Processes for the Clarification of the Crude Oil of Baobab Seeds Extracted by Pressing on Activated Carbon Elaborated from the Capsules of the Fruit (Adansonia digitata L.)

The baobab, Adansonia digitata L. plays an important role in the economy of local populations. The oil from the seeds of the baobab fruit is nowadays highly prized because of its numerous cosmetic and therapeutic applications and its composition of unsaturated fatty acids, sterols and tocopherols. However, unlike refined oils, locally extracted baobab oil has not undergone purification operations to ensure its quality. Only a filtration on special cloths is carried out after decantation. Indeed, the oil obtained after pressing is cloudy because of the presence of various impurities. It therefore requires treatment operations to make it more attractive and of higher quality. Therefore, in order to provide innovative solutions to local companies to improve the quality of vegetable oils, a study of clarification (treatment) of crude oil is necessary. An experimental device has been developed in the laboratory. It includes a glass column and a filter bed of dune sand and activated carbon. This study has shown the efficiency of the experimental device. Indeed, the activated carbon, thanks to its adsorbing power, has allowed a significant decrease in turbidity at the 5% threshold, from 14.61 NTU for the raw oil to 0.08 NTU for the oil filtered on 3% carbon and 0.033 NTU for the oil filtered on 5% carbon. That is to say an abatement higher than 95%. This decrease in turbidity could be correlated with the decrease in brown index from 187.39a for the initial crude oil to 128.53d for the oil treated with 3% activated carbon versus 187.59a for the oil filtered on cloths. The lowest brown index was observed with the filtration using 5% activated carbon (35.99b). Thus, for the yellowness index, only the filtration on 5% charcoal allowed to obtain a significant decrease in yellowness. The yellowing index of the oil with 5% was 44.67b against 79.04a for the oil filtered with 3% activated carbon, 86.33a for the crude oil and 86.46a for the oil filtered on cloths. Finally, the oil sample treated with 5% activated carbon had the clearest clarity than the other samples with a clarity (L) equal to 97.98c against 95.63d for the oil treated with 3% carbon and 94.99b for the oil filtered on filter cloths. According to the results obtained, the experimental device made it possible to obtain a clearer baobab oil with a low brown index, thus improving the sensory quality of the oil.

Clarification Effects of Chitosan on Apple Fruit Juice

Chitosan is a good flocculant. The paper deals with the clarification of apple juice by means of chitosan. The results showed that the transmittance was over 97 % and soluble solid content was stable basically , under the technological condition of chitosan of 0. 5 -1. 2 g L-1, temperature of 45 - 55℃ and pH 4.5. After the orthogonal trial, the optimum technological conditions of apple juice clarification by using chitosan were 0.3 g L-1 chitosan, 45℃ and pH 4. 5. The research of the apple juice clarification with chitosan made a basis of the application of chitosan and provided the theoretical basis for the clarification of apple juice with chitosan.

Seismic Signature Analysis for Clarification of Mud Volcanoes from the New Mud Diapirs Discovered at the NE-SW Moroccan Atlantic Margin

Our aim is to clarify mud volcanoes from the new mud diapirs resulting from the seismic attributes analysis applied to the low resolution Burmah oil “1973-1974” seismic data. The latter was carried out on the Larache and Tanger-Larache offshores from the NE-SW Atlantic margin. The high resolution seismic data was essential for this evaluation. In this case, we applied seismic signature analysis to four seismic profiles from the map of the seismic data set, which includes all new mud diapirs. This helped us to classify different types of mud diapirs within the seismic profiles. And as a result, six deep mud diapirs from the Prerifaine Nappe of Morocco, a shallow mud diapir, and four seafloor-piercing mud diapirs have been observed. Furthermore, the seafloor-piercing mud diapirs show a mushroom-shaped and conical-shaped cone. As they break through the seafloor, these kinds of cones characterize mud volcanoes. In this case, we may conclude that the resultant seafloor-piercing mud diapirs are likely to be mud volcanoes. However, more geological sampling and seafloor observation are still required.

