Fabric changes induced by super-absorbent polymer on cementelime stabilized excavated clayey soil

This paper studies the microstructure variation induced by super-absorbent polymer(SAP)to understand the mechanism of macroscopic strength improvement of stabilized soil.The fabric changes of cement elime stabilized soil were analyzed with respect to the variation of SAP content,water content,lime content and curing time,using mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)tests.It can be observed that the delimitation pore diameter between inter-and intra-aggregate pores was 0.2 mm for the studied soil,determined through the intrusion/extrusion cycles.Experimental results showed that fabric in both inter-and intra-aggregate pores varied significantly with SAP content,lime content,water content and curing time.Two main changes in fabric due to SAP are identified as:(1)an increase in intra-aggregate pores(<0.2 mm)due to the closer soilecementelime cluster space at higher SAP content;and(2)a decrease in inter-aggregate pores represented by a reduction in small-pores(0.2e2 mm)due to the lower pore volume of soil mixture after water absorption by SAP,and a slight increase in large-pores(>2 mm)due to the shrinkage of SAP particle during the freezeedry process of MIP test.Accordingly,the strength gain due to SAP for cementelime stabilized soil was mainly due to a denser fabric with less interaggregate pores.The cementitious products gradually developed over time,leading to an increase in intra-aggregate pores with an increasing proportion of micro-pores(0.006e0.2 mm).Meanwhile,the inter-aggregate pores were filled by cementitious products,resulting in a decrease in total void ratio.Hence,the strength development over time is attributable to the enhancement of cementation bonding and the refinement of fabric due to the increasing cementitious compounds.

PREPARATION AND SWELLING PROPERTIES OF SUPER-ABSORBENT POLYMER

A super-absorbent polymer is prepared by graft polymerizing acrylamide (AM) onto potato starch using eerie ammonium nitrate (CAN) and N, N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide (bisAM) as an initiator and cross-linking agent respectively, and then subjecting the potato starch- poly(acrylamide) (PAM) graft copolymer (SPAM) to alkaline saponification. The water absorbency (WA) of the sample is nearly 5000 g H2O/g for dry sample in 24 h at room temperature and is far larger than that of reported in the literature([1]). The variables affecting the WA were investigated and optimiz;ed, they were: concentrations of potato starch, AM, CAN and bisAM were 26.3 g/L, 1.14 mol/L, 10.3 mmol/L and 0.53 mmol/L, respectively. The amount of sodium hydroxide was 15 g and the temperatures of graft copolymerization and saponification reactions were 60 degrees C and 95 degrees C. The time of graft copolymerization and saponification reactions was 2 h, respectively.

Effects of different concentrations of super-absorbent polymers on soil structure and hydro-physical properties following continuous wetting and drying cycles

Super-absorbent polymers(SAPs)are widely used chemical water-saving materials,which play an active role in the accumulation of soil water and the improvement of soil structure.Little is known about their performance with repeated usage or about factors influencing their efficiency under alternate wetting and drying cycles.In this study,various concentrations of SAP(0,0.1,0.2 and 0.3%)in soil following three continuous wetting and drying cycles(T1,T2 and T3),were studied to determine effects on soil structure stability and hydro-physical properties.The results indicated that the SAP improved soil water supply capacity under conditions of mild drought(T2)and sufficient irrigation(T3)at concentrations of 0.2 and 0.3%,but a reduction was observed under severe drought conditions(T1),which was negatively correlated with the SAP concentration.The physical adsorption of the SAP by soil and the chemical connection between the SAP and soil mineral colloids as Si-O-Si bonds,-OH bonds and different crystalline silica were the important factors that directly lead to the reduction of water retention capacities of the SAP with alternating wet and dry conditions.Compared with the control,the soil liquid phase ratios of the SAP treatments were increased by8.8-202.7%in the T1 and T2 cycles,which would have led to a decrease in the soil air phase ratios.After repeated wetting and drying cycles,the SAP treatments increased the amount of>0.25 mm soil aggregates and the contents of water-stable macro-aggregate(R_(0.25)),and decreased the amount of<0.053 mm soil aggregates,especially with higher concentrations of the SAP.Increases in mean weight diameter(MWD)and geometric mean diameter(GMD),and declines in fractal dimension(D)and unstable aggregates index(E_(LT))were all observed with the SAP treatments,which indicated an improvement in soil stability and structure.It was concluded that the distribution and stability of soil aggregates and soil water supply capacity was closely related to SAP concentration,soil moisture condition and the interaction between the SAP and soil particles.

