Research Progress of Sunscreen Agents and Encapsulate Technology

The harm of ultraviolet radiation to human skin and the mechanism of traditional sunscreen agents and natural sunscreen agents were reviewed.Sunscreen agents were usually encapsulated with delivery systems due to the instability and skin permeability.The research progress of several common sunscreen delivery systems was introduced,the future research direction of sunscreen agents was also prospected.

Novel Low Viscosity Zinc Oxide, Iron Oxides and Erioglaucine Sunscreen Potential to Protect from Ultraviolet, Visible Light and Near-Infrared Radiation

Despite the widespread recommendation and use of sunscreens and ultraviolet blocking materials, solar-induced skin damage and photoageing continues to pose a problem to human health worldwide. We have previously reported that solar visible light and near-infrared also contribute to skin damage and photo ageing. Most commonly recommended sunscreens are only effective throughout the UV spectrum, offering no protection from visible light and near-infrared. A possible solution could be to augment sunscreens with metal oxides which block visible light and near-infrared radiation. To evaluate the enhanced solar-spectrum blocking ability of novel low viscosity sunscreen containing zinc and iron oxides, a double-beam spectrophotometer was used to optically measure the transmission spectra. The spectrophotometer deploys a unique, single monochromatic design to detect wavelength penetration in the range of 240 to 2600 nm. The Sunscreen base without zinc oxide and iron oxides (control) blocked over 80% of ultraviolet-C and ultraviolet-B but did not block ultraviolet-A, visible light, or near-infrared. The novel low viscosity zinc oxide sample blocked almost over 90% ultraviolet, but did not block visible light and near-infrared sufficiently. However, the samples with the novel low viscosity zinc oxide, iron oxides and erioglaucine blocked almost over 90% of ultraviolet, visible light and near-infrared. It can be concluded that this novel combination of low viscosity zinc oxide, iron oxides and erioglaucine is effective at blocking ultraviolet, visible light and near-infrared radiation. The results of this study imply that sunscreens that provide comprehensive photoprotection from ultraviolet through to near-infrared should be adopted to prevent skin photodamage.

Photoprotective Ability of Colored Iron Oxides in Tinted Sunscreens against Ultraviolet, Visible Light and Near-Infrared Radiation

Solar-induced skin damage continues to pose a problem to human health worldwide, despite the widespread recommendation and use of sunscreens. We have previously reported that solar visible light and near-infrared also contribute to skin damage and photoageing. Most commonly recommended sunscreens are only effective throughout the UV spectrum, offering no protection from visible light and near-infrared. To evaluate the enhanced solar-spectrum blocking ability of iron oxides, a double-beam spectrophotometer was used to optically measure the transmission spectra. The spectrophotometer deploys a unique, single monochromatic design to detect wavelength penetration in the range of 240 to 2600 nm. The sample without iron oxide (control) blocked over 80% of ultraviolet-C and ultraviolet-B but did not block ultraviolet-A, visible light, or near-infrared wavelengths. The samples with yellow, and red iron oxide blocked over 90% ultraviolet, but did not block visible light and near-infrared effectively. The sample with black iron oxide blocked visible light, and near-infrared effectively compared with other samples with yellow, blue, and red iron oxide. The sample with red and black iron oxides, and the sample with yellow, blue, red, and black iron oxides blocked ultraviolet through to near-infrared. It can be concluded that dark colored iron oxide combinations are effective at blocking from ultraviolet through to visible light and near-infrared radiation. The results of this study may also suggest that biological colour of human skin and subcutaneous tissues are conserved for comprehensive photoprotection.

Photoprotective Ability of Sunscreens against Ultraviolet, Visible Light and Near-Infrared Radiation

Despite the widespread prevalence of daily sunscreen usage, solar-induced skin damage continues to occur. We have previously reported that solar visible light and near-infrared, in addition to ultraviolet radiation, perform as aging factors and induce deleterious effects such as photoaging, vasodilation, muscle thinning, skin ptosis, photoimmunosupression and photocarcinogenesis. Despite this, most commonly used sunscreens only block ultraviolet radiation. To evaluate the complete solar-spectrum blocking ability of sunscreens produced by internationally well-known companies, a double-beam spectrophotometer was used to optically measure the transmission spectra. The spectrophotometer utilizes a unique, single monochromatic design covering a wavelength range of 240 to 2600 nm. Sunscreens (thickness, 0.1 mm, SPF50+, PA+++ or ++++) from internationally well-known companies blocked 78.8% - 99.9% of ultraviolet, 33.4% - 99.6% of visible light, and 27.0% - 76.4% of near-infrared. It can be concluded that while most commercially available sunscreens filter ultraviolet radiation, they are not effective at blocking visible light and near-infrared radiation. The results of this study imply that sunscreens that provide comprehensive photoprotection from ultraviolet through to near-infrared should be considered to prevent skin photodamage.

