基于多轴强度准则的混凝土面板应力安全评价方法研究

混凝土面板作为面板堆石坝的关键防渗结构,其应力变形安全对保障工程安全运行至关重要。目前工程中普遍采用混凝土单轴标准强度评价面板应力安全,该方法忽略了面板应力状态对其强度的影响,会对面板破坏范围作出不合理的判断,因此,提出了基于多轴强度准则的混凝土面板应力安全评价方法,该方法通过确定混凝土强度调整系数及多轴强度应力水平指标评价面板应力安全。联合基于位移多点约束法的面板精细化计算方法及改进黏弹性方法全面考虑动位移和永久变形对面板动应力的影响,细致模拟地震过程中面板破坏发展过程。以强震区狭窄河谷上240 m级特高面板坝为例,对比分析了文中提出的多轴强度方法与当前单轴强度方法判断面板破坏范围的差异,结果表明:正常蓄水期,坝肩两侧面板位于“抗压强度削减区”、河床面板均位于“抗压强度增强区”,其中河床底部面板强度增加尤为明显,两种方法判断的面板受拉破坏区基本一致,但受压破坏区存在较大差异;遭遇地震情况下,多轴强度方法判断的面板受拉破坏区略小,而两种方法受压破坏区的位置和大小均存在显著差异。鉴于单轴强度方法无法考虑面板应力分布对其强度的影响,建议采用多轴强度准则指导特高面板坝混凝土面板设计和施工。

Production of super-high strength aluminum alloy billets by low frequency electromagnetic casting

The effects of low frequency electromagnetic field on the macro-physical fields in the semi-continuous casting process of aluminum alloys and the microstructure and crack in the billets were studied and analyzed by the numerical and experimental methods.Comparison of the results for the macro-physical fields in the low frequency electromagnetic casting（LFEC） process with the conventional DC casting process indicates the following characters due to the application of electromagnetic field：an entirely changed direction and remarkably increased velocity of melt flow;a uniform distribution and a decreased gradient of temperature;elevated isothermal lines;a reduced sump depth;decreased stress and plastic deformation.Further,the microstructure of the billets is refined remarkably and the crack in the billets is eliminated in LFEC process because of modification of the macro-physical fields induced by the application of low frequency electromagnetic field.

峡谷区深厚覆盖层上面板堆石坝结构安全研究

趾板直接建在覆盖层上的面板堆石坝,通过防渗墙、连接板、混凝土面板以及接缝止水构成完整的防渗体系,由于覆盖层的大变形以及岸坡区以及河床覆盖层区较大的差异变形使得整体防渗体结构安全面临严峻考验。依托新疆某电站面板堆石坝工程,室内试验与现场旁压试验相结合确定合理的覆盖层和筑坝料力学参数,采用数值计算方法优化分析了连接板宽度、防渗墙施工次序、混凝土面板宽度、面板柔性缝设置方式等措施对改善防渗体系应力变形的效果。结果表明:合理的连接板长度与分缝型式可减小连接板应力和接缝变位;防渗墙后期施工能显著改善墙体应力,减小面板分缝宽度和设置柔性缝均能较好控制面板的应力性态;对于覆盖层上的新疆某电站面板堆石坝,防渗墙与连接板接缝以及陡峭左岸周边缝剪切变形是控制该工程运行安全的重要因素,研究结果可为同类型土石坝设计建设提供借鉴。

Population Construction and Super-high Yield Characteristics of Japonica Super Rice in Cold Regions

[Objective] This study was conducted to construct a super-high yield population of Japnica rice in cold regions of North China and to explore its characteristics. [Method] The super rice variety Longjing 21 was selected as the experimental material. Different row spacing（two levels）, plant spacing（three levels） and seedling number per hill（three levels） were designed in field trials. Then, the growth stages,dry matter accumulation, leaf area, yield and yield components of these different treatments were measured. [Result] Rice yield had significantly negative correlation with plant spacing and row spacing, but no significant correlation with seedling number per hill. Rice yield was mainly affected by plant spacing, and less affected by seedling number per hill. The best recommended specifications for plant spacing of super rice variety Longjing 21 were 24 cm for row spacing, 12 cm for plant spacing and five seedlings per hill, and the expected yield was 10 473.0 kg/hm^2.The increased number of total spikelets（4.5×108hm2or more） in populations was the major reason for high yield. Super-high yield populations had fewer tillers at the early growth stage and achieved the expected number of productive tillers at critical leaf-age（June 25）, and tiller number peaked at jointing stage（July 6） and was about 1.2 times of the expected number. The percentage of productive tillers in total tillers of super-high yield population was more than 85% at heading stage. At middle growth stage（from jointing to heading stage）, the dry matter accumulation, leaf area index（LAI） at heading stage, effective leaf area, spikelet number of population,spikelet number per leaf area unit（cm2）, and culm-sheath weight per stem of super-high yield population were significantly higher than those of other populations.At late growth stage（from heading to maturity stage）, the leaf area decreasing rate of super-high yield population was significantly smaller than that of other populations. At late growth stage（from heading to maturity stage）, the leaf area decreasing rate, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, biomass accumulation, number of filled grains per leaf area unit（cm^2） and grain weight per leaf area unit（cm^2） of high-yield population were significantly higher than those of other populations. Output and translocation of dry matter（weight per stem and sheath and total filling rate at maturity） from heading to milky stage of super-high yield population were significantly higher than those of other populations. [Conclusion] The characteristics of superhigh yield rice in cold region of North China are enriching the amount of actual filling of sink through improving photosynthetic efficiency from heading to maturity stage on the basis of enough panicle numbers.

