A super-large graphite deposit discovered in granite rocks at Huangyangshan, Xinjiang,China

1.Objective A graphite deposit has been discovered in Sujiquan, Xinjiang in 1980s,which provides detailed geological settings for the super-large graphite deposit discovered in Huangyangshan pluton with total reserves up to 7.264×10^9 t in 2017.Outcrops of igneous rocks in the study area include Middle Devonian plagioclase granite and Late Carboniferous alkali feldspar granite that is referred to the Huangyangshan pluton,which includes the Lower Carboniferous Heishantou Formation and Jiangbasi Formation,both of which consist of volcanic-sedimentary rocks (Fig.1).Sujiquan fault provided passage for the migration of volcanic intrusions.Graphite deposits are usually hosted by metamorphic rocks,but Huangyanshan deposits are hosted by granite rocks,which are rarely known.The Huangyangshan graphite deposit hosted by granite pluton at Huangyangshan area was discovered by Xinjiang Branch of China National Geological Exploration Center of Building Materials Industry since 2015.

Bainiuchang super-large silver-polymetallic ore deposit related to granitic magmatism in Mengzi, Yunnan

Bainiuchang silver-polymetallic ore deposit is located in the southeast Yunnan tin-polymetallic metallogenic belt.The probable reserves and inferred resources of the deposit are of 6 470 t Ag and 1.10 Mt Pb and 1.72 Mt Zn and 86 kt Sn.Orebodies of the deposit occur in clastic-carbonate rocks of Tianpeng Formation and Longha Formation of the middle Cambrian System above the Bainiuchang concealed granite of the late Yanshan period.The concealed granite has the characteristics of tin-bearing granites.Abundance of the mineralization elements Sn,Cu,Zn,Pb,Ag and Sb is high in the granitic rocks.Sulphur isotope data of the metal sulphides indicate that most sulphur is derived from the magmas.The ores are similar in rare earth element(REE)patterns to the granitic rocks.The granitic magma activity results in ore-bearing structures.Rocks of the Middle Cambrian System above the concealed intrusion suffer from skarnization,hornfelsing,marbleization,siliconizing and carbonatization.The mineralization elements Sn,Cu,Zn,Pb,Ag and Sb successively appear from the top of the granite to surrounding rocks.These evidences indicate that the granitic magmatism is the principal mineralization factor.The opinion that the south Bainiuchang ore field and the north Awei ore block are tin and copper potential exploration areas was put forward and was verified by drilling tests.

A Super-Large Rb-Nb Rare Metal Deposit has been Discovered in Huashi Village of Xinglong County, Hebei Province

Objective The Huashi Village in Xinglong County of Hebei Province is located in the Yanshan subsidence zone in the central eastern North China Plate, which is 137 km away from Beijing City （Fig. la）. This area has undergone large -scale magmatic intrusion affected by the tectonic compression of the Pacific Plate in the Mesozoic （known as the Yanshanian movement） to form many alkaline rocks such as the Wulingshan rock mass. Previous studies have conducted petrological research and reconnaissance survey of rare metal ores in this area （Tian Shuzhang and Guo Zongshan, 1981; Xu Baoling et al., 1996）. In 2016, the Qinhuangdao Mineral and Hydrology Engineering Geological Brigade of Hebei Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Exploration implemented the project of Reconnaissance of Rare Metal Ores Including Rubidium in Huashi Village of Xinglong County, Hebei Province, and discovered super-large rare metal deposits of rubidium and biobium in the Madi alkali feldspar granite bodies in the Huashi Village to achieve great breakthrough of rare metal ore prospecting.

Magmatic Evolution and Mineralization Process of the Super-Large Shihuiyao Rb–Nb–Ta Deposit,Southern Great Xing'an Range,China

Rare metal ore reserves are an important strategic resource, and their metallogenic mechanism and mineralization studies have also been received widespread international attention.

Two Super-Large Gold Deposits Have Been Discovered in Jiaodong Peninsula of China

During 2015, gold prospecting in Laizhou City of Shandong Peninsula in China has achieved a major breakthrough. Deposits containing 470 and 389 tons of gold metal were discovered in the northern sea area of Sanshandao and the Shaling area, respectively. As a result, the gold prospective resources in the entire Jiaodong Peninsula have now exceeded 4000 tons, fully indicative of the super-large prospecting potential of the Jiaojia-type deposits.

