Dam foundation excavation techniques in China:A review

A protective layer(PL) is commonly reserved above foundation surface to protect the underlying rock mass during dam foundation excavation. In China, the PL of dam foundation is conventionally subdivided into two or three thin layers and excavated with the shallow-hole blasting method, even by pneumatic pick method in case of soft rock mass. The aforementioned layered excavation of the PL delays the construction of the whole project. After nearly 30-year practices, several safe and effcient methods for the PL excavation of dam foundation are gradually developed. They include shallow-hole bench blasting with cushion material(SBC) at the bottom of the hole, and horizontal smooth blasting(HSB). The PL is even cancelled on the condition that horizontal pre-split technique is employed during dam foundation excavation. This paper introduces the aforementioned two PL excavation methods(shallow-hole blasting and bench blasting) and horizontal pre-split technique of dam foundation without protective layer(HPP). The basic principles of blasting method, blasting geometry, charge structure, drill-and-blast parameters of typical projects are examined. Meanwhile, the merits and limitations of each method are compared. Engineering practices in China show that HSB is basically the optimal method for dam foundation PL excavation in terms of foundation damage control and rapid construction. Some new problems for dam foundation PL excavation arising, such as strong unloading and relaxation phenomenon that encountered in the gorge region of southwest China, are needed to be addressed; and the corresponding countermeasures are discussed as well.

Construction Technology and Safety Risk Control Measures of Deep Foundation Pit Excavation

Deep foundation pit excavation is a basic and key step involved in modern building construction.In order to ensure the construction quality and safety of deep foundation pits,this paper takes a project as an example to analyze deep foundation pit excavation technology,including the nature of this construction project,the main technical measures in the construction of deep foundation pit,and the analysis of the safety risk prevention and control measures.The purpose of this analysis is to provide scientific reference for the construction quality and safety of deep foundation pits.

Deep Foundation Pit Excavations Adjacent to Disconnected Piled Rafts: A Review on Risk Control Practice

Foundation pit excavation engineering is an old subject full of decision making. Yet, it still deserves further research due to the associated high failure cost and the complexity of the geological conditions and/or the surrounding existing infrastructure around it. This article overviews the risk control practice of foundation pit excavation projects in close proximity to existing disconnected piled raft. More focus is given to geotechnical aspects. The review begins with achievements to ensure excavation performance requirements, and follows to discuss the complex soil structure interaction involved among the fundamental components: the retaining wall, mat, piles, cushion, and the soil. After bringing consensus points to practicing engineers and decision makers, it then suggests possible future research directions.

基坑开挖对管桩竖向承载性状影响研究

针对基坑开挖引起管桩挤土效应的弱化,以及挤土效应弱化对管桩承载性质影响问题,开展了室内模型试验,并通过对模型试验进行数值建模,验证了数值模型的可靠性。在此基础上,从桩长、桩间距、桩侧摩阻力系数对开挖卸荷影响下管桩基础承载性状的影响展开研究。结果表明:开挖卸荷对管桩承载特性造成较大影响,极限承载力对应桩顶沉降量提高54.5%;数值计算发现,卸载前后极限荷载所对应最大沉降差率为9.52%,满足工程精度要求,验证了所提数值模型的可靠性;数值计算结果表明,随桩长提高,最大桩身轴力位置不断上升,而中性点位置却不断下降;桩间距越小,开挖卸荷对桩身轴力影响越大,而对负摩阻力影响越小;摩阻力系数为0.3时,摩阻力系数对桩身轴力及桩侧摩阻力发挥敏感度最高。

Deformation analysis and safety assessment of existing metro tunnels affected by excavation of a foundation pit

The excavation of a foundation pit considerably affects the adjacent structures and underground pipelines owing to the change in the stress state of the surrounding soil,resulting in deformation.The study of an actual engineering case was conducted to examine the influence of excavation on the deformation of adjacent subway tunnels.The finite element analysis software PLAXIS 3D was used to simulate the entire excavation process.The structural design of the foundation pit was optimized based on the simulation results to ensure the stability of the foundation pit and the safety of the existing subway tunnel structure.Finally,the safety evaluation of the excavation of the foundation pit that caused the deformation of the adjacent subway tunnel was performed.The influence of the excavation and unloading of the foundation pit on the subway tunnel is closely related to the distance between the subway and the foundation pit,the amount of earthwork excavated at one time,and the engineering geological conditions.The results of this paper can provide useful reference for the design optimization and safety assessment of similar projects.