高混凝土面板堆石坝接缝止水设计综述

接缝止水是高混凝土面板堆石坝设计的关键技术问题之一。对国内外高混凝土面板堆石坝接缝止水设计研究进展进行了综述,主要包括止水变形控制标准与止水结构设计两大方面,对目前中国高混凝土面板堆石坝接缝止水结构设计的基本思路及工程实践进行了回顾。研究认为采用数值计算结合工程经验确定接缝止水变形控制标准是合适的。目前接缝止水的新技术集中在表层填料止水及其保护盖板、垂直缝柔性嵌缝材料等方面。混凝土面板堆石坝接缝止水后续研究的重点为表层止水结构创新、止水结构简化设计、防挤压破坏措施、止水耐久性提高方法和修复技术。

非洲某水电站项目坝型选择

依托非洲某水电站项目,结合地形、地质、填筑材料、气候等实际条件,从坝体稳定、施工组织设计、工程投资等方面对各坝型(混凝土面板堆石坝、沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝、复合土工膜面板堆石坝、粘土心墙堆石坝及碾压混凝土坝)进行了综合比选。笔者分析了各坝型的优缺点,以期能给类似工程提供经验,使其因地制宜,选择最合适的坝型。

寒冷强震地区250 m级特高混凝土面板堆石坝接缝止水设计

寒冷强震地区的250 m级特高混凝土面板堆石坝变形控制难度大、抗震安全问题突出、耐久性要求高,这些难题对面板坝接缝止水设计提出了更高的要求。以233.5 m高的玉龙喀什混凝土面板堆石坝为例,利用三维静动力有限元计算成果,结合国内外类似高面板坝的工程经验,定量提出其接缝变形控制标准,针对性地开展了不同部位接缝的止水尺寸设计。基于工程特点和大坝变形特性,考虑面板不同区域受力的差异、水位变动区冰冻的影响、防挤压破坏和板块间约束等因素,采用多道冗余设计、聚脲涂覆盖板、垂直缝均设嵌缝材料、压性缝局部加强等措施,对周边缝、垂直缝、防浪墙水平缝和沉降缝的止水开展了个性化设计,可供类似工程参考。

缓黏结预应力钢绞线研究及其在CFRD中的应用

介绍缓黏结预应力技术研究的基本情况。对缓黏结预应力钢筋用胶黏剂的组成材料环氧树脂、固化剂、稀释剂、填料及悬浮剂的选择因素进行研究,并对胶黏剂主要材料进行配比。测定胶黏剂的固化期和试用期,以及其物理性能和固化后的力学性能。介绍缓黏结预应力筋的生产工艺和具体的产品规格。阐述缓黏结预应力钢绞线在水利工程CFRD中的实际应用情况。实践表明,缓黏结预应力钢绞线作为堆石坝面板的预应力筋,在对钢筋混凝土面板施加预应力时,面板混凝土在受力状态和防裂方面均比普通钢筋混凝土面板要好得多。

Optimization design of foundation excavation for Xiluodu super-high arch dam in China

With better understanding of the quality and physico-mechanical properties of rocks of dam foundation,and the physico-mechanical properties and structure design of arch dam in association with the foundation excavation of Xiluodu arch dam,the excavation optimization design was proposed for the foundation surface on the basis of feasibility study.Common analysis and numerical analysis results demonstrated the feasibility of using the weakly weathered rocks III1and III2as the foundation surface of super-high arch dam.In view of changes in the geological conditions at the dam foundation along the riverbed direction,the design of extending foundation surface excavation area and using consolidating grouting and optimizing structure of dam bottom was introduced,allowing for harmonization of the arch dam and foundation.Three-dimensional(3D)geomechanics model test and fi nite element analysis results indicated that the dam body and foundation have good overload stability and high bearing capacity.The monitoring data showed that the behaviors of dam and foundation correspond with the designed patterns in the construction period and the initial operation period.

