Preparation of sulphonate-containing core/shell latex particles via seeded emulsion copolymerization

In this study, P（St-MAA） seed latex particles were first prepared via soap-free emulsion polymerization of styrene （St） and methacrylic acid （MAA）, then the seed particles were allowed to swell with St at room temperature, and the P（St-MAA）/P（St- NaSS） core/shell latex particles were then synthesized via seeded emulsion copolymerization of St and sodium styrene sulphonate （NaSS） using AIBN as initiator in the presence of N,N^-methylenebisacrylamide （BAA, water-soluble crosslinker）. Results showed that the polymerization could be carried out smoothly when the ratio of BAA to total monomers was less than 3 mol%, the narrow dispersed P（St-MAA） seed particles with the diameter of 150 nm and the P（St-MAA）/P（St-NaSS） core/shell latexes with the particle size of about 200 nm were synthesized. When the 25/75 mole ratio of NaSS/（St ＋ MAA） and 2 tool% of BAA were used in the seeded emulsion polymerization, the resulted P（St-MAA）/P（St-NaSS） latex product showed a low weight loss after water extraction, and the NaSS unit content in the whole particle and in the shell reached 11.7 mol% and 34.6 mol%, resoectivelv.

Effect of Dermal Exposure to Paraphenylenediamine and Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate in Guinea Pigs

To study the effects of paraphenylenediamine （PPD） and linear alkylbenzene sulphonate （LAS） alone and in combination on the skin. Methods Forty-eight guinea pigs were divided equally into 4 groups and exposed to PPD （4 mg/kg）, LAS （12 mg/kg） and PPD （4 mg/kg） plus LAS （12 mg/kg） for 30 days. The biochemical parameters such as acid phosphatase, gtutathione-s-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione, lipid peroxidafion and histamine contents in exposed skin were estimated. The histopathological examination of the exposed skin was also carried out. Results The skin enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and histamine increased while glutathione decreased in skin. The simultaneously exposed group showed additive toxic effects. The histopathological examination showed severe hyperkeratosis, thickening of collagen fibres and vacuolisation of epidermal cells in PPD plus LAS exposed skin. Conclusion The findings of the present study suggest that simultaneous exposure to PPD and LAS has additive toxic effects.

Synthesis and Characterization of Some Transition Metal Chelates of 5-(1-Hydroxy-6-Naphthylazo-3-Sodium Sulphonate) Thiobarbituric (L_1) and Barbituric (L_2) Acids

Some transition metal chelates of two ligands L1 and L2 were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis. The IR and 1H NMR spectra of several chelates of two ligands L1 and L2 showed the involvement of the azo group in chelation with the transition metaI ions, in most of the studied chelates, and that the two ligands L1 and L2 showed the involvement of the azo group in chelation with the transition metal ions, in most of the studied chelates, and that the two ligands L1 and L2 were coordinated either in the enol or the keto form. IR spetra also showed that Fe(III)-, Ni(II)-, Mn(II)-, VO(II)-L1 and Cu(II)-L2 chelates behaved in a bidentate manner, in contrast with the two (1:1) M:L cobalt chelates with the two ligands are tridentate.TG analysis indicated the presence of three to twelve water molecules of hydration eliminated on heating up to 150℃ and one or two coordinated water molecules removed at 150~180℃.The octahedral structure is proposed fOr all the chelates, except Cu(II)-L2 and Ni(II)-L1 chelates which have square planar geometry, based on their electronic spectra

Preparation of polymeric microspheres with high content of sulphonate groups

Poly(styrene-co-sodium styrene sulphonate)(P(St-NaSS)) latex particles were prepared using the mixture of ethanol and water as continuous phase in the presence of surfactant by dispersion--emulsion combined polymerization.The influence of recipes on polymerization process as well as the content of sulphonate group in the purified products was investigated.Results showed that the copolymerization could be performed smoothly.When the mole ratio of NaSS/St/divinyl benzene(DVB) was 25/75/2 and the weight ratio ...

Synthesis, Properties and Dispersion Mechanism of Sulphonated Acetone-formaldehyde Superplasticizer in Cementitious System

The synthesis, properties and dispersion mechanism of sulphonated acetone-formaldehyde superplasticizer （SAF） were presented. This superplasticizer was synthesized by the reaction among acetone, formaldehyde, sodium sulfite and pyrosulfite. The structure and property were respectively characterized by IR and surface tension measurement. Performance of SAF in cement was evaluated by paste flow as well as heat calorimetry. The dispersion mechanism was identified via adsorption and zeta potential measurement. The results show that cement paste mixed with SAF shows good fluidity. SAF exerts little retarding effect on cement paste and it behaves like a typical polycondensate superplasticizer. The main dispersion mechanism of SAF is attributed to electrostatic repulsion.