Factors Influencing Strength of Super Absorbent Polymer(SAP)Concrete

Super absorbent polymers (SAPs) are gradually being applied in concrete production as internal curing agents. SAP can effectively reduce early age autogenous shrinkage of concrete, alleviate the hazards caused by concrete cracking and improve its freeze–thaw resistance. However, the relationships between SAP dosage, SAP particle size and the water–cement ratio of concrete have certain influences on the evolution of the compressive strength of SAP-incorporated concrete. In this study, experiments were conducted to investigate the relationships between the water–cement ratio of concrete, the SAP dosage and SAP particle size. The significant factors influencing concrete strength are determined and equations are proposed for predicting the strength of SAP-incorporated concrete at 3, 7 and 28 days. The findings from this study, such as the SAP dosage should not be larger than 0.2%, are expected to form a theoretical basis for the rational use of SAP as an additive to concrete. © 2017, Tianjin University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Study on the Expansion of a Cement-Based System Containing Sap Polymer and Supplementary Cementing Materials

In this paper, the addition of admixed superabsorbent polymer (SAP) improved the microstructure and durability-related properties in a cement-based system with supplementary materials. This is an important issue in real construction projects when good durability properties are required. This study investigates the effect of SAP on the systems using cement replacement by fly ash and silica fume considering the strength properties and durability properties of paste under sulfate attack of cement-based system. The replacement considered in the study was of 10% silica fume and 20% fly ash in each case, the dosage of SAP was 0.25% of the total amount of cementitious material. The results showed that the addition of SAP in the cement-based system improved the compressive strength and reduced expansion to sulfate attack. Scanning electron micrographs showed that utilization of fly ash with silica fume and silica fume with SAP resulted in a much denser microstructure, thereby, leading to an increase in compressive strength and lower expansion under sulfate attack.

Assessment of Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) on Plant Available Water (PAW) in Dry Lands

One of the ways of overcoming the cost of irrigation is through in-situ water harvesting at the plant roots. Super absorbent polymer (SAP) can facilitate water harvesting at the plant roots. This study attempted to assess the effect of SAP on plant available water (PAW) of different soils. In this study, SAP was sequentially added at the rate of 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.5% of the soil weight and its impact assessed in clay, sandy clay and sandy loam soils. The moisture retention characteristics of the original and SAP treated soils were studied using soil water retention curves (SWRC) and results modelled using Gardner model. PAW was estimated from SWRC as the difference between moisture content at 1.5 and 3 bar in all soils. The difference in PAW between original and treated soils was assessed at 5% level of significance. The WRC of all the samples was adequately found to be described by the Gardner model (Coefficient of determination R2 ≥ 98% and residual standard error (RSE) ≤ 0.04). SWRC changed with increase in SAP percentage in clay, sandy clay and sandy loam soils. Clay had a higher change in water retention then sandy clay and lastly sandy loam. Plant available water content (PAW) in all soils increased. In clay soil it increased with increase in SAP from 0.3291 at zero SAP to 0.6223 at 0.5% SAP. Sandy clay soil increased in PAW from 0.2721 at zero SAP to 0.5335 at 0.5% SAP and Sandy loam soils from 0.1691 at zero SAP to 0.3461 at 0.5% SAP. Hence, from the study SAP can be used to conserve irrigation water in the plant roots and therefore reducing the cost since PAW has been increased.

