Nonplanar flow-induced vibrations of a cantilevered PIP structure system concurrently subjected to internal and cross flows

Pipe-in-pipe(PIP)structures are widely used in offshore oil and gas pipelines to settle thermal insulation issues.A PIP structure system usually consists of two concentric pipes and one softer layer for thermal insulation consideration.The total response of the system is related to the dynamics of both pipes and the interactions between these two concentric pipes.In the current work,a theoretical model for flow-induced vibrations of a PIP structure system is proposed and analyzed in the presence of an internal axial flow and an external cross flow.The interactions between the two pipes are modeled by a linear distributed damper,a linear distributed spring and a nonlinear distributed spring along the pipe length.The unsteady hydrodynamic forces due to cross flow are modeled by two distributed van der Pol wake oscillators.The nonlinear partial differential equations for the two pipes and the wake are further discretized by the aid of Galerkin’s technique,resulting in a set of ordinary differential equations.These ordinary differential equations are further numeri cally solved by using a fourth-order Runge-Kutta integration algorithm.Phase portraits,bifurcation diagrams,an Argand diagram and oscillation shape diagrams are plotted,showing the existence of a lock-in phenomenon and figure-of-eight trajectory.The PIP system subjected to cross flow displays some interesting dynamical behaviors different from that of a single-pipe structure.

Optimizing the Sandwich Composite Structure in the Cantilever Beam

The sandwich structure is of great interest because of its advantage of combining light weight and high flexural stiffness. Many previous researchers have studied the failure modes in sandwich structures and the effects on the load capacity caused by the change of the constituent materials’ properties. In this research, by applying Finite Element Analysis (FEA) method, we simulated a cantilever beam composed of a sandwich structure in Abaqus, to find out the preferred design principles that help decrease the stress and displacement in the beam when applied a uniform load. We also determined the effect of the core geometry on decreasing the displacement and the stress in the beam.

Hydrodynamic Conditions in Front of a Vertical Wall with an Overhanging Horizontal Cantilever Slab

Transforming wave heights from offshore to the shoreline is the first step of any coastal engineering work. Wave breaking is analyzed to understand hydrodynamic conditions. For vertical breakwaters and sea walls, wave reflection is an important process that affects the determination of the wave height. Many of the design formulas presented in the literature depend on empirical studies based on the structures tested. In this study, the hydrodynamic conditions in front of a vertical wall with an overhanging horizontal cantilever slab with a foreshore slope of 1/20 are determined experimentally under regular wave conditions to assess the applicability of the formulas of Goda(2000) for predicting the nearshore wave height and breaker index equation(Goda, 2010). The selection of wave measurements used to determine the design wave height, the reflection coefficients, and wave breaking is also analyzed, and the reflection equations are derived from the dataset covering different breaker types. Small-scale tests show that the incident wave height is a good representative of the design wave height and that the values predicted by Goda are in good agreement with actual measurements. However, the predicted Hmax values are overestimated. In addition, the inception of the wave breaking point is postponed because of the reflection and/or turbulence left over from preceding waves, which is an effect of the vertical wall. At higher water levels, the effect of the vertical wall on the inception point becomes more significant.

Theoretical analysis and verification of uncertainty of measurement on a cantilever coordinate measuring machine

A cantilever coordinate measuring machine(CCMM)is proposed according to the in-situ measurement requirement of workpieces with complex structures limited by the finite space of the5-axes computerized numerical control(CNC)processing site.Factors affecting uncertainty of measurement(UM)are classified and analyzed on the basis of uncertainty evaluation criteria,and the estimation technique of UM for measuring systems is presented.UM of the CCMM is estimated from the factors such as temperature,error motions as well as the mechanism deformations.Measurement results show that the actual measurement error is smaller than that of measurement requirement.

Behavior of Cantilever Slabs in a Blast Environment

Behavior of structural elements under blast loading is different from that under usual loading conditions that are considered in conventional structural deigns. Cantilever slabs are more vulnerable than most other elements under blast loads because of their shape. Understanding the blast behavior of cantilever slabs is useful in strengthening them against blast loads. In this paper, blast loading design envelopes for cantilever slabs are proposed using which, the blast behavior of conventional cantilever slabs can be identified. The paper describes the theories behind these envelopes and the way they can be applied to improve conventional designs. These envelopes have been prepared using numerical techniques. The theories used are accepted, verified and validated theories. The paper shows the possibility of converting a conventional cantilever slab design into impulsive regime design with minor adjustments to the structural design. It points out the importance of increasing slab thickness and controlling steel/concrete ratio for strengthening conventional cantilever slab designs and the requirement of reinforcement at top and bottom fibers.