The development of super-high collapse resistant casing

Super-high collapse resistant casings were developed by using Ti, Nb and V microalloyed CrMo steel and cross rolling techniques. A transmission electron microscope（TEM） and X-ray diffractometer were used to observe the characteristics of the microstructure. It was found that the （ 111 ） texture and the nano-scale precipitates distribute in a way that is beneficial to the collapse resistance, and the collapse strength of the prepared casing had a measurement, which was approximately 60% higher than the API standard value. A design concept to attain super-high collapse resistance is proposed based on the texture design and microstructure control.

The Heat Treatment Behavior of Super-High Strength Aluminum Alloys by Spray Forming

In order to understand the stress corrosion behavior of super-high strength aluminum alloys by spray forming, different aluminum alloys by different heat treatment was made. The results showed that the alloy with peak aging has the most sensitive stress corrosion cracking, the crack can even be seen using eyes;the alloys with two step aging were better than one step aging alloys, the alloys has not been found stress corrosion cracking.

Effect of super-high pressure on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg_(97)Zn_(1)Y_(2) alloys

Super-high pressure(SHP)technique plays an increasing role in the fields of materials science and engineering.Herein,the Mg_(97)Zn_(1)Y_(2) alloy was heat-treated under SHP(6 GPa)by cubic-anvil large-volume press with six rams for 2 h in the temperature range of 500–1200℃.The microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated.The results indicated that the as-cast sample consists of α-Mg equiaxed dendrites and continuous lamellar long period stacking ordered(LPSO)phase in grain boundaries.After the SHP treatment,the LPSO phase is gradually replaced by eutectic phase(Mg,Zn)_(3)Y with increasing temperature.The microhardness and strength of sample prepared at 1100℃ under SHP treatment are significantly improved compared with the as-cast one at room temperature.The improved mechanical behaviors are mainly attributed to LPSO phase kink-banding strengthening at low temperature and the precipitation strengthening of a large amount of fine(Mg,Zn)_(3)Y particles at high temperature after SHP treatment.It reveals the SHP is an effective approach to prepare high performance Mg alloys.

Cracks in Tianshengqiao CFRD Versus Sectionalized Filling

During the later period of construction of Tianshengqiao concrete faced rockfill dam(CFRD), cracks appeared in the upstream fill slope. The main reason was the nonuniform deformation. The treatment methods were: for cracks with opening less than 1 cm, the cracked slope was compacted with added effort to eliminate cracks; for cracks with opening greater than 1 cm , crack grouting was carried out . The practice demonstrated the treatment was successful. Careful analysis of the relation between sectionalized filling and crack emergence is of significance in guiding the construction design and drawing out filling plan for a high CFRD.

分布式光纤传感技术在高面板堆石坝内部变形监测中的应用

面板堆石坝内部变形监测是评价其变形稳定和安全的重要指标,针对传统监测技术在高面板堆石坝内部变形监测方面的不足,提出了一种基于分布式光纤传感技术的高面板堆石坝内部变形监测方法,在200m级高面板堆石坝中开展应用研究。对比研究了3种光纤布设方式(分别安装于45a型工字钢、6分镀锌钢管和保护沙层中)测量水平位移的可行性,3种布设方式实测结果最大平均差值均小于1.0mm,说明3种方式测量一致性较好。结合数值计算和传统水管式沉降计测量结果,基于分布式光纤传感技术的坝体内部变形结果与数值计算结果基本吻合,且沉降监测结果与水管式沉降计测得量值的平均误差小于10mm,表明本技术可以满足高面板堆石坝内部变形监测需要,验证了基于分布式传感光纤技术在坝体内部变形监测应用的合理性和可行性。

Super-High Initial Velocity Mechanism of Bullet Propulsion with Adaptive Pressure-Maintaining Chamber

To deal with the problem that the initial velocity of the bullet is difficult to increase,the research on the super-high initial velocity propulsion in the barrel weapon with an adaptive pressure-maintaining chamber are conducted.Considering the law of gun-powder burning and the flow characteristics of gun-powder gas in multi-chamber,the scheme of super-high initial velocity propulsion with an adaptive pressure-maintaining chamber is designed,the ballistic model of the barrel weapon with super-high velocity bullet propulsion is established.The research results show that the technical scheme can greatly increase the initial velocity of the bullet with the peak pressure keeping nearly the same as the tradition barrel weapon.The research results can provide a theoretical foundation to significantly increase the initial velocity in barrel weapons using solid propellants,and have an important reference value to comprehensively increase the power of the barrel weapons.