Mechanical property of strain-hardening cementitious composites modified with superabsorbent polymers

In order to improve the tensile property, flexuralproperty and drying shrinkage of strain-hardening cementitiouscomposites （SHCC）, mixtures quantitatively modified withsuperabsorbent polymer （SAP） were investigated. Theuniaxial tensile test, the four-point bending test, thecompressive test, the drying shrinkage test and theenvironmental scanning electron microscope （ESEM） wereemployed to investigate the tensile strain capacity, flexuraldeformation capacity, compressive strength, drying shrinkage,crack width and self-healing of SHCC. The experimentalresults show that SHCC modified with SAP particles exhibitsexcellent ductility and deformability, and the tensile strain isup to about 4.5% and the average crack width is controlledaround 40 μm. Meanwhile, the drying shrinkage of SHCCmodified with SAP particles can reduce by about 60%.Furthermore, the self-healing behavior is observed in thecracks of specimen after three cycles of high-low relativehumidity curing, and the self-healing products can completelyfill the cracks of SHCC specimens modified with SAPparticles. It is, therefore, feasible to produce SHCC materialmodified with SAP particles, while simultaneously retaininghigher material ductility.

Effects of superabsorbent polymer particles on flexural properties and self-healing behavior of ECC

In order to improve the self-healing behavior and the recovery of mechanical properties of engineered cementitious composites(ECC),the approach of incorporating superabsorbent polymer(SAP)in mixtures is investigated.The rapid water penetration test and four-point bending test were conducted to evaluate the effects of self-healing on the water permeability and mechanical properties of pre-damaged ECC.The self-healing process and self-healing products were observed by the environment scanning electron microscope(ESEM)and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS).The experimental results show that all ECC mixtures exhibit excellent flexural capacity,meanwhile maintaining a crack width below 50μm.The incorporation of SAP particles in ECC can apparently improve the mechanical recovery of ECC mixtures after 10 healing curing cycles,such as flexural deformation and flexural stiffness.The flexural stiffness of ECC containing 4%SAP particles after self-healing can be recovered to 80%.The self-healing test results show that when the water permeability of ECC mixtures incorporating SAP particles is close to zero,only three healing cycles are needed.When ECC incorpora ting more SAP particles,the accelerated self-healing process can be finished in the first three cycles,and self-healing product is mixed Ca(OH)2/CaCO 3 with CaCO 3 being a major component in the later stage.It is,therefore,feasible to produce ECC materials incorporating SAP particles,while simultaneously maintaining higher material ductility and self-healing behavior.

Superabsorbent polymer for water management in forestry

The effectiveness of a superabsorbent polymer of sodium polyacrylate was studied, with emphasis on water management, i.e., absorption, retention and desorption in the soil. The polymer was applied in plots with a sandy soil near Grandola (southern Portugal). Characterization of the most relevant physical and chemical properties of the polymer was made, namely, its specific gravity, particle diameter, capacity of water absorption and desorption. In the plots with and without the polymer, soil moisture was continuously monitored, and grassland biomass samples were collected and weighed. The results reflected the effective role of the polymer both in the improvement of the water regime in the soil and in the substantial increment of grassland productivity.

SAP和聚丙烯纤维双掺对混凝土抗压强度及抗渗性能的影响

隧道等地下工程混凝土主体结构渗漏为常见质量问题,严重影响结构的安全、正常使用功能及耐久性,因此混凝土的抗渗性能成为研究焦点。采用双掺SAP和聚丙烯纤维提高混凝土的抗渗性能,在混凝土中分别掺入质量比为胶凝材料0.1%,0.3%,0.5%的SAP,并同时分别加入1,2,3kg/m3的聚丙烯纤维,进行抗压与抗渗试验。结果表明:单掺0.1%~0.3%SAP时几乎不影响混凝土的抗压强度,但掺量为0.5%时,抗压强度会显著降低;双掺0.1%SAP和0~2kg/m3聚丙烯纤维可略微提升混凝土抗压强度,并且显著改善其抗渗性能;经对比,掺入0.1%~0.3%SAP和0~2kg/m3聚丙烯纤维时,可保证混凝土的抗压强度,提高抗渗性能,有效降低混凝土的渗水风险。