Design and construction of high and large span cast-in-place reinforced concrete cantilever flowering frame beam

The high and large span cast-in-place reinforced concrete cantilever structure of the office building of some court, which is located I-steel at the cantilever and used steel pipe scaffold as the support, has guaranteed the frame body and structure security by the frame body calculating, on-site test and reasonable construction order.

An active vibration control method based on energy-fuzzy for cantilever structures excited by aerodynamic loads

In wind tunnel tests for the full-model fixed with sting,the low structural damping of the long cantilever sting results in destructive low-frequency and large-amplitude vibration.In order to obtain high-quality wind tunnel test data and ensure the safety of wind tunnel tests,an energy-fuzzy adaptive PD(Proportion Differentiation)control method is proposed.This method is used for active vibration control of a cantilever structure under variable aerodynamic load excitation,and real-time adjustment of parameters is achieved according to the system characteristics of vibration energy.Meanwhile,a real-time method is proposed to estimate the real-time vibration energy through the vibration acceleration signal,and the average exciting power of aerodynamic load is obtained by deducting the part of the power contributed by the vibration suppressor from the total power.Furthermore,an energy-fuzzy adaptive PD controller is proposed to achieve adaptive control to the changes of the aerodynamic load.Besides,the subsonic and transonic experiments were carried out in wind tunnel,the results revealed that comparing to fixed gain PD controllers,the energy-fuzzy adaptive PD controller maintains higher performance.

Structural Reliability Modeling Based on Imprecise Probability Theory under Insufficient Data

Traditional structural reliability analysis methods adopt precise probabilities to quantify uncertainties and they are suitable for systems with sufficient statistical data.However,the problem of insufficient data is often encountered in practical engineering.Thus,structural reliability analysis methods under insufficient data have caught more and more attentions in recent years and a lot of nonprobabilistic reliability analysis methods are put forward to deal with the problem of insufficient data.Non-probabilistic structural reliability analysis methods based on fuzzy set,Dempster-Shafer theory,interval analysis and other theories have got a lot of achievements both in theoretical and practical aspects and they have been successfully applied in structural reliability analysis of largescale complex systems with small samples and few statistical data.In addition to non-probabilistic structural reliability analysis methods,structural reliability analysis based on imprecise probability theory is a new method proposed in recent years.Study on structural reliability analysis using imprecise probability theory is still at the start stage,thus the generalization of imprecise structural reliability model is very important.In this paper,the imprecise probability was developed as an effective way to handle uncertainties,the detailed procedures of imprecise structural reliability analysis was introduced,and several specific imprecise structural reliability models which are most effective for engineering systems were given.At last,an engineering example of a cantilever beam was given to illustrate the effectiveness of the method emphasized here.By comparing with interval structural reliability analysis,the result obtained from imprecise structural reliability model is a little conservative than the one resulted from interval structural reliability analysis for imprecise structural reliability analysis model considers that the probability of each value is taken from an interval.

西安城市展示中心长悬挑、大跨度钢结构设计

西安城市展示中心由南馆、北馆和连桥组成,其中南馆悬挑长度62m,连桥跨度150m。结合建筑方案特点,南馆与连桥采用整层钢桁架结构体系,结构布置与建筑形态高度契合。介绍了南馆、连桥、穹顶、屋面等位置的结构布置情况,明确了超限项和抗震性能目标,对于多杆件复杂交汇钢节点进行有限元分析。针对南馆、连桥屋楼盖振动舒适度不足,设计布置了调谐质量阻尼器(TMD),实测减振效果显著。对连桥提升过程进行施工模拟,结果表明该过程增加了连桥挠度,需要考虑提前起拱。对超长连体结构温度和地震行波效应进行分析,根据结果对连桥楼板配筋和局部框架柱进行了加强。大震弹塑性分析与防连续倒塌分析结果表明,结构满足“大震不倒”的性能目标,结构冗余度较高,具有良好的防连续倒塌能力。

Analytical and Numerical Study of the Hydro-Mechanical Behavior of a Cantilever Retaining Wall in Upward Seepage Conditions