Influencing factors and control measures of excavation on adjacent bridge foundation based on analytic hierarchy process and finite element method

Many uncertain factors in the excavation process may lead to excessive lateral displacement or overlimited internal force of the piles,as well as inordinate settlement of soil surrounding the existing bridge foundation.Safety control is pivotal to ensuring the safety of adjacent structures.In this paper,an innovative method is proposed that combines an analytic hierarchy process(AHP)with a finite element method(FEM)to reveal the potential impact risk of uncertain factors on the surrounding environment.The AHP was adopted to determine key influencing factors based on the weight of each influencing factor.The FEM was used to quantify the impact of the key influencing factors on the surrounding environment.In terms of the AHP,the index system of uncertain factors was established based on an engineering investigation.A matrix comparing the lower index layer to the upper index layer,and the weight of each influencing factor,were calculated.It was found that the excavation depth and the distance between the foundation pit and the bridge foundation were fundamental factors.For the FEM,the FE baseline model was calibrated based on the case of no bridge surrounding the foundation pit.The consistency between the monitoring data and the numerical simulation data for a ground settlement was analyzed.FE simulations were then conducted to quantitatively analyze the degree of influence of the key influencing factors on the bridge foundation.Furthermore,the lateral displacement of the bridge pile foundation,the internal force of the piles,and the settlement of the soil surrounding the pile foundation were emphatically analyzed.The most hazardous construction condition was also determined.Finally,two safety control measures for increasing the numbers of support levels and the rooted depths of the enclosure structure were suggested.A novel method for combining AHP with FEM can be used to determine the key influencing aspects among many uncertain factors during a construction,which can provide some beneficial references for engineering design and construction.

Intelligent feedback analysis on a deep excavation for the gravity anchorage foundation of a super suspension bridge

In order to ensure the construction safety of the 38.5 m deep excavation for the gravity anchorage foundation of Fuma Yangtze River Bridge, an intelligent feedback analysis was applied to this excavation project. First, a three-dimensional numerical model that simulating the construction process of the excavation was built,and the deformations of the supporting structures were calculated by the finite difference program FLAC3 D. Then,the non-linear mapping relationship between the geomechanical parameters and the excavation-induced displacements was established by the back-propagation neural network(BPNN). Last,the geomechanical parameters were optimized intelligently by the genetic algorithm(GA) based on the developed BPNN model and the measured displacements,and the deformations during the subsequent excavation stages were predicted based on the back-calculated parameters. The research results showed that:the back-calculated values of E1,μ1,c1,and φ1 of the completely weathered stratum,and E2 of the heavily weathered stratum were greater than the initial values,while the inversion value of E3 of the moderately weathered stratum was smaller than the initial value. The magnitudes and the variation tendencies of the predicted displacements were in good accordance with the measured displacements. At the end of the excavation,the retaining piles and the top beams had a maximum displacement of 15–20 mm,exhibiting a quite small magnitude as comparing with other case histories. Local concentration of shear stress mainly occurred at the soil-pile interface and at the toe of the excavation slope,and the plastic zones mainly appeared in the completely weathered stratum. After the completion of the excavation,there were no yielding elements in the model,and the convergence of the numerical computation was achieved,indicating the excavation was in a stable state. This study lays the basis for the subsequent construction and operation of the bridge,and offers a significant reference for the feedback analysis of similar anchorage excavation projects.