含SAP水泥基材料动态力学性能演变规律研究

关于高应变速率下含高吸水树脂(SAP)水泥基材料力学行为的研究较少,本文通过压汞法和图像法研究了含SAP水泥基材料的总孔隙率和宏观孔(>100μm)孔隙率;分析了SAP粒径和补偿水对改性材料准静态(10~(-5)s^(-1))和动态(60~110 s^(-1))力学性能的影响;基于裂缝扩展行为的研究,解析了高应变速率下水泥基材料的破坏行为。结果表明:添加补偿水和增大SAP粒径均会提升材料的宏观孔孔隙率和总孔隙率,从而降低准静态和动态压缩作用下试样的抗压强度和弹性模量;添加补偿水和增大SAP粒径还会提高水泥基材料的抗压强度动态增加因子和弹性模量动态增加因子,这是由于总孔隙率和宏观孔孔隙率的增加会引起裂缝扩展路径的改变、破碎程度的增加以及应变响应的延迟。

SAP预湿水量对UHPC性能的影响

研究了高吸水性树脂(SAP)的预湿水量(0、20、30、40 kg/m3)对超高性能混凝土(UHPC)工作性、力学性能和收缩性能的影响。结果表明:随着SAP预湿水量的增加,UHPC的初始和3 h扩展度均增加,3 d和28 d抗压强度均降低,且3 d抗压强度降低更明显,自收缩值降低,干燥收缩值增大。

SAP内养护剂改善膨胀混凝土性能及其机理研究

研究了SAP(超强吸水树脂)内养护剂对膨胀混凝土力学性能、变形开裂性能和耐久性能的影响,然后通过MIP,SEM,XRD等手段对其养护机理进行了微观分析.结果表明:掺加SAP可显著提高膨胀混凝土的早期膨胀值和限制膨胀率,降低膨胀与收缩变形的差值,且对强度、渗透性无不利影响.由于SAP具有吸水-释水功能,因此掺加SAP将有利于钙矾石的生成和水泥水化程度的提高,并能有效改善膨胀混凝土的孔结构分布.

高吸水树脂(SAP)对砂浆与混凝土性能的影响

混凝土内养护可以明显改善混凝土的自收缩,提高混凝土强度.研究了高吸水树脂(SAP)对砂浆工作性及混凝土自收缩和强度的影响规律.试验结果表明,以每立方米砂浆或混凝土中通过SAP向其中均匀引入15kg的养护用水为基准,把SAP与水的不同比例掺入砂浆中,测试其流动度,确定了m(SAP)∶m(水)=1∶25的最佳比例,并以此比例掺入砂浆与混凝土中.分析了搅拌时间对掺加SAP的砂浆流动度的影响,为SAP在砂浆中的实际应用提供了一些建议.砂浆和混凝土引入预吸水的SAP后可明显提高其强度和自收缩变形且SAP的内养护效果随水胶比的降低更加显著.

掺聚丙烯酸酯类SAP低水灰比水泥浆水化研究

在新拌水泥浆中掺入不同数量的聚丙烯酸酯类高分子超强吸水剂(SAP),然后置于温度35℃、相对湿度10%的环境中养护56 d,再采用TG测量水泥浆的水化度并用XRD进行验证.结果表明,与未掺聚丙烯酸酯类SAP水泥浆相比,掺聚丙烯酸酯类SAP水泥浆的水化度更高,整体水化更均匀,因此聚丙烯酸酯类SAP可作为高性能混凝土的自养护剂.

SAP对高水胶比混凝土塑性开裂的影响

针对高水胶比混凝土早期开裂严重影响混凝土耐久性能的问题,研究了掺量(质量分数)为0.2%,0.3%和0.4%的高吸水性树脂(SAP)对高水胶比(质量比0.5)混凝土特定状态下的早期抗裂性能、力学性能和体积稳定性能的影响,并结合水分蒸发试验,研究了掺入SAP后混凝土的失水规律.结果表明:掺入SAP后,可显著提高高水胶比混凝土的早期抗裂性能,SAP掺量为0.2%,0.3%和0.4%的混凝土早期开裂面积分别降低了81%,88%和98%,SAP的掺入能够明显减缓混凝土的水分挥发,抑制其体积收缩,并且不会对混凝土的力学强度造成较大的负面影响.