Evaluation of methyl ester sulphonate spacer fluid additive for efficient wellbore clean-up

Oil-based drilling fluid(OBDF)is used to drill through high permeable pay zone to prevent possible damage to the formation.However,the oil based drilling fluid leaves behind filter cake residue and oilwet surfaces which hinder cement bonding.Spacer fluid is usually introduced to clean up the wellbore prior to cementing job.This work presents a spacer fluid designed with environment-friendly anionic methyl ester sulphonate(MES)surfactant and evaluated through a series of experimental tests to ascertain its effectiveness to clean wellbore.Addition of methyl ester sulphonate to confected waterbased drilling fluid at high amount(0.15 g and 0.20 g)showed good rheological properties,compatibility with OBDF and cement and low contact angle on steel and sandstone in the range of 21.9°-34.7°.Furthermore,results show that it requires less amount of MES spacer fluid to revert oil-wet OBDF aqueous phase to water external continuous phase,validating the low contact angle measurements.Cleaning efficiencies for two best performing MES spacer fluids achieved 83.27%and 94.3%respectively.Shear bond strength were measured to be 1.3 MPa and 1.05 MPa for steel and sandstone respectively,above the minimum allowable shear bond strength for oil well cementing.Hence,MES spacer fluid can be used to clean up wellbores in high permeable formations and in well completion,where strong cement bonding is required.

PREPARATION OF SULPHONATE-CONTAINING POLYMER PARTICLES VIA SEMI-CONTINUOUS EMULSION COPOLYMERIZAION OF STYRENE AND SODIUM STYRENE SULPHONATE

Submicron-sized P（St-NaSS） latexes were prepared via a semi-continuous emulsion copolymerization of styrene （St） and sodium styrene sulphonate （NaSS） in the presence of anionic surfactant, in which NaSS aqueous solution and St were separately dropwise charged into the polymerization system at the same time. The hydrodynamic diameter of the latex particles was measured by dynamic light scattering （DSL） method, and the NaSS unit content of the purified copolymer by water extraction was calculated based on the elementary analysis. Results showed that the copolymerization could be performed smoothly with the monomer conversion more than 96% in the absence of crosslinker, and PNaSS homopolymer could be removed from the latex product by water extraction for 28 h. The weight loss in the water extraction tended to decrease and the NaSS unit content of the purified copolymer tended to increase with the increase of monomer feeding time, and both of them increased with the increase of NaSS/St mole ratio in the charge. The introduction of divinyl benzene （DVB） could decrease the weight loss in the water extraction and increase the NaSS unit content of the purified copolymer. When 25/75 mole ratio of NaSS/St and 11 mol% DVB of total NaSS and St were used in the recipe, and the monomer feeding time was 3 h in copolymerization, the NaSS unit content of the purified copolymer reached 7.31 mol%.

Synthesis of anionic sulphonate-crown ether surfactants

Two sulphonate-crown ether surfactants （sodium （4＇-dodecanoyldJbenzo-18-crown-6）-4＂（5＂）-sulpho- nate, ammonium （4＇-dodecanoyldibenzo-18-crown-6）-4＂（5＂）-sulphonate） were designed and synthesized via a two-step continuous method. The products were purified and characterized by IR. 1H NMR and elemental analysis. The physicochemical properties of the surfactants were studied by fluorescence, conductivity and dynamic light scattering techniques.

Formation and aggregation number of sodium dodecyl sulphonate-polyvinylpyrrolidone aggregates

THE interaction of surfactants with water-soluble polymers has been an active subject for manyyears. Early investigations were mainly concerned with the effect of synthetic detergents onnatural proteins, such as gel. These studies were motivated by observations of biologicalphenomena involving surfactants and proteins such as the inactivation of bacterial

A novel MgF2/PDA/S-HA coating on the bio-degradable ZE21B alloy for better multi-functions on cardiovascular application

