是2CaO·2Al_(2)O_(3),二次铝灰的脱氮率为98.37%。

一体式短程反硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺研究进展

短程反硝化具有稳定的亚硝态氮积累能力,这为厌氧氨氧化的应用带来曙光。相对于分段式短程反硝化-厌氧氨氧化(PD-A),一体式PD-A布局更紧凑、操作更方便。首先介绍了短程反硝化与厌氧氨氧化的脱氮机理;接着从悬浮污泥、生物膜、颗粒污泥、细胞固定系统下阐述一体式PD-A的启动方式和工艺形式,发现一体式PD-A中的空间结构不仅利于功能菌的保留还有利于衍生工艺的开发;随后从碳源、进水基质、pH等方面总结PD-A的影响因素,并介绍强化PD-A的方法;最后概括PD-A及其衍生工艺的应用进展、并探讨发展方向,发现一体式PD-A在城市污水脱氮处理以及资源化利用方面具有广阔的前景,符合我国“双碳”目标发展要求。

预处理-厌氧处理-MAP-生物脱氮组合工艺高效处理餐厨垃圾渗滤液工程

上海某区产生的餐厨垃圾渗滤液油分、固体悬浮物含量大,同时有机物、氨氮和总磷浓度高,属于难处理有机废水。本工程采用预处理-厌氧反应器-磷酸铵镁(magnesium ammonium phosphate,MAP)反应器-生物脱氮组合工艺处理餐厨垃圾渗滤液,处理能力达到100 m^(3)/d。预处理采用三相分离机分离浮渣油脂等物质。厌氧处理阶段通过两级厌氧处理工艺强化废水有机质降解去除。组合工艺系统对水量水质变化有较强抗冲击负荷能力。工程运行表明,组合处理工艺出水平均COD_(Cr)质量浓度为245 mg/L,氨氮质量浓度为6 mg/L,总氮质量浓度为40 mg/L,总磷质量浓度为4 mg/L,出水水质达到了上海市《污水综合排放标准》(DB 31/199—2018)的三级纳管标准。工程吨水处理成本为134.57元,进一步表明预处理-厌氧反应器-MAP-生物脱氮组合工艺是处理餐厨垃圾渗滤液的有效方法。

短程反硝化强化脱氮的影响因素及其耦合工艺应用进展

短程反硝化(PD)工艺作为脱氮的前端工艺以其效率高、能耗低以及温室气体排放量少等优点而备受青睐,成为近年来研究热点。短程反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化(PD/A)工艺是一种新型生物脱氮工艺,不仅在氮循环中发挥着重要作用,而且在节能和环保方面具有很高的经济和实用价值。基于已有研究成果,介绍了PD工艺的研究现状,分析了不同接种污泥对PD工艺启动的影响;从磁效应、碳源、碳氮比(C/N)以及铁炭比等方面进行评述,揭示了关键影响因子对PD工艺强化脱氮过程中微生物群落结构、关键酶活性和细胞代谢途径的影响机理;浅析了PD/A工艺不同耦合形式的特点,对耦合工艺处理城市生活污水、养殖废水和垃圾渗滤液等实际废水的研究与应用进展进行总结;最后,展望了PD/A工艺在污水脱氮处理方面的前景,并结合现有研究提出了PD/A工艺处理垃圾渗滤液的潜在工程应用方案,认为克服PD工艺的影响因素及优化PD/A的参数以提升工艺运行的高效性和稳定性是未来研究的重点方向。

污水生化处理工艺发展阶段化技术特征及未来趋势

百余年来,伴随人类社会和科技日新月异,污水生化处理技术也在实现快速发展与不断迭代,新工艺与新反应器、新功能微生物与新生化代谢途径不断被提出、发现和解析,并进一步推动了污水处理技术的进步与升级。回顾了过去百余年污水生化处理技术发展历程,就典型污水生化工艺,结合技术研发进展、技术成熟度及案例应用情况,给出了不同生化处理工艺代际划分与技术发展期“S曲线”,分析了近些年来新涌现出的一些革新性污水生化处理工艺的技术原理、技术特征,结合实际案例分析了工艺技术特征、技术优势与总体效能,从工艺强化、绿色低碳与集约高效等方面总结了未来污水处理发展的技术趋势,以期为“双碳背景”下排水系统提质增效工作、未来国内前瞻性污水厂工艺设计与运行提供参考和借鉴。

基于烧结工序的半干法烧结废气脱硫脱硝工艺节能减排研究

传统的烧结废气治理方法往往能耗较高,不仅增加了企业的生产成本,还加剧了能源资源的紧张局面。对此,基于传统半干法脱硫脱硝技术进行改进,提出一种半干法循环流化床脱硫除尘与中低温选择性催化还原技术结合的综合技术。经实验分析表明:该研究技术下节约的电力约是改进前半干法工艺的2.47倍,是湿法脱硫+SCR脱硝技术的1.97倍;基于研究技术的烧结废气处理工艺耗气量最低,平均每天耗气量约为0.34 m^(3)/t,改进前的半干法工艺技术的平均每天耗气量为0.74 m^(3)/t,湿法脱硫+SCR脱硝技术下平均每天耗气量为0.72 m^(3)/t。由此得出,改进后的半干法工艺可以达到烧结废气处理中节约能耗的效果。