The effect of sunblock against oxidative stress in farmers：a pilot study

Farmers are frequently exposed to ultraviolet（UV） radiation which causes various diseases by inducing oxidative stress.This study aimed to assess the effects of sunblock on oxidative stress in the body.Eighty-seven farmers were divided into two groups：those who wore sunblock for five days and those who did not.The total antioxidant capacity（TAC） in urine,which is an antioxidant indicator,and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine（8-OHdG） levels in urine,an oxidative stress indicator,were measured.The urinary TAC of sunblock users was significantly higher than that of non-users,but urinary 8-OHdG levels were not significantly different.Even after adjustment for potential confounders,urinary TAC was found to be markedly increased with sunblock usage.These results suggest that sunblock is effective in preventing oxidative stress among farmers.In addition,they show that urinary TAC can be used as a good effect marker of oxidative stress caused by UV exposure.

基于BASF Sunscreen Simulator初步评价17种常用化学防晒剂

将筛选的17种最常用的化学防晒剂在各自法规(中国)限用范围内,其用量分别在1%、2%、3%、4%、5%、6%、8%、10%等8个用量水平下利用BASF Sunscreen Simulator计算单一防晒剂的SPF及PFA值。根据模拟计算结果并结合安全性及配伍性进行探讨评价可知,DHHB、BEMT、TDSA、MBBT和BMDM为较优的UVA防晒剂,UVA波段吸收能力强;BEMT、EHT、IMC、EHMC、PBSA、MBC为较优的UVB防晒剂,OCR、EHS、PS15和HMS为较优的UVB辅助防晒剂。为化学防晒剂的优选做参考。

Effects of Solar UV Radiation on Materials Used in Agricultural Industry in Salta, Argentina: Study and Characterization

The current study presents the characterization of three types of materials after exposure to solar UV radiation. The selection of the materials is related to socio-economic aspects and rural activities in the northwest of Argentina (a.k.a. NOA). The objective was to establish a time parameter that allows estimating the durability of the materials according to their use. One of the materials is used as a protective cover (polyethylene film) of greenhouses, which are used for crop cultivation in the area. Another material is used in photovoltaic modules (PVMs), which are used to supply energy in isolated areas and the third material is sunscreen used by people that are exposed to UV radiation during rural activities. Degradation or deterioration of the materials was monitored using different spectroscopic assays: infrared was used to detect any structural changes in the material, X-rays were used for possible changes in the crystalline structure of the material, and spectral transmittance as this property is likely to be affected by changes in the structure of the material. The results showed that degradation of polyethylene seems to be related to the diminution in transparency and the loss of mechanical resistance with increasing exposure time. The decrease in transparency of one of the layers of a PVM caused a considerable decrease in the energy generated, whereas the sunscreens with a low sun protection factor (SPF) rapidly lost their protective properties and changed their photostability properties. Our results revealed a relationship between relative transmittance loss and exposure timse, which allows estimating the stability of different materials.

Boron Nitride Nanostructured: Synthesis, Characterization and Potential Use in Cosmetics

The hexagonal boron nitride has been well investigated. Its layered structure is similar to that of graphite. In the manufacture of cosmetics, this structure is intended to improve the appearance, sensory aspect and makes it easy to mix excipients contained in the formulation in the mixture process. In cosmetology, the efficiency and the penetration of active substances into skin are known to be directly related to the particle size. However, only recently their nanostructured properties have been explored. In this work, the synthesis of hexagonal boron nitride in the nanoscale, its composition, structure, morphology and potential for future application in sunscreens are being investigated. The boron nitride was synthesized from boric acid and melamine to a heat treatment at 1600℃. The crystal structure was characterized by (XRD) and its morphology was examined by (SEM) and (TEM);the chemical composition was studied by (FTIR), (EDS) and (EELS), the texture characterization by (BET) and its potential in sunscreens by (FTIR and UV/VIS). Results have shown that boron nitride may be synthesized in the nanoscale and that this material has the potential to be incorporated into cosmetics.

Spectral Properties and Solubilization Location of 2′-Ethylhexyl 4-（N,N-Dimethylamino）benzoate in Micelles

Dual fluorescence and UV absorption of 2′-ethylhexyl 4-（N,N-dimethylamino）benzoate （EHDMAB） were investigated in cationic, non-ionic and anionic micelles. When EHDMAB was solubilized in different micelles, the UV absorption of EHDMAB was enhanced. Twisted intramolecular charge transfer （TICT） emission with longer wavelength was observed in ionic micelles, whereas TICT emission with shorter wavelength was obtained in non-ionic micelles. In particular, dual fluorescence of EHDMAB was significantly quenched by the positively charged pyridinium ions arranged in the Stern layer of cationic micelles. UV radiation absorbed mainly decays via TICT emission and radiationless deactivation. The dimethylamino group of EHDMAB experiences different polar environments in ionic and non-ionic micelles according to the polarity dependence of TICT emission of EHDMAB in organic solvents. In terms of the molecular structures and sizes of EHDMAB and surfactants, each individual EHDMAB molecule should be buried in micelles with its dimethylamino group toward the polar head groups of different micelles and with its 2′-ethylhexyl chain toward the hydrophobic micellar core. Dynamic fluorescence quenching measurements of EHDMAB provide further support for the location of EHDMAB in different micelles.