Recently, functional molecules such as Polydopamine(PDA), Hyaluronic Acid(HA) and heparin have been widely studied in the field of surface modification of magnesium(Mg) alloy stents for better degradation behavior and biocompatibility, but their further application is limited by undesirable anticoagulant function, uncontrollable degradation and easy bleeding, respectively.Regarding to this consideration, a magnesium Fluoride/Polydopamine/Sulphonated hyaluronic acid(Mg F2/PDA/S-HA) composite coating was successfully prepared by applying S-HA with sulfur content of 9.71 wt% on the surface of ZE21B alloy in this study. The results showed that the composite coating with a unique mesh structure not only inherited the anticoagulant effect of sulfonic acid group and the excellent cyto-compatibility of S-HA with high sulfur content, but also significantly improved the corrosion performance of ZE21B alloy.These results indicate a great application potential of the composite coating in the field of cardiovascular biomaterials.

国内外水体及底泥中PFOS污染物污染状况

全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulphonate,PFOS)类物质是随人类活动而出现的新型持久性有机污染物,其污染在世界各地均有检出.PFOS由含氟污水厂排放污水、工业生产PFOS物质或前体、大气沉降等方式进入环境中,主要分布于水体以及底泥中.水体中PFOS污染主要发生在人口密集、工业发达区域以及污水处理厂周边.底泥中PFOS的吸附量影响因素有pH值、阴阳离子表面活性剂及盐浓度.通过调研现阶段国内外有关PFOS的文献,综述PFOS在水体及底泥环境中的污染特性.

Development of Anti-Wear/Antioxidant Additives for High Quality Metalworking Fluid from Waste Petroleum Products

Surfactants are used for formulation metal working fluids. These fluids are applied to the interface between a cutting tool and the metal working piece to provide friction reduction. In the present paper, poly aromatic ammonium sulphonate and polyaromatic benzyl triethanolamsonium ethoxylate with 6 ethylene oxide units were synthesized and blended with coupling agent like dodecyl alcohol and oleic acid to produce cutting fluid and evaluate as antiwear. Values of surface tension of these additives were measured in oil phase and consequently CMC was determined for all additives and their mixtures in oil phase. The efficiency of these additives depends on their chemical structure and the presence of ether oxygen brings about the association of the surfactant with metal surface, hence very good wetting properties. The antiwear characteristic of surfactants increases with increasing polar linkages in the aromatic moieties forming chelated and coordinated layer. This is due to the increase in the number of sites to chemisorption on the metal surface. The films formed are highly condensed ring aromatic layered structures. These films provide lower wear and depend on the type of surfactants concentration and sliding speed. The surface of metal was analyzed by SEM/EDX techniques. These studies have led to much clear evidence of the intimate relationship between the chemical structure of the surfactants and their film forming. More confirmation for suggested mechanism was investigated by measuring the area occupied per molecule of the surfactant in oil phase. The results indicate that the sulphonate group is less efficient than ethoxylate group. At the same time, the micelle of surfactants acts as oil dispersant and improves adsorption of oil on the metal surface.

Commercial Laundry Water Characterisation

Surfactants are the major active ingredients of laundry detergents. Therefore, special attention should be focused on the treatment and disposal of laundry wastewater. The aim of this study was to characterise the wastewater from a commercial laundry over 30 days. Physicochemical analyses were performed, monitoring the content of nitrogen, phosphate, heavy metals, linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS), volatile organic acids and alcohols. The pH was approximately 5.6 and the COD approximately 4800 mg·L-1. The average concentrations of sulphate, sulphide, N-ammoniacal organic nitrogen compounds and heavy metals were below the maximum limit, in accordance with local and national environmental legislation, and the average total suspended solids was 0.08 g·L-1. Among the metals analysed, iron was observed with the highest concentrations (0.037 mg·L-1 and 0.72 mg·L-1). Phosphate was detected in 93% of samples (94.65 mg·L-1 average). LAS was detected in all samples (12.24 mg·L-1 to 1023.7 mg·L-1). Thirty-three different xenobiotic organic compounds were identified in the laundry wastewater with the qualitative screening. The major groups of the compounds were fragrances, preservatives, solvents and some surfactants. Although the characterisation indicated low values for many parameters, this does not eliminate the need for specific treatment before its disposal at the sewage system.