The Major Ore Clusters of Super-Large Iron Deposits in the World, Present Situation of Iron Resources in China, and Prospect

The metamorphosed sedimentary type of iron deposits（BIF） is the most important type of iron deposits in the world, and super-large iron ore clusters of this type include the Quadrilatero Ferrifero district and Carajas in Brazil, Hamersley in Australia, Kursk in Russia, Central Province of India and Anshan-Benxi in China. Subordinated types of iron deposits are magmatic, volcanic-hosted and sedimentary ones. This paper briefly introduces the geological characteristics of major super-large iron ore clusters in the world. The proven reserves of iron ores in China are relatively abundant, but they are mainly low-grade ores. Moreover, a considerate part of iron ores are difficult to utilize for their difficult ore dressing, deep burial or other reasons. Iron ore deposits are relatively concentrated in 11 metallogenic provinces（belts）, such as the Anshan-Benxi, eastern Hebei, Xichang-Central Yunnan Province and middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River. The main minerogenetic epoches vary widely from the Archean to Quaternary, and are mainly the Late Archean to Middle Proterozoic, Variscan, and Yanshanian periods. The main 7 genetic types of iron deposits in China are metamorphosed sedimentary type（BIF）, magmatic type, volcanic-hosted type, skarn type, hydrothermal type, sedimentary type and weathered leaching type. The iron-rich ores occur predominantly in the skarn and marine volcanic-hosted iron deposits, locally in the metamorphosed sedimentary type（BIF） as hydrothermal reformation products. The theory of minerogenetic series of mineral deposits and minerogenic models has applied in investigation and prospecting of iron ore deposits. A combination of deep analyses of aeromagnetic anomalies and geomagnetic anomalies, with gravity anomalies are an effective method to seeking large and deep-buried iron deposits. China has a relatively great oresearching potential of iron ores, especially for metamorphosed sedimentary, skarn, and marine volcanic-hosted iron deposits. For the lower guarantee degree of iron and steel industry, China should give a trading and open the foreign mining markets.

Application of Tectono Geochemical Study in Deep Concealed Ore Body Exploration--As the Huize Super-Large Lead-Zinc Deposit an exemple

1 Geological Background of Minerlization or Geologic Setting The northeast of Yunnan1 Pb-Zn-Ag-Ge polymetallic ore district is an important part of the southwestern margin of the Yangtze block Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou

Source of the Ore-forming Adakitic Porphyry at the Beiya Super-large Au Deposit, Western Yangtze Craton: New Evidence from Zircon U-Pb Ages of the Amphibolite Xenoliths

Objective The Beiya super-large Au-rich porphyry deposit(304 t Au,2.4 g/t Au)is located within the western Yangtze craton,to the southeast of the Sanjiang Tethyan Orogen(Fig.1).The ore-forming porphyry is adakitic,characterized by high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios coupled with low Y and Yb contents,and is generally thought to be derived from partial melting of thickened mafic lower crust.The lower crust underneath the western Yangtze craton is mainly composed of ancient crust with Archean ages,juvenile crust resulting from the Neoproterozoic subduction(740–1000 Ma),and late Permian juvenile crust related to the Emeishan mantle plume.Which lower crustal end-member has played a critical role in genesis of the Beiya ore-forming porphyry can be constrained by zircon U-Pb ages of amphibolite xenoliths hosted in the ore-forming porphyry,because these xenoliths represent direct samples of the source.In this study,we present new zircon U-Pb ages of these amphibolite xenoliths to have insight into the nature of the Beiya adakitic porphyry source.

Super-Large Pb-Zn Deposits Discovered in Danaopo,Huayuan County,Hunan Province

Geological Brigade 405 of Hunan Provincial Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development Bureau discovered the Danaopo and Yangjiazhai super-large Pb- Zn deposits through 5 years （2009-2014） of exploration in Huayuan County, Hunan Province. These deposits contain 208.4942 million tons of （332＋333） class Pb＋Zn ores and 4.8746 million tons of metal amounts, of which metal amounts of 333 class zinc are 4.1198 million tons and metal amounts of lead are 0.7548 million tons, associated with useful components of Cd, Ag and Se. In addition, the Limei, Qingshuitang and Yutang Pb-Zn deposits were proven betbre and this region has thus been ranked as a Pb-Zn ore resource base with a hundred-ton scale （Fig. 1）.

Super-Large Manganese Deposits Have Been Discovered at Pujue and Taoziping,Songtao County in Guizhou Province

In 2016,the Geological Brigade No.103 of Guizhou Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development Bureau discovered two super-large manganese deposits at Pujue and Taoziping,in Songtao County,Guizhou Province（Fig.1）.The Pujue manganese deposit has191.59 million tons of proven（332＋333）class ore reserves,including 35.54 million tons of 332 class and