大概念的误解、澄清及实践进路

大单元教学是落实核心素养的突破口,大单元教学需要围绕大概念开展教学设计,大概念的明晰与否关乎大单元教学设计的科学性和规范性。然而,文献梳理反映了人们对大概念本质内涵的误解。研究发现,这些误解主要是由以下五个方面导致:大概念的起源存在分野、大概念的内涵众说纷纭、大概念的表现形式与内涵不一致、大概念的概念泛化现象严重、外来概念的盲目引进与过分夸大。通过语言学和词源学的考察,利用演绎推理对大概念进行了澄清,指出其本质是概念而非命题、想法等。此外,研究明确了大概念和大观念是两个不同的概念,不应混淆,即要根据具体情况选择走大概念之路或大观念之路,这样才能更好地在实践中落地。

混合式教学下高等数学课程思政建设的优化路径

课程思政理念融入大学数学教育,对培养合格的社会主义接班人起到重要作用。基于大学边界理论的视角,在CSCL为基础的协助学习环境中优化高等数学课程与思政课程之间的边界。在具体的课堂教学情境中,将知识学习、价值凸显与能力培养进行有机结合。在大学数学类课堂教学中强调辨析社会系统中的数学、复杂性问题解决、工程伦理以及数学价值观的塑造。

Controversy about the Origin of the Grain Boundary Internal Friction Peak and Its Clarification

In the seventies some scientific workers from France and Italy suggested that the grain boundary internal friction peak (named the K (e) over cap peak in the literature) widely accepted as a grain boundary process, is originated from the motion of lattice dislocations. Since this problem is one of fundamental importance, this controversy has drawn much international attention. Started from 1982, the Hefei research group made a critical analysis of the large amount of literature concerning this problem and,performed a series of crucial experiments to clarify the controversy. It is concluded that the irrelevant evidence suggested by the controverters comes from the farfetched interpretation and the mis-identification of the internal friction peaks appeared under various experimental conditions and different states of the specimens.

改性木质素气凝胶的制备及其吸附糖蜜色素研究

以碱性木质素(SL)、壳聚糖(CS)、聚乙稀亚胺(PEI)为原料,利用自由基聚合法制备了一种新型的聚乙稀亚胺改性木质素复合壳聚糖气凝胶(QACL),通过扫描电镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪以及热重分析仪等手段对QACL吸附剂的形貌、结构及热性能进行表征,研究了反应时间、温度、pH、吸附剂投加量对糖蜜色素吸附效果的影响。结果表明,QACL吸附色素的最优条件为:pH为7,反应温度60℃,反应时间30 min和吸附剂投加量1.1 g/L。此时QACL对糖蜜色素的去除率达94%,吸附容量为128.18 mg/g。

免疫相关不良事件热点问题解析

以免疫检查点抑制剂(ICIs)为代表的免疫治疗在给恶性肿瘤患者带来良好疗效的同时,也可能会导致免疫相关不良事件(irAEs)。已有较多的国内外指南或共识指导临床医师有效解决绝大多数irAEs。然而irAEs的定义和判定、时间规律、个体差异、激素和免疫抑制剂使用、irAEs与疗效的关系、免疫重启、特殊人群等问题仍有待进一步探讨,重症型、难治性和多重irAEs的识别和处理仍待进一步解决。本文梳理了irAEs的十个热点问题并逐一进行解析,以期给临床医师带来帮助。

王阳明心学的澄明、贯通与夯实——论薛侃在学术上对王阳明心学的独特贡献

薛侃是王阳明的大弟子,但学界较少关注薛侃在学术上对王阳明心学的贡献。基于对薛侃相关文献的考察和分析可知,薛侃在学术上对阳明心学作出了独特贡献。首先表现在继承王阳明心学的基本观念上,如在良知即先天判断、“万物一体”基础的论证等方面;其次表现在对王阳明心学的某些核心观念的分辨和明晰上,如在“良知作为主人翁的资格”、“知行合一”的两种形式、“万物一体”的关怀与境界旨趣等方面;再次表现在创造性地发展、夯实阳明心学的内涵上,如对“致良知”的“致”之思想意识层面的强调、对“知行合一”之本体性论证、对“见在”即本体与工夫的统一之界定等方面;最后表现在对王阳明心学四大基本观念的贯通上,如以“见在”为枢纽,对“心即理”“知行合一”“致良知”“万物一体”四个基本观念进行贯通,言简意丰地阐述了四者复杂而有机的关系,认为“心”或良知是“万物一体”之基础,“万物一体”也是“心即理”“致良知”“知行合一”的基础,而做到了“心即理”“致良知”“知行合一”,也就实现了“万物一体”,从而将王阳明心学体系脉络更为深刻、更为生动地呈现出来。薛侃在学术上对王阳明心学所作出的贡献是值得肯定的。