Case study of post uplift in deep excavation of a subway station in thick soft clay using long pile foundations

There is growing engineering concern about the base heave and post uplift phenomena in deep excavation in soft clay,which may pose a risk of instability of retaining systems.The purpose here is to conduct a detailed case study on the post uplift observed in a 17.6-meterdeep braced excavation of a subway station in thick soft clay(total thickness up to 42 m)in Shanghai.In this case,a large uplift up to 87 mm unexpectedly developed for the post founded on a 30-meter-long pile foundation.Efforts were first made to examine the complex relationships between the post uplift with the excavation depth(H),Terzaghi’s safety factor against base heave(Fs)and maximum deflection of retaining wall.A simplified approach for soil-post-strut interaction analysis was then proposed and used for quantitative research.The working characteristics of the long pile foundation under low safety factor against base heave(Fs<1.5)are summarized as following:(a)the back-analyzed neutral plane,where soil uplift equals the post uplift,lies at approximately 0.68 times the pile length from the pile top;(b)deep soil movement below the neutral plane results in the observed post uplift;(c)strut reaction plays a minor role in the restriction of post uplift.The influence of base treatment and excavation/construction procedures on post uplift and the principles of pile foundation design are also discussed in this paper.

软土地区基坑前排倾斜双排桩支护现场试验及工作机理

基坑倾斜桩支护大幅提高了无支撑支护结构的适用深度,具有造价低、施工便捷、绿色低碳、变形控制好等特点,然而目前研究多集中在单排倾斜桩,对前排倾斜双排桩支护的试验、理论与应用的研究均较少。针对前排倾斜双排桩支护基坑开展了现场试验,同时采用有限元方法分别从前排斜桩、桩顶连梁及桩间土体作用3个方面深入探究了前排倾斜双排桩支护的工作机理,进一步分析了直斜桩长度和排距对前排倾斜双排桩支护结构受力变形性能的影响。结果表明,相比传统竖直双排桩,前排倾斜双排桩支护结构的支护性能显著提升,前排斜桩主要发挥“斜撑”作用,连梁主要起到将直斜桩及冠梁连接成一个空间刚架的作用,桩间土体能够提高桩土摩阻力,进而有效减小前排倾斜双排桩变形。研究成果有助于前排倾斜双排桩的推广和应用。

开挖顺序及内支撑早期刚度对软土基坑稳定性影响规律

深基坑开挖变形控制是软土基坑工程的难题,工程中常采用密集的混凝土内支撑来提高支撑刚度,然而实际工程中未能合理考虑软土深基坑的开挖顺序和混凝土内支撑早期刚度影响,往往导致基坑实际变形远大于设计值。结合珠三角水资源配置工程的软土深基坑,利用验证后的数值模拟方法研究了不同开挖顺序及混凝土内支撑早期刚度对基坑受力和变形特性的影响规律,得出了分层分区非对称开挖和对称开挖对地连墙水平位移和地表沉降的影响规律。结果表明:尽管非对称开挖会造成基坑两侧的地连墙位移和地表沉降差异,但是密集内支撑条件下非对称开挖比对称开挖对于基坑周围地表沉降和地连墙水平位移影响更小并能够大量节约工期;受混凝土内支撑早期刚度影响,施作内支撑后越早进入下一步开挖,地连墙水平位移和周围地表沉降越大;考虑内支撑早期刚度影响时基坑上部的内支撑轴力会增大,而下部的内支撑轴力会减小,早期刚度越小,这种趋势越明显;现场施工时难以实时动态监测混凝土的弹性模量,极易造成内支撑轴力的早期监测数据失真,甚至给工程带来错误决策。

基于Midas GTS的某近海深基坑开挖三维有限元数值模拟分析

为研究近海深基坑在桩锚支护体系下土体开挖变形规律,考虑水流渗透作用,运用Midas GTS对某深基坑开挖过程进行模拟,并结合已有资料进行分析。结果表明:该深基坑开挖后的第一步为最危险施工步,桩顶土体最大位移为13.97 mm,越往下开挖支护体系越完善,位移变化越小,实际监测最大位移值为15.36 mm;整个等效地连墙在钢腰梁与锚索位置处向基坑内部变形收缩程度最大,为6.6 mm,符合实际变形规律。Midas GTS能有针对性地指导现实施工阶段,可为基坑监测布置设置点提供参考价值。

