Changes of summating potentials in the guinea pig cochlea after impulse sound exposure

Compound action potentials (CAP) and action potential-summating potential com-plex (AP-SP) evoked by click and tone burst respectively were recorded from the round window in guinea pigs. Correlations between the positive and negative summating potentials (SP+ and SP-) were examined befroe and after impulse sound exposure. The results show that the SP-is related to CAP threshold shift. In comparison to normai condition, it appears with high incidence when auditory threshold shift reaches 30 dB or more. SP- increases in amplitude when SP+ decreases. The smaller the amplitude of SP+, the larger that of SP-. This suggests that in normai hearing condition SP- may be suppressed by SP+. Such suppression may be released if OHC are injured. The dominant SP- as a sign of recruitment may be due to the change in the nonlinear character of IHC following OHC damage.

Changes of summating potentials in the guinea pig cochlea after impulse sound exposure

Compound action potentials (CAP) and action potential-summating potential complex (AP-SP) evoked by click and tone burst respectively were recorded from the round window in guinea pigs. Correlations between the positive and negative summating potentials (SP+ and SP-) were examined before and after impulse sound exposure. The results show that the SP- is related to the threshold shift of CAP. In comparison to normal condition, it appears with a high incidence when the auditory threshold shift reaches 30 dB or more. SP-increases in amplitude when SP+ decreases. The smaller the amplitude of SP+, the larger that of SP-. This suggests that in normal hearing condition SP- may be suppressed by SP+. Such suppression may be released if OHCs are injured. The dominant SP- as a sign of recruitment may be due to the change in the nonlinear character of IHC following OHC damage.

Application of Gaussian Beam Summation Migration in Reflected In-seam Wave Imaging

The geological conditions for coal mining in China are complex,with various structural issues such as faults and collapsed columns seriously compromising the safety of coal mine production.In-seam wave exploration is an effective technique for acquiring detailed information on geological structures in coal seam working faces.However,the existing reflected in-seam wave imaging technique can no longer meet the exploration precision requirements,making it imperative to develop a new reflected in-seam wave imaging technique.This study applies the Gaussian beam summation(GBS)migration method to imaging coal seams'reflected in-seam wave data.Firstly,with regard to the characteristics of the reflected in-seam wave data,methods such as wavefield removal and enveloped superposition are employed for the corresponding wavefield separation,wave train compression and other processing of reflected in-seam waves.Thereafter,imaging is performed using the GBS migration technique.The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method for reflected in-seam wave imaging are validated by conducting GBS migration tests on 3D coal-seam fault models with different dip angles and throws.By applying the method to reflected in-seam wave data for an actual coal seam working face,accurate imaging of a fault structure is obtained,thereby validating its practicality.

A MULTIPLE q-EXPONENTIAL DIFFERENTIAL OPERATIONAL IDENTITY

Using Hartogs’fundamental theorem for analytic functions in several complex variables and q-partial differential equations,we establish a multiple q-exponential differential formula for analytic functions in several variables.With this identity,we give new proofs of a variety of important classical formulas including Bailey’s 6ψ6 series summation formula and the Atakishiyev integral.A new transformation formula for a double q-series with several interesting special cases is given.A new transformation formula for a 3ψ3 series is proved.

Reachable set estimation for discrete-time Markovian jump neural networks with unified uncertain transition probability

This paper focuses on the reachable set estimation for Markovian jump neural networks with time delay.By allowing uncertainty in the transition probabilities,a framework unifies and enhances the generality and realism of these systems.To fully exploit the unified uncertain transition probabilities,an equivalent transformation technique is introduced as an alternative to traditional estimation methods,effectively utilizing the information of transition probabilities.Furthermore,a vector Wirtinger-based summation inequality is proposed,which captures more system information compared to existing ones.Building upon these components,a novel condition that guarantees a reachable set estimation is presented for Markovian jump neural networks with unified uncertain transition probabilities.A numerical example is illustrated to demonstrate the superiority of the approaches.

Using 4C OBS to reveal the distribution and velocity attributes of gas hydrates at the northern continental slope of South China Sea

To investigate the distribution and velocity attributes of gas hydrates in the northern continental slope of South China Sea, Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey conducted four-component （4C） ocean-bottom seismometer （OBS） surveys. A case study is presented to show the results of acquiring and processing OBS data for detecting gas hydrates. Key processing steps such as repositioning, reorientation, PZ summation, and mirror imaging are discussed. Repositioning and reorientation find the correct location and direction of nodes. PZ summation matches P- and Z-components and sums them to separate upgoing and downgoing waves. Upgoing waves are used in conventional imaging, whereas downgoing waves are used in mirror imaging. Mirror imaging uses the energy of the receiver ghost reflection to improve the illumination of shallow structures, where gas hydrates and the associated bottom-simulating reflections （BSRs） are located. We developed a new method of velocity analysis using mirror imaging. The proposed method is based on velocity scanning and iterative prestack time migration. The final imaging results are promising. When combined with the derived velocity field, we can characterize the BSR and shallow structures; hence, we conclude that using 4C OBS can reveal the distribution and velocity attributes of gas hydrates.

