THE EFFECT OF THE CBN WHEEL DRESSING AND THE GRAIN HEIGHT PROTRUDING FROM THE BOND ON THE GRINDING PERFORMANCE

CBN (Cubic Boron Nitride) is a highly efficient abrasive and has unique properties (highhardness, high thermal stability and high chemical inertia). As early as 1969 CBN Wheels had al-ready been made and showed excellent performance for grainding high speed steels and othermaterials hard to be ground. So far, however, CBN Wheels are still not popularly utilized in theindustry, the writer considers the main reason being the inadequate study for practical applica-tions and especially the suitable dressing technique. The dressing of resinoid CBN Wheels discussed in the paper, is different from that ofconventional ones. It has to be divided into two operations, truing and sharpening, each of whichhas its specific and independent functions. A simple dressing method with a lot of informationsuitable for production is studied; finally, the grain height protruding from the bond is taken asan index for evaluating the dressing results, and the effect of grain height on the grinding per-formance is discussed. By selecting proper conditions according to the workpiece requirements, abetter technical and economical benifit can be obtained.

Clarification of abrasive jet precision finishing with wheel as restraint mechanisms and experimental verification

According to the critical size ratio for the characteristic particle size to film thickness between grinding wheel and work, the machining mechanisms in abrasive jet precision finishing with grinding wheel as restraint can be categorized into four states, namely, two-body lapping, three-body polishing, abrasive jet machining and fluid hydrodynamic shear stress machining. The critical transition condition of two-body lapping to three-body polishing was analyzed. The single abrasive material removal models of two-body lapping, three-body polishing, abrasive jet finishing and fluid hydrodynamic shear stress machining were proposed. Experiments were performed in the refited plane grinding machine for theoretical modes verification. It was found that experimental results agreed with academic modes and the modes validity was verified.

Grindability and Surface Integrity of Cast Nickel-based Superalloy in Creep Feed Grinding with Brazed CBN Abrasive Wheels

The technique of creep feed grinding is most suitable for geometrical shaping, and therefore has been expected to improve effectively material removal rate and surface quality of components with complex profile. This article studies experimentally the effects of process parameters （i.e. wheel speed, workpiece speed and depth of cut） on the grindability and surface integrity of cast nickel-based superalloys, i.e. K424, during creep feed grinding with brazed cubic boron nitride （CBN） abrasive wheels. Some important factors, such as grinding force and temperature, specific grinding energy, size stability, surface topography, microhardhess and microstructure alteration of the sub-surface, residual stresses, are investigated in detail. The results show that during creep feed grinding with brazed CBN wheels, low grinding temperature at about 100 ℃ is obtained though the specific grinding energy of nickel-based superalloys is high up to 200-300 J/mm^3. A combination of wheel speed 22.5 m/s, workpiece speed 0.1 m/min, depth of cut 0.2 mm accomplishes the straight grooves with the expected dimensional accuracy. Moreover, the compressive residual stresses are formed in the bum-free and crack-free ground surface.

Unsteady-State Grinding Technology (II) Experimental Studies of Grinding Forces and Force Ratio

As is known to all, grinding force is one of the most important parameters to evaluate the whole process of grinding. Generally, the grinding force is resolved to three component forces, namely, normal grinding force F n, tangential grinding force F t and a component force acting along the direction of longitudinal feed which is usually neglected because of insignificance. The normal grinding force F n has influence upon surface deformation and roughness of workpiece, while the tangential grinding force F t mainly affect power consumption and service life of grinding wheel. In order to study deep into the process of the unsteady state grinding, we set up a measurement system to monitor the change of grinding force during the course of grinding and try to find some difference in the change of grinding force between the steady state grinding and unsteady state grinding. In the test, the normal and tangential grinding forces, F n and F t were measured by using a set of equipments including sensor, amplifier, oscilloscope and computer monitor. From the results, we can conclude that: 1) In the unsteady state grinding process, the values of the grinding forces are much lower than those of the steady state grinding process and the grinding force ratio showed a nonlinear fluctuation. 2) The tendency of the grinding forces in the process of the unsteady state grinding proved the existence of the cutting and micro-cutting actions. 3) Because the grinding force signals of the unsteady state grinding are much weaker than those of the steady state grinding, to obtain accurate value of the grinding forces, wave filtering is needed to be done. The whole process to filter the perturbation wave can be separated into three steps in order, changing the grinding force signals from analog signals into digital signals, FFT (fast Fourier transform) treatment to the digital signals, and IFFT(inversion fast Fourier transform) treatment to the digital signals after spectrum limitation.