软土地层临近地铁基坑施工影响控制研究

随着城市地铁沿线地下空间的持续开发,基坑施工对临近地铁变形影响控制越来越受到关注。以上海某邻近地铁的基坑工程为例,通过实测分析和数值计算的方法研究了基坑开挖和拆撑对临近隧道变形的影响,并对伺服系统控制临近隧道变形进行定量分析。结果表明:覆存于软土地层中的隧道对临近施工扰动非常敏感,尽管大区基坑与隧道间距超过2.5倍开挖深度,隧道变形仍超过了监护要求的控制值;大区地下结构施工时拆撑对隧道收敛变形影响超过开挖影响的50%;应力伺服支撑系统对控制临近隧道变形比较有效,适当的“负位移”可以对隧道变形产生有利效果。

天津地铁某车站基坑开挖前降水试验研究

为了验证基坑围护结构的隔水能力,预判降水施工对周边环境的影响,通过天津地铁某车站基坑开挖之前的降水试验,明确造成潜水层和第一承压水层水位下降的主要原因;对该车站基坑地下连续墙水平位移、地表沉降、附近建筑物沉降情况进行了分析,认为提高地下连续墙施工质量和避免一次性降水深度过大能有效控制降水对周边环境的影响。

基坑开挖对在建道路的影响及加固措施

目的 分析基坑开挖对围护结构和在建道路的影响,探究保证基坑和道路结构稳定的加固措施。方法 以杭州市某基坑与在建道路交叉施工为工程背景,进行三维有限元建模,对基坑开挖和道路振动施工全过程进行模拟。结果 在道路振动施工作用下,基坑围护结构最大水平位移为5.26 mm;基坑开挖完成后,基坑围护结构的水平变形和道路的竖向变形均较大,须采用加固措施控制围护结构和道路的变形。结论 在基坑全部卸荷后,采用斜撑和增加支撑预应力综合加固措施与未采用加固措施相比,CX20监测点的最大水平位移和道路最大沉降分别减小了28.97%和35.34%,变形控制效果显著。

基坑开挖卸荷对下卧隧道压力拱的影响研究

城市地下空间的开发与利用日益增多,运营的城市隧道周边不可避免地需要开挖,而隧道上方基坑的开挖卸荷对既有隧道压力拱的形成存在较大影响。针对前人研究,总结了基坑开挖3种卸荷比模型,并依据压力拱内外边界判别方法,通过数值模拟研究了基坑开挖卸荷对下卧隧道压力拱形成的影响作用。结果表明:隧道拱顶岩土体受到上方基坑两侧岩土体侧压力的综合作用,相较于一维卸荷比N 1,二维卸荷比N 2与压力拱边界的相关性更为显著。基于基坑开挖对下卧隧道压力拱形成的影响分析,提出了基坑开挖卸荷的工程影响分区,即一般影响区、次要影响区、显著影响区、强烈影响区;基坑开挖宽度L不大于D且基坑开挖深度h小于0.15H时,视为一般影响区;基坑开挖宽度L不大于D且基坑开挖深度h介于0.15H与0.225H之间时,视为显著影响区;基坑开挖宽度L大于D且其二维卸荷比N 2小于0.33时,视为次要影响区;基坑开挖的二维卸荷比N 2不小于0.33时,视为强烈影响区。

复杂边界深基坑土方开挖及支护施工技术

结合杭州西站TOD项目,提出围护结构施工、土方开挖、支撑结构施工及养护穿插的土方开挖施工技术;建立了三维实体非线性有限元模型,开挖前模拟分析深基坑在开挖支护终态下的受力;基于数值模拟结果,对开挖全过程进行监测。结果显示,角撑最外侧支护、对撑与围护相连的八字撑处混凝土受力较大;与墙顶位移相比,地下连续墙深层至第2道混凝土支撑处的水平位移较大;比较数值模拟结果和施工监测数据,支撑轴力和地下连续墙深层水平位移的误差分别为4.0%,6.2%,表明数值模拟分析结果可用于指导施工监测;过程中支撑最大轴力和深层土体位移均未超过相应设计要求限值。