价值澄清视域下高校辅导员谈心谈话提升路径研究

在高校人才培养过程中,谈心谈话工作已成为思想政治教育中的重要途径和工具,是衡量高校辅导员思想政治教育能力的重要维度。研究主要从价值澄清理论角度对高校辅导员谈心谈话工作进行分析,剖析高校辅导员谈心谈话面临的重视程度不足、主客体链接效用较弱、工作技能缺乏等相关困境,并针对性地提出以价值澄清理论为主导的专项理论指导与实践考核、体系化建构与个性化调整、价值引导与困难协助等多种谈心谈话提升路径。

生成逻辑、思想意涵与价值澄明:全过程人民民主的三维向度

发展全过程人民民主是充分体现“两个结合”的原创性理论阐释,是革命、建设、改革各个历史时期民主实践探索的思想升华,是新时代中国特色社会主义民主政治发展的创新定义。全过程人民民主具备完整的制度链条、真实有效的参与实践。通过畅通民主程序环节“全链条”、开拓民主领域范围“全方位”、落实民主主体内容“全覆盖”,不断彰显人民民主原则信念、展现人民民主真实价值、激活人民群众参与意识。全过程人民民主是马克思主义民主理论中国化时代化的最新成果,是构建新时代中国特色民主话语体系的重要基石,是实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的必然要求,是引领人类政治文明发展的中国智慧和中国方案。

拐枣汁加工工艺优化及质量检测

为了研发一款风味独特、营养丰富的拐枣汁,以感官评价为指标,通过单因素实验优化了拐枣汁加工工艺,分别研究了出汁率、脱涩和澄清等关键工艺,在此基础上,以拐枣汁为原材料,白砂糖、柠檬酸及食用盐为辅料做调配实验,通过正交试验进行配方优化。确定最佳配比是添加白砂糖3%,柠檬酸0.10%,食用盐0.03%;确定提高出汁率果胶酶的最佳添加量为0.09%,脱涩单宁酶的最佳添加量为0.15%,澄清拐枣汁所需的明胶最佳添加量为1.2%。此时产品澄清透明,酸甜适宜,拐枣风味浓郁,稳定性最好。

基于Prompt的两阶段澄清问题生成方法

在自然语言相关系统中,当用户输入存在歧义时,生成澄清问题询问用户有助于系统理解用户需求;基于Prompt的方法可以更好地挖掘预训练语言模型的潜在知识,但往往需要手动设计模板,限制其生成澄清问题的多样性。为解决这一问题,提出了TSCQG(two-stage clarification question generation)方法。首先,在动态Prompt模板生成阶段,利用歧义上下文和预训练语言模型生成动态的Prompt模板;然后在缺失信息生成阶段,将Prompt模板与外部知识相结合,充分利用预训练语言模型的生成能力生成相应的缺失信息。实验结果表明,在CLAQUA数据集的多轮对话情况中,BLEU值和ROUGE-L值分别达到了58.31和84.33,在ClariQ-FKw数据集上,BLEU值和ROUGE-L值分别达到了31.18和58.86。实验结果证明了TSCQG方法在澄清问题生成任务上的有效性。

水溶性壳聚糖澄清蜜瓜汁工艺优化探究

优化水溶性壳聚糖澄清蜜瓜汁工艺。以蜜瓜汁透光率为指标,通过单因素与正交试验,研究壳聚糖添加量、起始pH值、澄清温度、澄清时间对蜜瓜汁透光率的影响。结果表明:在壳聚糖添加量0.04g/100mL、起始pH值6.0、澄清温度30℃、澄清时间30 min时,蜜瓜汁透光率可达98.23%。壳聚糖处理蜜瓜汁前后总糖、还原糖、可溶性固形物、VC等成分含量均无显著变化。壳聚糖能够有效清除蜜瓜汁果胶等大分子物质以获得理想的澄清效果,该工艺具有操作简单、生产成本低和生产周期短等特点,具有良好的应用前景。

双混合澄清槽混合过程的仿真研究

以水相和有机相为流体介质,运用CFD技术对双混合澄清槽的混合过程进行液液双相流仿真,深入研究了双混合槽的泵吸能力、搅拌力矩和两相混合特性。仿真结果显示,双混合槽结构具有很强的泵吸能力,搅拌桨所受力矩值随迭代计算次数增加逐步趋于稳定。双混合槽内有机相体积分数随迭代计算先快速增加,后缓慢增加,最后逐渐稳定接近于0.5,定性分析和定量分析对仿真结果的解释具有一致性。