SAP内养生混凝土抗渗性能与细观结构相关性研究

为研究高吸水性树脂(Super absorbent polymer,简称SAP)参数对路面混凝土抗渗性能及细观结构的影响规律,并从细观角度探索SAP对路面混凝土抗渗性能的增强机理,选用3种目数,3种掺量的SAP,基于抗氯离子渗透试验(RCM)研究SAP参数对路面混凝土抗渗性能的影响;基于压汞试验(MIP)研究其对路面混凝土不同层位、不同龄期的孔结构参数的影响;基于数值分析法研究内养生路面混凝土抗渗性能与孔结构间的相关性。试验结果表明:SAP可有效提高路面混凝土的抗渗性能,且掺量为0. 160%的40~80目SAP提高效果最显著;SAP的掺入虽然在一定程度上增大了路面混凝土的孔隙率,但能够减小平均孔径、临界孔径尺寸,并使各层位之间的孔结构更加均匀,且随着龄期的增长,SAP的优化效果更加明显;氯离子迁移系数与孔隙率和过渡孔、毛细孔总含量显著相关,且其含量越大,混凝土抗渗性能越差。

高吸水性树脂(SAP)对沥青黏度及力学性能的影响

高吸水树脂(SAP)具有极强的吸水和保水能力,吸水后的SAP在沥青中具有发泡降黏的作用。为了探究吸水后的SAP对沥青胶浆的降黏效果,采用不同掺量的SAP等体积替代矿粉。首先,采用红外光谱试验分析SAP与沥青的相互作用机理;然后,探究SAP替代不同掺量的矿粉(10%,20%,30%和40%,体积分数)并预先吸收不同质量的水时沥青胶浆黏度的变化情况,在此基础上进行动态剪切蠕变试验以及低温弯曲试验探究SAP改性沥青的高、低温性能;最后,通过沥青与集料黏附性试验探究SAP对沥青胶浆与集料黏附性的影响。研究结果表明:SAP与沥青以物理共混状态存在;用吸水后的SAP替代矿粉有很好的降黏效果,但SAP替代量超过30%、吸水量超过SAP自身质量的3倍后对降黏的作用不再明显;当SAP等体积替代矿粉不超过10%时,沥青胶浆的高温稳定性能有一定提升,低温抗裂性能有所下降,但当SAP等体积替代矿粉超过10%时,沥青胶浆的高温稳定性能有所下降,下降幅度均低于15%,低温抗裂性能有所提升;SAP的加入不会对沥青胶浆与集料之间的黏附性产生影响。

预吸水SAP对高强混凝土毛细管负压和塑性开裂的影响

通过混凝土内部毛细管负压试验以及混凝土抗裂性能试验,研究分析预吸水SAP对高强混凝土塑性开裂的影响。试验结果表明:混凝土塑性阶段初始裂缝出现时间与混凝土毛细管负压曲线的拐点出现时间成正比;塑性阶段裂缝数量、裂缝面积与毛细管负压增长坡度成反比。SAP额外引水量比越大,混凝土毛细管负压拐点出现时间越迟,毛细管负压增长坡度越平缓,混凝土塑性阶段抗裂性能越好。

模拟现场施工条件下SAP内养护混凝土技术的试验研究

通过模拟施工现场四季气候特征,对比研究了高吸水性树脂SAP内养护对混凝土早期强度的影响。试验结果表明,SAP内养护技术对混凝土的早期强度发展效果优于施工现场自然养护,特别是在春夏季气温20~30℃条件下甚至接近于标准养护强度发展趋势。本实验条件下,SAP掺量为1.0%~1.5%时对混凝土强度发展情况最有利。