Poor design of ground water evacuation mechanisms is often blocked and leads to the rise of ground water behind the wall. As a result, free water behind the wall that is not quickly evacuated, increases the lateral pressure and thus favors overturning failure. The resolution of the overturning problem in cantilever retaining walls caused by hydro-mechanical interaction was studied. An analytical and numerical method was used to study this type of wall-floor interaction. Then Coulomb’s design criterion against overturning to develop a mathematical model that compute analytical factor of safety against overturning in different water conditions and heel lengths was used. The modeling and simulation of this system in the Cast3m software which took into account a wide variety of floor and wall properties were performed. The numerical factor of safety against rollover was obtained, and the graphs for the factor of safety versus heel length and immersion depth for both methods were plotted. From (0 ≤ Hw ≤ H/3), water effect is not dangerous to wall stability against overturning and from (H/3 Hw ≤ H), water effect is very dangerous to wall stability against overturning. For analytical and numerical methods, the heel can be predimensioned against overturning as: Lc: [0.27H 0.38H], [0.29H 0.43H] for 0 ≤Hw ≤ H/3;[0.33H 0.45H], [0.39H 0.53H] for H/3 Hw ≤ 2H/3;[0.5H 0.6H], [0.50H 0.67H] for 2H/3 Hw≤ H. The numerical method guaranteeing more safety than the analytical method, Cantilever retaining walls can thus be pre-dimensioned considering Clayey-Sand soil in hydro-mechanical conditions.

成都中海天府新区超高层项目结构设计

成都中海天府新区超高层项目建筑高度488.9m,为西南地区已建和在建的最高建筑物。塔楼采用巨柱框架⁃伸臂桁架⁃核心筒结构体系,具有8个环带桁架层和2个伸臂层,无外围巨型斜撑,次框架柱不连续的特点。介绍塔楼结构设计策略,包括结构整体性能参数、抗震性能目标和关键构件的性能水准的设定。阐述基础、环带桁架、伸臂桁架、巨型钢管混凝土柱、角部大悬挑、塔冠的结构布置及设计;进行了次框架结构的防连续倒塌分析以及加强层楼板、水平支撑、斜柱、斜墙等关键构件的计算分析;给出了与巨柱、伸臂相连的关键节点的构造措施以及结构长期荷载效应下的施工模拟结果和处理措施等。结果表明,结构体系及布置合理安全,各构件能够满足预定的性能目标。

四川大学博物馆结构设计重难点分析研究

四川大学博物馆采用钢框架结构体系,并设置屈曲约束支撑改善结构的抗震性能。介绍了四川大学博物馆的结构设计参数及抗震性能目标。针对结构设计中的重难点,开展了屈曲约束支撑的工作机理分析、框架柱计算长度与穿层柱分析、东侧大悬挑空间的相关分析。利用反应谱分析及时程分析探究了屈曲约束支撑工作机理,分析结果表明,屈曲约束支撑能够有效改善钢结构产生塑性铰的状况,起到保护主体钢框架的作用。针对东侧大悬挑空间的功能要求,设计采用了屋顶桁架结合钢拉杆吊挂东侧大楼梯的结构形式,通过结构防连续倒塌分析、楼板应力分析、楼盖舒适度分析、关键节点有限元分析等确保该部位结构设计安全合理。对整体结构受力机理和薄弱部位进行了研究,提出了重点部位的设计原则和加强措施。

高烈度区多层长悬挑钢结构设计

长安乐传媒港是十四届全运会重要配套项目,为南侧带3层大悬挑的不规则复杂结构,最大悬挑长度38.5m。主体结构采用钢结构框架-支撑体系,悬挑部分采用钢桁架结构。针对大悬挑结构设计难点开展了分析和研究;重点介绍了整体结构方案选型、结构整体分析结果以及结构抗震性能化设计结果;也重点介绍了单人行走激励和人群激励下悬挑钢桁架舒适度分析,考虑长悬挑结构安装过程、卸载顺序和楼板刚度形成次序的施工模拟分析,以及长悬挑对基础设计的影响。结果表明,本工程的多层长悬挑构结构具有较高的安全储备,整体结构具有良好抗震性能;长悬挑结构设计中需要特别关注施工过程的影响,基础设计时应考虑竖向构件受拉的不利影响。

基于微能量收集的电力设备无线测温技术研究

针对电力设备无线测温技术的需求,文中设计了一种基于新型磁电发电装置的无线温度在线监测系统。该系统利用电力系统周围的杂散磁场为整套无线监测系统供电,并设计了新型压电摩擦耦合悬臂梁结构以提高磁场能收集的效率,同时温度测量模块采用低通滤波提高收集灵敏度,采用低主频工作模式及定时唤醒功能降低信号处理和传输能耗,兼具低功耗的温度采集功能和电气隔离的数据传输能力,保证整套设备的稳定可靠运行。实验测得电源模块在4 Oe,50 Hz的交变磁场下可产生峰峰值开路电压160 V,短路电流14μA整流后输出3.3 V稳定电压,在该电源供电下无线测温装置每5 s可收发一次温度数据。