Unsteady-State Grinding Technology (I) Theoretical Generalization and Research on Grinding Mechanism

In conventional grinding theory, it is obvious that there must be a very high hardness difference between grains of the grinding wheel and workpieces. The best grinding wheels are those giving the lowest "natural limiting surface roughness" while cutting at appreciable plunge velocities. With the development of new materials and new machining processes, conventional theories of grinding techniques are no longer suitable to explain many phenomena in the course of grinding procedures. In dealing with precision or ultra-precision grinding processes of advanced ceramics, many results of experiments and practical production have shown that grinding with super hard materials wheels is not the only method to machine advanced ceramics. This paper is intended to propose a new grinding theory named as unsteady-state grinding technique evolved from some phenomena that can not be explained by conventional grinding theory. Unsteady-state grinding technique means the technique which can make the surface roughness of the materials, especially hard and brittle, be up to the standard of ultra-precision machining by utilizing common wheels characteristic of inferior self-sharpening and wear-resistance. In the process of machining, the common wheel need to be redressed about 3～5 times and the time between two redressings is about 3～5 minutes. As a validation of the new grinding technology, experimental work was performed to prove the existence of the unsteady state in the process of ultra-precision grinding with common abrasive wheel-pink fused alumina wheel. From the results of the observation of the wheel topography, the whole grinding process in unsteady state was separated into three stages namely cutting by grains peaks, micro-cutting by micro edges of the broken grains and rubbing without material removal, which is different from conventional grinding theory. For the difference of hardness between grinding wheel and workpiece material is not so apparent, some people have doubts about whether the cutting especially micro-cutting actions exist in the process of unsteady state grinding. By utilizing the common abrasive wheel newly redressed to grind the finished surface of silicon nitride glut and comparing the finished surface with the damaged surface in SEM pattern and surface roughness, the existence of cutting and micro- cutting actions in the unsteady state grinding process was confirmed.

Prediction on grinding force during grinding powder metallurgy nickel-based superalloy FGH96 with electroplated CBN abrasive wheel

In this article,a grinding force model,which is on the basis of cutting process of single abrasive grains combined with the method of theoretical derivation and empirical formula by analyzing the formation mechanism of grinding force,was established.Three key factors have been taken into accounts in this model,such as the contact friction force between abrasive grains and materials,the plastic deformation of material in the process of abrasive plowing,and the shear strain effect of material during the process of cutting chips formation.The model was finally validated by the orthogonal grinding experiment of powder metallurgy nickel-based superalloy FGH96 by using the electroplated CBN abrasive wheel.Grinding force values of prediction and experiment were in good consistency.The errors of tangential grinding force and normal grinding force were 9.8%and 13.6%,respectively.The contributions of sliding force,plowing force and chip formation force were also analyzed.In addition,the tangential forces of sliding,plowing and chip formation are 14%,19%and 11%of the normal forces on average,respectively.The pro-posed grinding forcemodel is not only in favor of optimizing the grinding parameters and improving grinding efficiency,but also contributes to study some other grinding subjects(e.g.abrasive wheel wear,grinding heat,residual stress).

An investigation on machined surface quality and tool wear during creep feed grinding of powder metallurgy nickel-based superalloy FGH96 with alumina abrasive wheels

In this study,the machined surface quality of powder metallurgy nickel-based superalloy FGH96(similar to Rene88DT)and the grinding characteristics of brown alumina(BA)and microcrystalline alumina(MA)abrasive wheels were comparatively analyzed during creep feed grinding.The infuences of the grinding parameters(abrasive wheel speed,workpiece infeed speed,and depth of cut)on the grinding force,grinding temperature,surface roughness,surface morphology,tool wear,and grinding ratio were analyzed comprehensively.The experimental results showed that there was no significant difference in terms of the machined surface quality and grinding characteristics of FGH96 during grinding with the two types of abrasive wheels.This was mainly because the grinding advantages of the MA wheel were weakened for the difficult-to-cut FGH96 material.Moreover,both the BA and MA abrasive wheeIs exhibited severe tool wear in the form of wheel clogging and workpiece material adhesion.Finally,an analytical model for prediction of the grinding ratio was established by combining the tool wear volume,grinding force,and grinding length.The acceptable errors between the predicted and experimental grinding ratios(ranging from 0.6 to 1.8)were 7.56%and 6.31%for the BA and MA abrasive wheels,respectively.This model can be used to evaluate quantitatively the grinding performance of an alumina abrasive wheel,and is therefore helpful for optimizing the grinding parameters in the creep feed grinding process.

