Removal of phosphorus-rich phase from high-phosphorous iron ore by melt separation at 1573 K in a super-gravity field

A new approach of removing the phosphorus-rich phase from high-phosphorous iron ore by melt separation at 1573 K in a super-gravity field was investigated. The iron？slag separation by super-gravity resulted in phosphorus being effectively removed from the iron-rich phase and concentrated as a phosphorus-rich phase at a temperature below the melting point of iron. The samples obtained by super-gravity exhibited obvious layered structures. All the iron grains concentrated at the bottom of the sample along the super-gravity direction, whereas the molten slag concentrated in the upper part of the sample along the opposite direction. Meanwhile, fine apatite crystals collided and grew into larger crystals and concentrated at the slag–iron interface. Consequently, in the case of centrifugation with a gravity coefficient of G = 900, the mass fractions of the slag phase and iron-rich phase were similar to their respective theoretical values. The mass fraction of MFe in the iron-rich phase was as high as 97.77wt% and that of P was decreased to 0.092wt%.

Distribution of oxide inclusions in H13 castings under super-gravity field with multi-stage rotation speeds

The 42 kg industrial H13 castings were prepared by different super-gravity fields with multi-rotation speeds,and the distribution of oxide inclusions in the castings was studied.In addition,the inward movement Reynolds number and inward movement time of oxide inclusions as well as the solidification time of molten steel at different positions in the castings were calculated to clarify the removal mechanism of oxide inclusions in super-gravity field.The results show that the large size(i.e.,greater than 10μm)oxide inclusions are mainly concentrated in the inner and outer parts of the super-gravity castings with constant rotation speed(500 r min^(-1))and five-stage rotation speeds(500,600,750,850,and 950 r min^(-1)),respectively,while there are no large oxide inclusions in the super-gravity castings with three-stage rotation speeds(500,600,and 750 r min^(-1)).Although an increase in the particle size of inclusion and the rotation speed in super-gravity field is conducive to the increase in the inward movement Reynolds number of oxide inclusions and reduction in the inward movement time of oxide inclusions,it will reduce the local solidification time of molten steel.In the range of the rotation speed studied,the super-gravity field with three-stage rotation speeds has the best effect on the removal of inclusions in H13 molten steel.

Electrochemical studies of nickel deposition from aqueous solution in super-gravity field

The effect of super-gravity on electrochemical deposition of nickel from aqueous solution was studied. The SEM pictures show that the microstructure of nickel film deposited under the super-gravity condition is finer and more uniform compared with that obtained in normal gravity condition, and the crystal grains diminish with the increase of super-gravity coefficient. The XRD patterns indicate that the ar-rangement of crystalline grains of nickel film deposited under the super-gravity field is more regular, and the crystalline grain sizes decrease with the increase of super-gravity coefficient. Toughness, tensile stress and hardness of the nickel film are markedly raised with the increase of super-gravity coefficient, and hydrogen content in the nickel film decreases with the increase of super-gravity coefficient. From the polarization curves of hydrogen evolution reaction under the su-per-gravity condition, a significant reduction of over-potential on electrode was found when current density increased. The process of hydrogen evolution reaction was enhanced under the super-gravity condition. The electro-deposition rate, the microstructure and properties of deposited nickel film under super-gravity condi-tion were still affected by the relative orientation between inertia force and depos-iting surface. It is favorable to gain the nickel film with better mechanic properties when inertia force orientates vertically towards depositing surface.

Stationary Super-Gravitational States

The string background AdS7XS4 is adopted and the early universe is modeled in the eleven dimensional SUGRA theory that is dual to this background. Specifically the ground state of the vacuum is associated with an arbitrary distribution of closed, spin-2 strings, and excited states are modeled as geometric combinations of individual strings. Combinations or combining iterations are, by hypothesis, admissible or geometric if each iteration intrinsically incorporates the metrical scale that is assigned to the individual spin-2 string. It is demonstrated that a generalization of this process, if appropriately calibrated, establishes theoretical fermionic masses that correspond approximately to observed values. The proposed model also predicts a new quark of mass .

Superunification

Fermion mass is modeled as an analogue of Weyl curvature, which by hypothesis emerges when closed, spin-2 strings sweep out closed world tubes. Second order curvature classes result when closed world tubes circulate and themselves sweep out closed tubes etc. Gauge invariance distinguishes admissible curvature classes from the larger set that would constitute an infinite continuum of possibilities. Admissible curvature classes account for known quark masses and predict a new quark of mass 30 GeV/c2. Super-symmetric interactions among prescribed fermions and super-partners conserve electrical charge, I3, color and generation and are therefore regarded by hypothesis as preserving a minimal irreducible representation of a super-symmetric SU(5).

On Approximating Fermion Masses in Terms of Stationary Super-String States

AdS/CFT correspondence is adopted and fermion masses are modeled as analogues of Weyl curvature states, which occur by hypothesis when closed spin-2 strings sweep out closed world tubes. Admissible curvature states are established by gauge invariance and fundamental mass is attributed to admissible curvature. A consequent spectrum of masses forms an SU(3) symmetry that is invariant under appropriate realizations of the SUGRA GUT interaction. Finally the spin-h/2 nature of the masses that are attributed to curvature emerges as a necessary condition for the relevant SUGRA GUT realizations. Calibration of the proposed model reveals a spectrum of fermion masses that corresponds approximately to observation. Moreover, the proposed model predicts a new quark that is characterized by I3 = -1/2 and by a mass of about 30 GeV/c2.