Ocean-bottom cable data multiple suppression based on equipoise pseudo-multichannel matching filter

The effect of strong reflection interfaces, such as free surface, seabed, is strong; thus, the coupling of multiples and waves reduces the quality of ocean-bottom cable seismic data. Using the different polarity response of hydrophones and geophones to downgoing wave fields, dual-sensor summation can eliminate receiver-side multiples, enhance primaries, and improve the resolution of seismic data. We present a dual-sensor summation method based on the equipoise pseudo-multichannel adaptive matching filter. Compared with traditional methods, the proposed method is totally data driven and does not depend on the reflection coefficient; moreover, good results are obtained using synthetic and real data.

Remote measurement of low-energy radiation based on ARM board and ZigBee wireless communication

We propose a system for remote measurement of low-energy radiation, which is implemented using an ARM board and a Zig Bee module. The ARM STM32 F103 board employs a horizontal and vertical moving CMOS camera for front-end data acquisition. The camera can detect radiation over different coordinates given by latitude and longitude in a determined area. For image processing, we used the subtraction–summation algorithm based on gradient multiplication and edge detection. Compared to algorithms such as the max grayscale value, subtraction–summation, and whole summation, the improved subtraction–summation algorithm filters noise and removes the background grayscale value of the whole image to attain higher accuracy, stronger anti-interference ability, and better consistency to determine the radiation dose. We dedicated one port of the transmission module to send data through the STM32 F103 board, whereas another port is connected to the Zig Bee module for data reception. By employing this architecture, we achieved low power consumption and fast response in the remote data transmission.Overall, the proposed system performs the remote measurement of low-energy radiation with stability andreliability, which is required for critical scenarios such as the remote detection of nuclear radiation.

HYBRID FILTER WITH PREDICT-ESTIMATOR AND COMPENSATOR FOR THE LINEAR TIME INVARIANT DELAYED SYSTEM

This paper investigates the problem of real-time estimation for one kind of linear time invariant systems which subject to limited communication capacity. The communication limitations include signal transmission delay, the out-of-sequence measurements and data packet dropout, which appear typically in a network environment. The kernel of filter design is equally to formularize the traditional Kalman filter as one linear weighted summation which is composed of the initial state estimate and all sequential sampled measurements. For it can adapt aforementioned information limitations, the linear weighted summation is then decomposed into two stages. One is a predict-estimator composed by all reached measurements, another is one compensator constructed by those time-delayed data. In the network environment, there are obvious differences between the new hybrid filter and those existing delayed Kalman filters. For example, the novel filter can be optimal in the sense of linear minimum mean square error as soon as all measurements available and has the lowest running time than these existing delayed filters. One simulation, including two cases, is utilized to illustrate the design procedures proposed in this paper.

THE EVALUATION OF ECO－ENVIRONMENTAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO HUMAN ACTIVITY IN YULIN REGION

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Impact Estimation and Filtering of Disturbances in FG5 Absolute Gravimeter Observations

Instrumental and environmental disturbances do affect FG5 absolute gravimeter observations and the estimated gravity values, sometimes to the degree that entire measurement campaigns are discarded. We propose a method which moves towards the re-assessment of previously discarded observations. Once an estimate of the frequency and amplitude of a disturbance in a FG5 data set exists, the proposed method can estimate its impact on the estimated gravity value. This is performed through a Gaussian Bell Summation approach of the functional relationship between disturbance frequency and standard deviation of gravity. The filtering of the identified disturbance is realized through a modification of the functional model of the equation of motion in the least squares adjustment of FG5 observations. The results reveal that the Gaussian Bell Summation approximates the frequency—gravity impact relationship sufficiently well with negligible uncertainties, while the accuracy of the detected disturbance frequency defines a limiting factor for the gravity impact estimation. A realistic disturbance of 15 Hz with an amplitude of 1.5 nm had an impact of ≈48 [μGal] on the gravity estimate. The proposed filter approach reduced the impact to ≈12 [μGal], with the remaining effect being almost entirely associated to the uncertainty in disturbance frequency detection.

A self-cited pixel summation based image encryption algorithm

In this paper, a novel image encryption algorithm is presented based on self-cited pixel summation. With the classical mechanism of permutation plus diffusion, a pixel summation of the plain image is employed to make a gravity influence on the pixel positions in the permutation stage. Then, for each pixel in every step of the diffusion stage, the pixel summation calculated from the permuted image is updated. The values from a chaotic sequence generated by an intertwining logistic map are selected by this summation. Consequently, the keystreams generated in both stages are dependent on both the plain image and the permuted image. Because of the sensitivity of the chaotic map to its initial conditions and the plain-imagedependent keystreams, any tiny change in the secret key or the plain image would lead to a significantly different cipher image. As a result, the proposed encryption algorithm is immune to the known plaintext attack（KPA） and the chosen plaintext attack（CPA）. Moreover, experimental simulations and security analyses show that the proposed permutationdiffusion encryption scheme can achieve a satisfactory level of security.