Design and grindability assessment with cup shaped electroplated CBN wheel grinding turbine disc slots of powder metallurgy superalloy FGH96

The machining surface integrity of aero-engine turbine disc slots has a significant impact on their fatigue life and service performance,and achieving efficiency and high-precision machining is still a great challenge.The high machining requirements of future aeroengine turbine disc slots will be difficult to satisfy using the broaching method.In addition,existing methods of slot machin-ing face difficulties in ensuring surface integrity.This study explored a cup shaped electroplated Cubic Boron Nitride(CBN)abrasive wheel for profile grinding the turbine disc slots of FGH96 powder metallurgy superalloy.The matrix structure of the cup shaped abrasive wheel was designed and verified.A profile grinding experiment was conducted for fir-tree slots on a five-axis machining center.The accuracy and the surface integrity were analyzed.Results show that the key dimension detection results of the slots were within the allowable tolerance range.Meanwhile,an average sur-face roughness Ra of 0.55μm was achieved,the residual stress was compressive,the plastic defor-mation layer thickness was less than 5μm,and the hardening layer thickness was less than 20μm.The research findings provide a new approach to machining the slots of aviation engine turbine discs and guidance for the high-quality processing of complex components.

面向钢轨修复的不同槽型接触轮砂带打磨接触行为及材料去除特性

为掌握不同槽型接触轮砂带对钢轨打磨接触行为及材料去除特性的影响规律,基于橡胶接触特性,建立X齿型、锯齿型和人字型3种典型接触轮砂带打磨仿真模型,模拟分析不同槽型特征对接触轮-钢轨静态接触行为和动态冲击应力的影响机制;通过钢轨砂带打磨试验,对比研究3种槽型接触轮的材料去除特性。结果表明:3种槽型接触轮与钢轨的接触区域整体均呈椭圆形态,符合赫兹接触理论,内部接触形态则随槽型特征呈现为块状分布;接触区域应力分布总体符合弹性半空间接触理论,但在接触块边缘会出现应力集中;X齿型接触轮和人字型接触轮因齿尖和齿槽结构的存在而具有较高的材料去除能力,同等打磨条件下X齿型接触轮较平型接触轮的材料去除能力提高了79%;顺磨条件下的材料去除能力高于逆磨,以X齿型接触轮为例,顺磨比逆磨的材料去除能力提高了22.7%;X齿型和人字型接触轮砂带打磨的噪声、振动、粗糙度、平均电流均较高,锯齿型接触轮具有较低的振动、粗糙度及平均电流,平型轮则具有较低的噪声和电流。

砂轮表面的磨料球自组装叶序排布原理

为实现磨料球在砂轮基体表面有序化的自组装,提出一种叶序排布磨料球砂轮的自组装制造方法。从有界空间球体最密堆积结构原理与植物组织的柱面叶序结构理论出发,设计一种磨料球自组装砂轮的实验方法。首先对磨料球自组装过程进行仿真分析,然后探讨相关尺寸参数与自组装结构之间的关系,并经过计算得到不同尺寸参数下磨料球自组装结构。结果表明:通过自组装方法能实现磨料球在砂轮基体表面的叶序排布;当磨料球直径恒定时,磨料球在砂轮基体表面形成的叶序排布结构的叶序系数随着砂轮基体直径的增大而减小;当砂轮基体直径恒定时,磨料球在砂轮基体表面形成的叶序排布结构的叶序系数随着磨料球直径的增大而增大。

