Atmospheric and oceanic responses to Super Typhoon Mangkhut in the South China Sea:a coupled CROCO-WRF simulation

The South China Sea(SCS)is the largest marginal sea in the Northwest Pacific Ocean,and it encounters frequent typhoons.The atmosphere and ocean will create significant thermal and dynamic responses during the intense disturbance caused by typhoons.However,these responses have not been thoroughly investigated owing to the complicated marine environment.According to the satellite data,the SCS Basin was observed to have a strong sea surface temperature(SST)response to Typhoon Mangkhut,resulting in widespread SST cooling.A coupled model was used to investigate the atmospheric and oceanic responses to Typhoon Mangkhut.Best-track data,satellite SST,and ARGO measurements show that the coupled WRF-CROCO simulation displays better track,intensity,SST,temperature,and salinity profiles than those of the WRF-only simulation.Results show that the typhoon induced rightward intensifications in wind speed,ocean current,and SST.The following are some remarkable atmosphere and ocean responses:(1)the SST below the inner-core region is cooled by 1℃,resulting in a 37%-44%decrease in wet enthalpy,and the central pressure is increased by~9 hPa.Therefore,the changes in SST below the innercore region of the SCS Basin have a significant impact on air-sea fluxes under high-wind conditions;(2)the ocean boundary layer analysis shows that near-inertial oscillations on the right side of the typhoon track and a strong inertial current up to~2.28 m/s in the upper ocean were observed,which resonated with the local wind and flow field on the right side and induced strong SST cooling;(3)a decrease in SST decreased the moist static energy of the typhoon boundary layer,thereby weakening the typhoon’s intensity.The difference in equivalent potential temperature and sea surface pressure have a good correlation,indicating that the influence of moist static energy on typhoon intensity cannot be overlooked.

超强台风“山竹”(1822)的闪电活动特征

为了进一步认识热带气旋(TC)全生命期中闪电的活动特征,本文利用全球闪电定位网(WWLLN)资料、中央气象台的TC路径数据、风云四号A星(FY-4A)的相当黑体温度(TBB)数据和ERA5再分析资料,研究了2018年登陆中国的最强台风“山竹”从生成到消亡全生命期中闪电活动的时空分布和随强度的变化特征,探讨了闪电活动与风圈半径及下垫面的关系。结果表明:(1)“山竹”中的闪电活动有明显的三圈结构,内核闪电密度最大,内雨带几乎没有闪电,外雨带闪电数量最多。内核闪电与外雨带闪电的主要发生时间不同,外雨带在远海也能产生大量闪电。(2)闪电活动的方位分布与TC强度、所处地理位置及环境密切相关,不同时期闪电方位分布不同。(3)闪电活动与风圈半径没有明确的关系,闪电活动多发于风圈半径较小的东南和西南方位。(4)TC快速增强期间及前后,内核闪电活动对TC强度增强具有一定的指示作用。此外,内核闪电活动与对流强度呈现较好的相关性。(5)岛屿和陆地的存在对于强对流的发展有着极重要的作用。气流遇到较高地形被迫抬升,形成闪电。TC西南方位距岛屿东南侧约300 km的海面,水汽、热量充足且人为气溶胶较多,有利于上升气流的发展,进而产生闪电。这些认识有助于闪电资料在TC中小尺度强对流监测和预警中的应用。

基于海气耦合模式的超强台风“山竹”数值模拟

基于中尺度大气模式WRF和区域海洋模式ROMS,构建WRF-ROMS海气双向耦合模式,针对2018年超强台风“山竹”进行模拟。利用观测数据对台风路径和强度进行验证,结果表明海气耦合模式对台风“山竹”的模拟相对单一模式有更高的精度,耦合模式得到的台风路径与最佳路径吻合良好,误差控制在60 km以内;获取的风速和海平面气压结果也较单一模式更为准确。基于海气耦合模拟结果,进一步分析台风作用下风场、气压场、海表流场和风暴增水的时空分布特征,结果表明:1)空间分布方面,台风进入南海后,七级风圈半径在台风沿路径右后方较大;气旋式流场与台风风场呈现出显著的埃克曼效应,流向与风向呈45°;风场、气压场、风生流场和增水分布均存在明显的不对称性,台风路径右侧的台风强度、流速和增水均大于左侧。2)时间分布方面,风场与气压场分布特征相似且与台风中心保持同步,流场和近岸风暴增水相对台风路径存在3 h左右的滞后。

1822号台风“山竹”影响期间深圳大风特征初步分析

利用广东自动气象站、深圳梯度塔、气象卫星等资料,对1822号超强台风“山竹”影响期间深圳的大风特征及其成因进行了初步分析,结果表明:“山竹”影响期间,深圳普遍出现了13级以上强风,沿海和高地12级及以上阵风持续长达13h,强度和影响时间均为历史罕见;大风自东向西影响深圳,起风阶段的风速增大速率大于减弱阶段的风速减小速率;大风除了和“山竹”强度、登陆点、移动速度有关外,中高纬度地区的冷高压也是造成该次深圳强风的原因之一。