CFRD 应力应变分析方法评述

根据混凝土面板堆石坝的应力应变分析资料，对ＣＦＲＤ的应力应变分析方法进行了评述，并提出今后这方面的研究方向．

高堆石坝面板随机动力分析和抗震效果研究

强震作用下,高面板堆石坝面板中上部会产生较大顺坡向拉应力,可能导致面板开裂。已有研究表明,针对顺坡向拉应力较大的区域设置永久水平缝可有效降低该应力,而以往对于其抗震措施效果的研究多采用单一地震动进行确定性分析,缺乏考虑地震动过程不确定性对抗震措施效果的影响。本文以300 m高坝为例,基于随机动力方法,确定了面板顺坡向高拉应力区,并对水平缝设置长度进行讨论。联合广义概率密度演化方法,分别选择特定方向和典型单元对水平缝影响区域和顺坡向拉应力的降低作用进行研究,结果相互验证。从概率角度表明了水平缝抗震效果,并为其他抗震措施效果的研究提供新的思路。

世界首次在CFRD面板上施加预应力的试验实践

自上世纪30年代初美国修建世界第一座CFRD以来,已80多年从未有过在CFRD面板上施加预应力的报道。笔者在2008年香港国际CFRD经验交流会上提出,在钢筋混凝土面板上施加预压应力,藉此达到提高抗裂性能、减少钢筋用量,这一创新提议得到与会专家的赞同。经三年多来在葛洲坝集团伊犁水电投资公司、水利部新疆水利厅勘测设计研究院、天津冶金中兴盛达公司及柳州OVM公司的大力支持下,通过斯木塔斯水电站挡水大坝——CFRD面板试验获得成功。本文简要地介绍大坝及施加预应力情况,并在总结实验的基础上提出改正的意见。

渗流-流变耦合作用下深覆盖层面板堆石坝性态演化规律

修建在深厚覆盖层上的面板堆石坝地基和部分坝体处于饱和渗流状态,渗流和变形的耦合作用对坝基和坝体的变形具有一定的影响。通过采用Drucker-Prager塑性模型和时间硬化流变模型描述堆石料和覆盖层砂砾石材料的瞬时变形和流变变形,采用Signorini型变分不等式方法描述堆石料和覆盖层多孔介质材料的渗流过程,在此基础上基于动量守恒原理和Kozeny-Carman方程提出覆盖层上面板堆石坝渗流-流变耦合分析方法。基于渗流-流变耦合分析,研究了渗流-流变耦合作用下覆盖层面板堆石坝的力学特性,分析了渗流作用对面板堆石坝长期变形的影响规律,进而讨论了覆盖层上面板堆石坝的变形机制和演化过程。结果表明:覆盖层地基压缩变形使大坝最大变形位置向下移动至0.3倍坝高位置且面板承受较大的拉应力;大坝流变变形是面板堆石坝的重要变形来源,其引起的坝内沉降增量达27.3%,面板拉应力增量达5.1%;渗流效应对大坝流变变形具有一定的影响,但相对于流变效应引起的应力变形增量整体相对较小。

高面板坝土工格栅加固机制及抗震加固效果分析

现有土石坝震害调查、模型试验以及动力反应分析等研究结果表明,靠近坝顶区的上部坝坡是土石坝抗震的薄弱部位。目前强震区高土石坝抗震设计多采用土工格栅来加固上部坝坡,以提高坝顶区抗震稳定性,如何合理评价土工格栅的加固效果是国内外学者关注的焦点。本文在系统总结土工格栅加固机理的基础上,基于准黏聚力加固机理和等效复合体计算模型模拟土工格栅加固作用,从坝坡抗震稳定、坝体地震永久变形和面板防渗体系安全等方面对土工格栅加固高面板坝的加固机制及抗震加固效果进行了综合分析评价。结果表明:(1)格栅和堆石料的相互作用使得堆石料具有了一定的整体性,其刚度和强度均有一定程度的提高;(2)格栅加固可以限制堆石体侧向移动,提高坝坡整体性和稳定性,减少坝体地震永久变形,从而改善面板应力分布和减少面板接缝位移,提高防渗系统的安全性;(3)土工格栅对高面板坝具有综合的加固效果,需要采用综合性评价方法进行总体评价。