磨粒有序化砂轮排布参数对磨削筋条表面影响

为了使用磨粒有序化砂轮磨削出减阻筋条表面,首先,分析了磨粒有序化砂轮的排布参数与磨削减阻筋条表面深宽比的关系,设计出了磨粒有序化砂轮的几何和数学模型,并且建立了磨粒运动轨迹方程;然后,建立了减阻筋条深宽比与有序化砂轮排布参数之间的数学方程;最后,由仿真结果得到了砂轮排布参数对减阻筋条表面形貌与深宽比的影响规律。研究结果表明,在磨粒有序化砂轮的排布参数中,倾斜角度、磨粒间距和磨削深度的改变会直接对减阻筋条尺寸有影响并且对其深宽比的大小起到决定性作用。

微晶陶瓷磨料砂轮磨削轴承钢实验探讨

特定的生产或试验条件下不同的磨料制作的砂轮具有不同的性能表现,为了考察市售微晶陶瓷磨料(CA)的适用性,选取四种不同品牌相近规格的CA磨料制作新型CA磨料砂轮进行磨削试验,以等效组分等量替代法采用相同的砂结比、成型、干燥等工艺技术条件,制成砂轮样品并分别编号为1^(#)~4^(#),对轴承钢工件进行磨削试验,比对磨削比、磨削功率的变化以及磨削后工件表面质量、砂轮表面形貌特征,了解该工艺技术条件下不同CA磨料制得的低温陶瓷结合剂砂轮的性能.结果表明,1^(#)和2^(#)磨料制作的砂轮综合磨削性能较好,4^(#)无明显优势,但磨削后工件表面光洁度较好,3^(#)砂轮表现不佳.

Performance evaluation of creep feed grinding ofγ-TiAl intermetallics with electroplated diamond wheels

This paper evaluates the performance of creep feed grindingγ-TiAl intermetallic(Ti-45 Al-2 Mn-2 Nb)using electroplated diamond wheels.Firstly,a comparative analysis with the grinding results by using electroplated CBN wheels was conducted,mainly involving abrasive wheel wear behavior and maximum material removal rate below surface burn limit.It was found that the diamond wheel would produce much better grinding results including lower wheel wear rate and higher maximum material removal rate.Then the surface integrity obtained at different level of material removal rate was characterized with the utilization of the diamond wheel.The poor ductility of thisγ-TiAl intermetallic material was found to have a marginal effect on the surface integrity,as no severe surface defects such as material pullout were generated during the stable wheel wear stage.For the involved operating parameters,a deformation layer was produced with~10μm or more in thickness depending on the material removal rate used.Meanwhile,a work-hardened layer extending to more than 100μm was produced with a maximum microhardness of above 520 HV0.05(bulk value 360 HV0.05).The residual stress remained compressive,with a value of above-100 MPa and even up to-500 MPa for an elevated material removal rate.Shearing chip was the main chip type,indicating good wheel sharpness in the grinding process.

一种树脂金刚石复合材料的分子动力学模拟

本文研究一种用于制备微细砂轮的树脂金刚石复合材料,该复合材料由丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)作为基体,聚氯乙烯(PVC)作为混料,邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)作为加工助剂,与金刚石磨粒混合而成。对5种不同配比的共混体系进行分子动力学模拟,结果显示:提高ABS的质量比,复合材料分子间作用力逐渐增强,密度逐渐降低,延展性和柔性先减小后增加,ABS和PVC的相容性先减小后增加,复合材料最佳配比为62.5wt%ABS、18.6wt%PVC、8.3wt%DOP和10.6wt%金刚石磨粒。

新型砂轮研究进展及其展望

磨削加工技术是制造技术中的重要领域,是实现精密加工、超精密加工中最有效、应用最广的工艺技术。砂轮是磨削加工技术中使用最为广泛的加工工具,但传统砂轮存在磨粒容易脱落、磨削比能高、法向力与切向力之比大、需要定期修锐、加工塑性金属材料时容易堵塞等问题。探讨了砂轮的最新研究进展和研究成果,分析了单层钎焊砂轮、纤维砂轮、开槽砂轮、柔性砂轮、多孔砂轮以及磨粒有序化砂轮等新型砂轮的结构特点和不足,并对砂轮的研究发展进行了展望。

一种磨粒族叶序排布的端面砂轮及其铣磨实验

为了改善超硬磨料砂轮的磨削能力,基于生物学的叶序排布理论设计了一种新型有序化排布磨料的超硬磨料砂轮;分析了叶序参数对超硬磨料砂轮工作表面上磨粒族的排布的影响规律,通过光刻技术和电镀技术相结合制造出了磨粒族叶序排布砂轮。铣磨实验结果表明:合理的选择叶序系数k和磨料族半径r可使砂轮获得较好的铣磨性能。

