Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Heat Transfer and Condensation in Micro-Ribbed Tubes

The thermal transmission coefficient for a micro-ribbed tube has been determined using theoretical relationships and the outcomes of such calculations have been compared with experiments conducted using a R1234yf refrigerant undergoing condensation.In particular four theoretical single-phase flow and three multi-phase flow models have been used in this regard.The experimental results show that:the Oliver et al.criterion equation overestimates the experimental results as its accuracy is significantly affected by the specific conditions realized inside micro-fin tubes;the Miyara et al.criterion equation prediction error is less than 15%;the Cavallini et al.approach gives the highest prediction accuracy;the Goto et al.model overestimates the test data.Such results are critically discussed and some indications for the improvement of such models are provided.

Theoretical Analysis of a Shell and Tubes Condenser with R134a Working Refrigerant and Water-Based Oxide of Aluminum Nanofluid (Al₂O₃)

The article analyzes a shell and tube type condenser’s thermal performance using concepts of efficiency and effectiveness. Freon 134a is used as a coolant flowing through the shell. Water or water-based aluminum oxide nanoparticles are at relatively low saturation pressure in the tube. The condenser consists of 36 tubes divided into three central regions for analysis: superheated steam, saturated steam, and subcooled liquid. The three regions contain four tubes with three steps each, that is, 12 tubes. Region I, superheated steam, includes three horizontal baffles. Profiles of temperature, efficiency, and effectiveness are presented graphically for the three regions, with fixed refrigerant flow equal to 0.20 kg/s and fluid flow rate in the tube ranging from 0.05 kg/s to 0.40 kg/s. The experimental result for vapor pressure equal to 1.2 MPa and water flow equal to 0.41 kg/s was used as one of the references for the model’s physical compatibility.

Effects of R134a Saturation Temperature on a Shell and Tube Condenser with the Nanofluid Flow in the Tube Using the Thermal Efficiency and Effectiveness Concepts

The work’s objective is to analyze the influence of the saturation temperature of the R134a refrigerant on the thermal performance of a shell and tube type condenser, with water and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles flowing into the tube. For analysis, the heat exchanger is subdivided into three regions: subcooled liquid, saturated steam, and superheated steam. The shell and tube heat exchanger assumed as the basis for the study has 36 tubes, with rows of 4 tubes in line and three passes into the tube in each region. The parameters used to analyze the performance are efficiency and effectiveness, through variations of quantities such as saturation temperature, the nanofluid’s mass flow rate, fraction in the nanoparticles’ volume, and the number of passes in the tube in each region of the heat exchanger. The obtained results demonstrate that the efficiency is relatively high in all the analyzed situations. In each saturation temperature, the effectiveness can be increased by introducing fractions of nanoparticles in the water or increasing the number of passes in the tube.

Numerical analysis of heat transfer enhancement on steam condensation in the presence of air outside the tube

In loss-of-coolant accidents,a passive containment heat removal system protects the integrity of the containment by condensing steam.As a large amount of air exists in the containment,the steam condensation heat transfer can be significantly reduced.Based on previous research,traditional methods for enhancing pure steam condensation may not be applicable to steam–air condensation.In the present study,new methods of enhancing condensation heat transfer were adopted and several potentially enhanced heat transfer tubes,including corrugated tubes,spiral fin tubes,and ring fin tubes were designed.STAR-CCM+was used to determine the effect of enhanced heat transfer tubes on the steam condensation heat transfer.According to the calculations,the gas pressure ranged from 0.2 to 1.6 MPa,and air mass fraction ranged from 0.1 to 0.9.The effective perturbation of the high-concentration air layer was identified as the key factor for enhancing steam–air condensation heat transfer.Further,the designed corrugated tube performed well at atmospheric pressure,with a maximum enhancement of 27.4%,and performed poorly at high pressures.In the design of spiral fin tubes,special attention should be paid to the locations that may accumulate high-concentration air.Nonetheless,the ring-fin tubes generally displayed good performance under all conditions of interest,with a maximum enhancement of 24.2%.

Theoretical Research on R245fa Condensation Heat Transfer inside a Horizontal Tube

Numerical simulation on R245fa condensation inside an inner diameter of 8 mm horizontal tube is researched in this paper. The effect of variation in velocity, condensation temperature and superheat of inlet steam and variation in cooling water temperature on heat transfer coefficient are investigated as a parametric study. Condensation process of steam has been successfully modeled by applying a user defined function (UDF) added to the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package. By analyzing the corresponding condensate contours and the curves of local heat transfer coefficient, the relationships between condensation heat transfer coefficient and various parameters of R245fa inside horizontal tube are obtained. It shows that the heat transfer coefficient increases by the increase in velocity, condensation temperature and superheat of inlet steam and the decrease in cooling water temperature. The errors between the heat transfer coefficient of simulation result and model of Wang and Shah are within ±30%. The parametric study will provide the basis for designing efficient heat exchangers of R245fa.