The Effect of Sunscreens on Yeast to Prevent Ultraviolet Damage

The impacts of Ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the human body have received increased attention in previous years. The impacts are comprised of a series of illnesses, burns, and modifications in the genetic structures. Therefore, the current study aimed to identify the effect of sunscreens on yeast to prevent ultraviolet damage. The study uses two sunscreens with different sun protection factors to show how they differently protect the cells from the wrath of UV light. The experiment involves the use of yeast as the test organism since yeast has DNA that is used for reproduction by budding. UV light affects the growth of the bacteria and the limiting factor with the sunscreens. Six Petri dishes with agar were inoculated with yeast solution and put under different conditions and the growth results will be obtained. The experiment also showed how different clothes protect human from the UV radiations.

Effectiveness of a Broad-Spectrum Sunscreen in the Prevention of Melasma in Asian Pregnant Women

Chloasma, or melasma, is a commonly acquired pigmentary disorder among Asian women. It may be considered as a physiological change during pregnancy. The incidence in Asian women is higher than that in other ethnic groups but further epidemiologic data are needed. There are very few studies related to the benefits of sunscreens to prevent this dermatosis. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a broad-spectrum sunscreen in the prevention of melasma in Korean pregnant women. We tested the effectiveness and tolerance of a sunscreen product (SPF 50+, UVA-PF 30) during a 12-month clinical trial including 220 Korean parturients with skin type III and IV. 217 women completed the study. Only 3 (1%) of the study population developed melasma, which was mild (MASI grade between 1.2 and 2.7). In addition, the clinical effectiveness of the evaluated sunscreen was judged “good to excellent” by the majority of study participants and by the research dermatologists. The “excellent” tolerance of the sunscreen under evaluation was confirmed “good” to “excellent” in 95% and 97% of cases. This study clearly demonstrates that this broad-spectrum sunscreen is well tolerated and effective in the prevention of melasma in Korean pregnant women. Although treatment remains elusive, prevention is possible.

Patient Reported Frequency of Lupus Flare: Associations with Foundation Makeup and Sunscreen Use

Objective: To test the hypothesis that usage of foundation makeup (FM) and sunscreen lotion (SS), used individually or in combination, is associated with significant changes in the likelihood of lupus symptom exacerbation. Methods: Self-reported flare days (SRF) and use of FM and SS products, were retrospectively examined in 80 Caucasian Australian women with ACR classified SLE for a year. Negative binomial regression modelled SRF days (outcome) against independent FMSS variable and covariates: age;diagnosis years;outdoor hours;BMI;stress;immune therapy medication (ITM) use. Results: Statistically significant inverse associations between SRF days and FMSS use were found. Protective effects were statistically significant (p < 0.05) for combined FMSS exposure days (OR 0.998, CI 0.997 - 1.0) and FM alone (OR 0.603, CI 0.363 - 1.0). Significant associations consistent with increased SRF risk were seen in sub-analysis models for participants taking ITM: univariate model (OR 1.968, p = 0.03);multivariate model for FMSS (OR 2.11, CI 1.161 - 3.835);FM days (OR 1.855, CI 1.023 - 3.364). Results show SRF day reduction of 0.15% for each day of product exposure. Conclusion: Study results highlight protective effects of wearing FM with or without SS. This reduction in flare days ultimately has potential to improve quality of life in SLE patients.

Ecotoxicological Effects of Cosmetic Formulas Containing Chemical and Mineral UV Filters on Seriatopora hystrix Fragments

Background: Over the last few years sunscreen products have been suspected to be harmful to corals, especially because of their putative negative impact on symbiotic microalgae housed by these cnidarians. Previous publications reported that minerals or chemical UV filters could induce the release of microalgae from corals inducing their bleaching. The study of the ecotoxicity of finished cosmetic products containing these filters is important. Objectives: We sought to assess ex vivo the toxicity of five emulsions containing UV-filters on coral cuttings of Seriatopora hystrix. Materials and Methods: Coral cuttings were put in contact with 5 different emulsions containing UV-filters. The toxicity readout was the ability to induce polyp retraction and/or fragment bleaching of the coral cuttings of Seriatopora hystrix. Results: In our experimental conditions, none of the five tested formulas neither induced any significant polyp retraction nor triggered fragment bleaching of the coral. Conclusions: The five tested emulsions containing UV-filters did not modify coral cuttings. In vivo, larger tests are necessary to verify the results of this ex vivo pilot study.