基于磨粒切削模型的钢轨打磨机理研究

基于砂轮打磨钢轨的原理建立磨粒与钢轨接触的几何模型和受力模型,分析磨粒切削深度与打磨设定功率即钢轨打磨车电机输出功率的理论关系;依据磨粒分布及其突出高度的统计规律和磨粒切削深度与参与切削磨粒数目及电机输出功率的关系,仿真研究被测区域的钢轨打磨效果,并与试验结果进行对比。结果表明:切削深度的增加会引起参与切削磨粒数目的增加,而参与切削磨粒数目的增加亦会增加测试区域中打磨区域的重叠;受钢轨本身廓形曲率变化的影响,在电机输出功率相同而砂轮摆角不同时,钢轨的打磨结果也不相同;砂轮在钢轨轨顶部位的打磨会形成最宽的打磨带以及最大的打磨横断面面积,而轨肩部位的打磨带则较窄且打磨横断面面积较小;仿真与试验结果吻合,说明基于磨粒模型预测打磨砂轮的实际打磨性能是可行的。

树脂结合剂金刚石堆积磨料砂轮磨削YG8硬质合金

为探究金刚石堆积磨料在树脂结合剂砂轮中的磨削性能,采用ZLB–60旋转式制粒机制备了金刚石浓度为150%、200%、250%的陶瓷结合剂金刚石堆积磨料,其单颗粒静压强度分别为61 N、65 N、36 N。选用金刚石浓度为200%的金刚石堆积磨料与相同原始粒度的单颗粒金刚石配比制备金刚石浓度为100%的树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮,在自制磨削平台上对YG8硬质合金进行磨削性能测试。磨削结果显示:当金刚石堆积磨料体积分数为30%时,树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮的磨削性能最佳,磨削比为145.11,磨削效率为13.64 g/h,较相同原始粒度单颗粒金刚石砂轮的分别提高了152%和40%。

硅片低损伤磨削砂轮及其磨削性能

针对传统金刚石砂轮磨削硅片存在的表面/亚表面损伤问题,研制了一种用于硅片化学机械磨削加工的新型常温固化结合剂软磨料砂轮。根据化学机械磨削加工原理和单晶硅的材料特性,设计的软磨料砂轮以氧化铈为磨料,二氧化硅为添加剂,氯氧镁为结合剂。研究了软磨料砂轮的制备工艺,分析了软磨料砂轮的微观组织结构和成分。通过测量加工硅片的表面粗糙度、表面微观形貌和表面/亚表面损伤,进一步研究了软磨料砂轮的磨削性能。最后,与同粒度金刚石砂轮磨削和化学机械抛光(CMP)加工的硅片进行了对比分析。结果表明,采用软磨料砂轮磨削的硅片其表面粗糙度Ra<1nm,亚表面损伤仅为深度<30nm的非晶层,远好于金刚石砂轮磨削硅片,接近于CMP的加工水平,实现了硅片的低损伤磨削加工。

ZnO/Na_2O(mol)对cBN陶瓷砂轮性能的影响

通过DSC-TG综合热分析、X衍射分析、线膨胀测试仪、扫描电镜等测试方法研究了ZnO/Na2O(mol)(Z值)对Li2O-K2O-SiO2-Al2O3-B2O3系陶瓷结合剂及立方氮化硼砂轮性能的影响,结果发现:ZnO能够抑制α-石英晶相析出,诱导析出低膨胀晶体Li2OAl2O37.5SiO2,并随着Z值的增加,α-石英减少,Li2OAl2O37.5SiO2晶体逐渐增多,Li2OAl2O37.5SiO2晶型结构趋于完整,晶粒尺寸减小,结构更加致密;当砂轮配方一定时,砂轮的体积密度、抗弯曲强度、洛氏硬度均随着Z值的增加而增大,气孔率减小,磨削(干磨)铸铁(QT400)时磨耗比先增加后减小;当Z=0.75时,结合剂的膨胀系数为6.902 9×10-6 K-1,耐火度为805℃,砂轮的烧结温度为845℃,抗弯曲强度为73.97MPa,气孔率为15.65%,磨耗比最大为156.42%.