Evaluation of Additives as Corrosion Inhibitors/Antioxidants for High Quality Nano Emulsifiable Oils of Metalworking Fluids

Surfactants used for formulation metal working fluids. In the present paper, the inhibitive effect of synthesized anionic surfactant P-decyloxy p-sodium sulphonateazobenzene with chemical structure H21C10O-Ph-N=N-Ph-SO3Na and 1-ethyl-1-dodecyl-2-sulphonate-4-(hydroxyl ethyl)-piprazine on the corrosion of carbon steel in sulphuric acid solution is measured by the weight loss method. The relationships between the concentrations of these inhibitors and their surface properties, thermodynamic properties, surface coverage and inhibiting efficiency, have been investigated. The results indicate that P-decyloxy p-sodium sulphonate azobenzene is superior to 1-ethyl-1-dodecyl-2-sulphonate-4-(hydroxyl ethyl)-piprazine at high acid concentration. These inhibitors blend with coupling agent to produce water miscible cutting fluid. Values of surface tension of these additives were measured in water phase and consequently CMC was determined for all inhibitors. The efficiency of these inhibitors depends on their chemical structure and the presence of hydrophilic group to association of the surfactant with metal surface, hence very good wetting properties. The anti-corrosion characteristic of surfactants increases with increasing polar linkages in the aromatic moieties forming chelated and coordinated layer. This is due to the increase in number of sites to chemisorption on the metal surface. These studies have led to much clear evidence of the intimate relationship between the chemical structure of the surfactants and their efficiency. More confirmation for suggested mechanism was investigated by measuring the area occupied per molecule of the surfactant at aqueous phase. The results indicate that the amphoteric surfactant more efficient than anionic surfactant. The antioxidants activities of different dosages of inhibitors were evaluated and suggested mechanism according to their thermodynamics parameters. The oxidation of the oil has been carried for different time intervals. The degradation of the oil has been monitored by total acid formation.

Preparation of Hydrogel Based on Acryl Amide and Investigation of Different Factors Affecting Rate and Amount of Absorbed Water

Hydrogel is considered as an important material in our world nowadays as it is used in many important and significant applications such as in tissue engineering and agriculture. There are hundreds of types of such materials, where most of them can be easily prepared. The main objective of this work is to prepare one of the hydrogel types which could be very useful in the agriculture of deserts where plants in dry places require water in order to grow up. There are many places around the world where raining occurs only once or twice a year. There are also places where it does not rain at all. Therefore, hydrogels are required in order to absorb water in large quantities either during raining or irrigation instead of escaping to underground and then eject them to the roots of plants over time as the plants require watering. In this research a hydrogel based on acryl amide, Poly 2-Acrylamide-2-Methyl-1-Propane Sulphonic Acid, (PAMPS) was prepared by using different percentages of a suitable cross-linking agent, Methylene-bis-Acrylamide. The cross-linker content is very important factor affects the rate and amount of absorbed water. The highest amount of absorbed water at 25°C was observed by using 0.6% cross-linking agent based on monomer mass. The temperature of absorbed water and its pH value are also essential factors that affect the rate and the amount of absorbed water and were investigated in this work. The highest amount of absorbed water was recorded at pH = 12 and at 60°C. The amount and the rate of water absorbed by Sodium Polyacrylate Hydrogel were also investigated at 25°C. The agriculture applications of hydrogel based on Sodium Polyacrylate were examined using Fenugreek seeds implanting.

CATALYTIC SYNTHESIS OF α-CYANO-α,β-UNSATURATED SULPHONES IN THE PRESENCE OF ORGANOTELLURIUM OXIDE

Using bis(p-methoxyphenyl)telluroxide(BMPTO)as the catalyst, phenylsulphonyl acetonitrile condensed easily with aromatic aldehydes at room temperature to give -cyano- ,β-unsaturated sulphones in high yields.

The regulation of biothiol-responsive performance and bioimaging application of benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole dyes

The different oxidation states of sulphur atom play a significant role on functional materials.In this work,a aryl-thioether and its sulphone substituted benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole dyes were synthesized and utilized to determine thiol-containing amino acids.The result of selectivity experiments showed they detected the cysteine and homocysteine under physiological condition with negligible interference from other amino acids.In comparison to the thioether dye,the sulphone-based dye exhibited much faster response time for Cys and Hcy.However,the sulphone restricted its thiol-reactivity and bioimaging performance in living cells.By reducing the oxidation state of sulphur atom,we amazedly found that the sulfoxide-based dye still maintained high selectivity ultrafast response time for Cys/Hcy under physiological condition.It was worth mentioning that it also had high reactivity and good bioimaging performance that sulfone compounds did not have.