Current Regulatory Status of UV Filters at Home and Abroad

This article summarized and compared the requirements of UV filters in EU, US, Canada, Australia, ASEAN, China Taiwan and China, helping companies using the UV filters correctly and compling with the requirements in above countries and areas.

Survey on Sun Protection Cosmetics Usage by 19 Females

In this paper, 19 females who use sun protection cosmetics on a daily basis were selected as the research subjects. Relevant data on the selection and use of sun protection cosmetics were obtained by questionnaire survey and weighing by way of statistical analysis via SPSS16.0 software. Result showed that the SPF of about 80% of the sun protection products used by the surveyed was over 30 and 89.5% of them claimed that they had anti-UVA function. 42.1% of the survey female had chosen the sun protection cosmetics with skin color improvement and concealer function. The analysis results of sun protection cosmetics using parts showed that the main parts used in the study include face (100%), neck (52.6%) and arms (26.3%). According to the sun protection cosmetic dosage in different body parts analysis result, the median of the average dosage only used in face and neck was 0.22 mg/cm2;and that used in many body parts (face, neck, arms and others) was 0.17mg/cm^2. There was no statistical significance in terms of the difference between the two sets (P>0.05). As the dosage analysis result of various types of sun protection cosmetics indicates, the median of the average dosage concerning the sun protection cosmetics only was 0.24 mg/cm2;the median of the average dosage concerning the sun protection cosmetics with beauty function was 0.17 mg/cm^2. There existed statistical significance regarding the difference between the two groups (P<0.05).

An Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Daylighting Performance for an Office Building

The urgency of increasing energy efficiency in new building design and retrofits has pushed lighting simulation to play a central role in sustainable lighting design. The shape of the building and its orientation, the reflectances of building surfaces and glazed areas are important parameters in the daylighting design of buildings. Glazing systems can cut energy consumption and associated pollution sources, reduce peak demand, enhance daylighting performance and improve occupant comfort. This paper presents the results of a numerical and experimental comparison between the performances of an office building with and without external sunscreens. The aim was to analyse the illuminance distribution and some investigations have also been made with regards to the effect on daylight in rooms when sunscreens are used. The experimental results were obtained using an office building scale model and sky simulator. The numerical results were obtained through radiance, the ray-tracing program, to accurately predict the light levels and produce photo realistic images of the architectural space in all sky conditions： Illuminance values were obtained respectively through reference point measurements. The daylighting performances of the office building model with and without the sunscreens have been compared and analysed.

Analysis on Patent Application of Sunscreen Cosmetics in China

With China patent application data of sunscreen cosmetics as analysis samples, searching the key words of international patent classification number A61 Q17/04 in Incopat, Patenics, and other retrieval platforms, this article analyzes China patent application quantity changes, primary applicants ranking and typical applicants' applications. It helps the enterprises grasp the technology and market development trends of sunscreen cosmetics.

Study on Synergistic Effect and Mechanism of Sunscreen Bemt and Mbbt

The synergistic effect and mechanism of two chemical sunscreens,BEMT and MBBT,have been studied.UV absorption spectrum study suggested that UV absorption peaks of BEMT and MRRT shifted when the polarities of solvents varied.In ethanol,a typical semi-polarity solvent,UV absorption capacity of BEMT was reduced compared to its capacity in a non-polarity solvent of isooctane.While the addition of MBBT can offset the impact of solvent polarity.In terms of emulsions with BEMT as the only sunscreen agent,in vitro test indicated that SPF increased as the solvent polarity rose,and the addition of MBBT can offset this impact.Sunscreen efficient can be significantly enhanced via combining water phased and oil phased sunscreen agents.

Dispersion and Stability of Physical Sunscreen Agents in Liquid Medium

The dispersion processes and methods of physical sun-screening agents in liquid medium were briefed.Several stabilizing mechanisms of ultrafine particle in liquid medium was introduced, and the stabilizing mechanisms of physical sunscreens were discussed. At last, the currently existing evaluation methods of physical sun-screening slurry stability were also illustrated.

New Development and Technology of Sun Protection

The influencing factors of sunlight on skin aging were summarized. sunlight for skin aging is not only because of ultraviolet rays, physiological mechanisms of skin premature aging induced by infrared rays and visible light is also gradually clear. This paper elaborated the activation and other complicated photoaging ways of the mitochondria, free radicals, aryl hydrocarbon receptors(AhR) and activation of thermo receptors in inflammatory injurys and membrane receptors during the biological effect and photochemical effect of light. based on these, an universal sunlight protection strategy was proposed as upgrade of traditional sunscreens.