高强度训练:概念厘清、功能分类和应用导向

采用文献资料、逻辑分析等方法,剖析高强度训练概念、功能分类,并提出实践应用导向。基于明确训练强度、持续时间和训练手段等本质特征,认为高强度训练是训练强度大于无氧阈或最大乳酸稳态,持续时间相对短暂,以及训练手段多元变化的综合体能训练体系,涵盖多种功能差异的训练模式。基于本质特征与实践效果差异,高强度训练可以分为高强度间歇、耐力、抗阻、冲刺、功能训练5种训练模式,应用于特定的人群、场景等,发展出改善有氧与无氧系统、肌肉力量或整体体能素质等训练效果。高强度训练在分类功能、项目需求、训练安排、训练内容与训练创新上,以满足精确化选择、专项化体能、复合化训练、整体化设计以及科学化进程等诉求为未来应用导向,对训练强度定量细分、功能效果精专应用、单一模式交互实践、训练板块合理安排以及训练模式创新发展,促进高强度训练专门性训练模式发展和针对性功能实践。

某电厂再生水深度处理系统问题诊断分析

某电厂将城市污水处理厂再生水深度处理后作为循环水系统补水。由于再生水深度处理系统存在机械加速澄清池出力达不到设计值、出水水质差、污泥脱水系统无法正常运行、石灰系统下料堵塞、加药装置泄露严重且无连锁控制等问题,无法满足电厂正常使用再生水的要求。经过问题诊断,提出优化改造方案:分别对机械加速澄清池内部结构、底部排泥管路系统改造,以恢复机械加速澄清池处理能力,满足系统所需水量的要求;对污泥脱水系统进行改造,以恢复污泥脱水单元运行;对石灰加药系统进行改造,以改善石灰加药下料堵塞等问题,恢复石灰系统的稳定运行。通过以上措施澄清池出力提高,系统出水水质得以优化,有效保证了再生水深度处理系统的正常运行以及电厂用水安全。

桃果汁加工技术研究进展

桃果汁作为一种桃的加工产品,不仅能减少桃资源的浪费,还能提高其产品附加值。大量研究表明,通过不断提升桃果汁加工的去皮技术、均质技术、澄清技术、护色技术等,不仅能提高桃加工出汁率,提升桃果汁口感,还能防止褐变反应,延长桃果汁贮藏期,满足人们对桃果汁的要求。在查阅相关文献的基础上,对上述加工技术进行综述,旨在为提高桃果汁的品质提供理论参考。

响应面法优化玫瑰茄-石榴果酒澄清工艺研究

以石榴和玫瑰茄发酵所得果酒为材料,选择果胶酶、壳聚糖和皂土3种澄清剂对其进行澄清处理,对处理前后的酒体进行乙醇浓度(酒精度)、可溶性固形物含量和pH值测定。在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法优化玫瑰茄-石榴果酒澄清工艺条件。结果表明,皂土对玫瑰茄-石榴果酒澄清效果最佳,最佳澄清工艺条件为皂土添加量1.2 g/L、澄清温度30℃和澄清时间48 h。采用此工艺澄清处理的玫瑰茄-石榴果酒透光率达到93.05%,色泽紫红,澄清透亮,口感醇厚,兼具玫瑰茄花香和石榴果香。

价值平衡视角下中国仲裁释明制度的构建

仲裁释明对于保障仲裁程序的快捷高效,维护仲裁裁决的公信力具有突出作用,是国际商事仲裁制度中的重要问题。但是,由于《仲裁法》与《民事诉讼法》并没有明确规定仲裁员的释明权,仲裁释明的合法性缺乏立法的明确保障。中国仲裁实践中存在释明性质不明、释明方式不清、释明边界不定等问题,这影响了仲裁员进行释明的积极性,制约了仲裁释明功能的发挥。各方对仲裁释明的认识也并不统一,在商事仲裁理论与实践中面临着如何准确理解与恰当运用释明的问题。为解决这些问题,从制度背景、价值作用、立法规范、仲裁规则等方面梳理了仲裁释明制度在中国法律体系中的正当性与合法性基础,并分析了如何从仲裁释明的性质、方式、边界等方面构建中国的仲裁释明制度。