基于离心机和数值模拟的深基坑开挖支护结构受力和变形研究

依据实际基坑开挖和支护结构工程特性进行模型概化,得出适合的离心模型试验方案,采用离心模型试验分析超深基坑开挖过程支护结构工程的受力和变形分布规律特征。同时建立三维有限元模型对圆形基坑开挖过程中支护结构的变形进行数值模拟,并将试验和数值计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明:支护结构水平位移模式为两头小,中间大的“涨肚型变形”;并且随着基坑深度的加深,地下连续墙水平位移最大值点逐渐下移;地表沉降呈凹槽形沉降形式,随着开挖的进行,沉降槽底部向着远离基坑的方向发展;地连墙背后土压力变化值呈非线性,开挖初期,土压力沿深度变化很小,但随着开挖的进行,土压力变化量逐渐增大;数值分析与离心模型试验的开挖支护结构变形特征结果较相近。研究成果可为基坑开挖设计切实有效的支护结构提供科学依据。

超深基坑岩溶超大突涌水封堵抢险治理技术

在岩溶地区开挖超深基坑,当岩溶埋深较小且地下水较丰富时,基坑易发生底部突水、涌泥、涌砂等险情,严重时可造成基坑坍塌,直接影响周边环境安全。在地质条件复杂、岩溶发育、突涌水量大且险情紧急的情况下,外围帷幕注浆结合内部突涌水点反压封堵的常规封堵抢险方法见效慢、耗时久、成本高,突涌水无法快速封堵,险情无法快速排除。为此结合广州市综合交通枢纽地铁车站35m深基坑底部岩溶发生1000m3/h超大突涌水抢险工程,采用双液浆2层囊袋式内封堵注浆技术,在基坑内对突涌水点直接进行钻孔注浆封堵,利用囊袋保证双液浆可快速凝固,第1层囊袋封堵钻孔和涌水点,第2层囊袋封堵钻孔旁的岩溶孔洞、裂缝等,上下层囊袋互相补充,并对溶洞底进行双液注浆堵漏,防止浆液流失。工程实践表明,治理大涌水量、高水压的基坑岩溶突涌水时,双液浆2层囊袋式内封堵注浆技术具有易操作、直接、快捷、针对性强的特点,可实现快速有效注浆、快速抢险的目的。

基于非极限土压力的基坑开挖引起隧道变形的计算方法

由于基坑开挖引起邻近隧道变形,继而影响地铁在隧道中的安全运行,因此如何准确预测邻近隧道变形是个值得研究的问题。根据非极限土压力计算方法,计算基坑开挖卸荷坑壁上的土压力,利用Mindlin求解公式,获得基坑开挖阶段旁侧隧道上的附加荷载,将隧道结构看作Winkler地基梁上的Euler梁,建立弹性地基梁微分方程,给出隧道水平位移变形的解析方法。基于该方法分析了基坑开挖引起邻近隧道的水平位移。研究结果表明:随着基坑开挖深度的增加,隧道水平位移相应增加;考虑非极限土压力计算得到的隧道水平位移结果与实测值较为接近,误差总体保持在20%以内;相较于传统隧道水平位移求解方法,笔者方法更加符合实际。

考虑土体有限宽度的邻近建筑基坑土压力计算方法

基于极限平衡法建立土体受力平衡方程,得到有限宽度土体土压力理论解答,然后研究了土体宽高比、土体黏聚力、土体内摩擦角、墙土摩擦角等因素对土压力的影响规律,最后通过分析影响土体破坏夹角的关键因素得到墙后土压力简化计算公式。结果表明,在土体有限宽度条件下,同等高度处土楔体前后受力基本相同,土体内摩擦角对土压力的影响较大,土体黏聚力和墙土摩擦角对土压力的影响不大。土体破坏夹角大致在朗肯与库伦计算角度之间变化,墙土摩擦角、土体内摩擦角对滑裂面夹角及有限土压力计算范围均有显著影响。