Loudness Summation and Weightings for Loudness and Environmental Noise Assessment

A stationary loudness model has been built up on the basis of the former ISO 226: 1987 concerning equal-loudness-level contours. The loudness and loudness level expressions derived in the study include the same parameters as used when determining the equal-loudness-level contours of the former ISO standard. However, as an additional main idea, a loudness summation rule has been proposed in the study. Moreover, the loudness expressions have been normalised to give the same values for people who have a similar sense of hearing. It has also been found that the loudness expressions include basically two different weightings. The first weighting is a conservative frequency weighting in the domain of sound pressure level, and the second weighting consists of coefficients applied to the weighted sound pressure levels. The latter have the greatest effect on the very low-frequency range. Finally, the paper includes a new way to use the A-weighting which takes into account the compressed character of the equal-loudness-level contours at the low frequency range. This method remarkably transforms the character of the A-weighting as a measure for low-frequency environmental noise.

Low Cycle Fatigue Life Estimation and Tracking for Industrial Gas Turbine Blades Using Fatigue Factor Approach

Low cycle fatigue life consumption analysis was carried out in this work. Fatigue cycles accumulation method suitable even if engine is not often shut down was applied together with the modified universal sloped method for estimating fatigue cycles to failure. Damage summation rule was applied to estimate the fatigue damage accumulated over a given period of engine operation. The concept of fatigue factor which indicates how well engine is operated was introduced to make engine life tracking feasible. The developed fatigue life tracking method was incorporated in PYTHIA, Cranfield University in-house software and applied to 8 months of engine operation. The results obtained are similar to those of real engine operation. At a set power level, fatigue life decreases with increase in ambient temperature with the magnitude of decrease greater at higher power levels. The fatigue life tracking methodology developed could serve as a useful tool to engine operators.

Estimates of three classical summations on the spaces F_p^(α,q)(R^n)(0 < p ≤ 1)

We obtain the boundedness on Fp^α,q（R^n）for the Poisson summation and Gauss summation. Their maximal operators are proved to be bounded from Fp^α,q（R^n）to L∞（R^n）For the maximal operator of the Bochner-Riesz summation, we prove that it is bounded from Fp^α,q（R^n）to L n-pα/pn,（0〈p≤ 1）∞（R^n）.

ULAM-HYERS-RASSIAS STABILITY AND EXISTENCE OF SOLUTIONS TO NONLINEAR FRACTIONAL DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS WITH MULTIPOINT SUMMATION BOUNDARY CONDITION

The purpose of this study is to acquire some conditions that reveal existence and stability for solutions to a class of difference equations with non-integer orderμ∈(1,2].The required conditions are obtained by applying the technique of contraction principle for uniqueness and Schauder’s fixed point theorem for existence.Also,we establish some conditions under which the solution of the considered class of difference equations is generalized Ulam-Hyers-Rassias stable.Example for the illustration of results is given.

The Non-countable Summation Type Hahn-Schur Theorems

The classical countable summation type Hahn-Schur theorem is a famous result in summation theory and measure theory. An interesting problem is whether the theorem can be generalized to non-countable summation case? In this paper, we show that the answer is true.

Summation of Reciprocals Related to Square of Products of Fibonacci Numbers

By applying the method of on summation by parts,the purpose of this paper is to give several reciprocal summations related to squares of products of the Fibonacci numbers.

On the best convergence order of a new class of triangular summation operators

In this paper, a new class of triangular summation operators based on the equidistant nodes was constructed. It is proved that this class of operators converges uniformly to arbitrary continuous fimctions with the period 2π on the whole axis, Fttrthermore, the best approximation order and the highest convergence order are obtained. In contrast to certain operators constructed by Bernstein and Kis in the previous works, the convergence properties of the new operator constructed in this paper are superior.

Non-Uniform FFT and Its Applications in Particle Simulations

Ewald summation method, based on Non-Uniform FFTs (ENUF) to compute the electrostatic interactions and forces, is implemented in two different particle simulation schemes to model molecular and soft matter, in classical all-atom Molecular Dynamics and in Dissipative Particle Dynamics for coarse-grained particles. The method combines the traditional Ewald method with a non-uniform fast Fourier transform library (NFFT), making it highly efficient. It scales linearly with the number of particles as , while being both robust and accurate. It conserves both energy and the momentum to float point accuracy. As demonstrated here, it is straight- forward to implement the method in existing computer simulation codes to treat the electrostatic interactions either between point-charges or charge distributions. It should be an attractive alternative to mesh-based Ewald methods.