带高位大悬挑的多塔连体结构超限分析与设计

武汉全球公共采购交易服务总部基地项目6~8号楼是三塔多重复杂连体结构,各塔间刚性连接体跨度25.2m,顶部两层南侧和东侧分别设置悬挑8.4m和6.0m的高位长悬挑结构,是具有6项不规则项的超限高层建筑。工程混合采用混凝土结构、钢结构和组合结构体系,并使用预应力技术。本文介绍了该项目抗震性能化设计过程,采用多种软件对小震、中震和大震作用下的结构及构件性能进行分析。对以下重点问题进行专项分析:采用时程法和反应谱法得出6度区连体和悬挑结构的最小竖向地震作用系数;分析温度作用下超长结构的楼板应力,分析悬挑结构在其上下层引起的楼板应力,验算大震作用下连接体楼板的抗剪承载力;验算连接体楼盖舒适度。结合分析结果和工程特点,采取相应加强措施,实现了良好的抗震效果。

某工程连廊及不规则悬挑结构振动舒适度分析与控制

针对某工程连廊及不规则悬挑结构,基于MIDAS/Gen软件建立有限元仿真分析模型,按照国内外相关规范,验算结构正常使用时各人行荷载工况下的舒适度。针对不满足要求的结构,开展基于调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)的振动控制分析,并对无控制状态及振动控制后的计算结果进行对比。结果表明:连廊及悬挑结构在人行荷载激励下部分工况下竖向加速度响应超过规范限值,最大可达0.9839m/s^(2),采用TMD系统进行减振控制后,结构加速度响应得到有效降低;对于超限工况,TMD有效减振率在69%以上,最高减振率达90.82%,平均减率为85.59%。

超高层大悬挑钢结构平台钢拉索施工技术

以某超高层悬挑钢结构平台预应力拉索为研究对象,在确保结构受力安全的前提下,对新型空间钢拉索结构的安装及张拉进行深入研究,通过有限元软件对各阶段进行分析模拟计算,了解结构受力特点,模拟各工况下施工受力,在工期紧张环境下能够及时调整施工方法,通过过程施工监测,确保拉索施工顺利进行,经过分析、深化设计、测试、施工全过程模拟,最终实现大悬挑钢结构平台钢拉索固定,实现其使用功能。

基于FGMs的声子晶体带隙调控及振动特性研究

为抑制舰艇典型板壳结构低频振动,基于局域共振理论,设计了一种悬臂式声子晶体结构,开展了数值计算并揭示带隙发生机理,探究了各尺寸参数对带隙特性的影响。同时基于功能梯度材料(functional gradient materials, FGMs)思想,提出固有频率梯度组合带隙调控方法,可有效拓宽低频带隙范围。最后,设计振动特性试验并分析误差产生的原因。结果表明:悬臂梁边长越长,带隙宽度变窄,悬臂梁宽度及厚度增加,带隙宽度变宽;固有频率梯度组合研究中,当整体固有频率变化率小于8.1%时,带隙范围有效拓宽。当相邻两者固有频率变化率大于12.27%时,可呈现多频带隙特性;增加悬臂梁安装数量可在固有频率梯度组合的基础上进一步拓宽禁带范围,该研究成果可为船舶板壳结构隔振设计提供参考。

重庆龙兴足球场超限结构设计

重庆龙兴足球场主体结构采用设置少量剪力墙的框架结构,屋盖钢结构采用悬挑平面桁架+上下弦稳定支撑+立面单层网格结构。为了研究结构设计的难点,采用了SPASCAD⁃PMSA、MIDAS Gen(Ver.2019)和SAP2000设计软件分别对结构进行多遇地震下的抗震性能分析。采用了SAUSAGE、SAP2000软件对结构进行设防、罕遇地震下的抗震性能分析。采用了ANSYS软件对钢屋盖整体稳定进行分析,采用了ABAQUS软件对节点受力性能进行分析。结果表明:结构具有较好的抗震能力和抗连续倒塌能力,结构设计安全、合理、经济。

非对称三塔连体超高层结构连廊施工方案研究

连体超高层结构属于大型复杂结构,时变特性显著。连廊作为连接各塔楼的纽带,其施工过程对整体结构安全性的影响较大,需要对其施工方案进行研究。以某非对称三塔连体超高层结构为研究对象,建立了该结构的数值模型。采用整体提升法和悬臂拼接法作为连廊的施工方案,分别进行了有限元计算,研究了不同施工方案下塔楼的竖向变形、连廊处各塔楼间的变形差、塔楼与连廊连接处单元的内力。结果表明:2种施工方案均不影响连体结构整体施工阶段的竖向变形规律。相较于整体提升法,悬臂拼接法将导致在连廊施工期间及竣工时刻塔楼结构产生更大的竖向变形、连廊处标高差及连廊连接处单元内力。整体提升法更适合本文研究对象的连廊施工。