Study and Redesign of Aircooler System in a 16 MW Steam Turbine Surface Condenser at Neka Power Plant

According to the study of basic Rankin thermal cycle, the steam exhaust pressure of a typical steam turbine toward the condenser, plays a great role in the efficiency and the net output power of the steam turbine, so most surface condensers that are working in thermal power plants are kept at vacuum condition so that the maximum power of thermal cycle can be achieved. The vacuum pressure at condenser leads to the entering of air and Non-condensable gases from turbine gland seals to condenser so that the special air ejection equipment is being used to take apart air from steam and vent it to out of condenser. In this study, a special steam and air separator mechanism in an evacuating system called “Aircooler” at a 16 MW steam turbine condenser is being studied and the Fluent CFD software is utilized to analyze the behavior of steam plus air in a typical aircooler system of 16 MW steam turbine condenser of Neka power plant to find a way to reduce the risk of cooling tube rupture in aircooler ducts. The critical condition which tube rupture happens is determined and it is demonstrated that in hot seasons of year, by increasing the seawater cooling temperature and increasing in turbine steam exhaust pressure and temperature, the risk of tube rupture due to more mixture velocity at the first row of aircooler cooling tubes increases and also the effect of tube plugged condition on the performance of aircooler shows that the risk of other tubes rupture will increase and thus the efficiency of aircooler decreases due to more aircooler exhaust temperature. Finally, two modified plans at aircooler system design will be studied and simulated via Fluent CFD software which leads to reduce the risk of tube rupture. The results show that by modification of aircooler ducts and holes, the mixture air and steam flow velocity to first aircooler cooling tube row decreases significantly and causes the risk of tube rupture to decrease remarkably and also the exhaust temperature of aircooler decreases and causes the higher ejector performance.

R513A在水平螺纹管内冷凝换热性能与压降

为研究R513A在内螺纹管中的冷凝换热性能与流动特性,通过实验对R513A在外径为12.7 mm和9.52 mm的光滑管和内螺纹管中的冷凝换热系数和压降进行分析,实验工况为:质量流速50—270 kg/(m^(2)·s),冷凝温度33、35、38、40℃。结果表明:R513A与R134a在光滑管内的冷凝换热系数差值为-18.8%—-25.5%,在螺纹管内差值为-5.5%—0.8%,螺纹管对于R513A的管内冷凝换热效果的增强更为显著;R513A的压降比R134a低5.6%—17.8%;随着管径的减小,R513A的管内冷凝换热系数和压降均增大。Oliver关联式对所测试螺纹管的管内冷凝换热系数的预测精度最高,平均误差值约为14.56%;对于管内压降的预测,所选关联式的计算结果与部分实验值存在较大误差;新拟合的压降关联式对R513A在内螺纹管内冷凝的压降预测结果较好,95.32%的数据点在30%误差线之内。

水平微肋管内R513A冷凝换热特性研究

采用实验方法研究了R513A在光管和不同齿密度微肋管内的冷凝换热性能,并通过对比冷凝换热系数实验值与关联式的预测值,探究了现有关联式对R513A的适用性,实验在冷凝温度33、35、38℃,质量流速50~150 kg/(m^(2)·s)的工况范围内进行。实验结果表明:冷凝换热系数随质量流速的增大而增大,在低质量流速区域,微肋管的冷凝换热系数增长幅度更大;随着齿密度的增加,管内换热面积增大,但管内表面张力作用增强,相应的流动阻力增强,强化传热作用被削弱;与R134a相比,微肋管对R513A的强化传热效果更优;对于光管,Bashar关联式的预测效果最佳,Cavallini关联式与Dobson关联式在低质量流速区域的预测误差偏大;对于微肋管,Yu关联式的预测效果最理想,Cavallini关联式与Kedzierski关联式均低估了管内冷凝换热特性。以Kedzierski关联式为基础,拟合了新的修正关联式,修正关联式的预测值与实验值的一致性较好,其平均绝对误差与标准差分别为7.8%、8.5%。

管束排列方式对LNG冷能发电中间介质气化器丙烷管外凝结影响分析

以LNG冷能发电装置中的中间介质气化器中冷凝器丙烷管外凝结过程为研究对象,建立相应数值模型,采用VOF模型追踪气液相界面,利用LEE模型作为相变传热传质模型,对管外气态丙烷凝结成液膜流动及凝结传热问题进行了瞬态二维CFD模拟。分析了不同管束排列方式下冷凝器丙烷端管外液膜流动和凝结换热特性,并对管外平均换热系数的模拟值进行了相应的计算。此外,还分析了壁面过冷度对丙烷冷凝相变过程的影响,发现在壁面过冷度较大时,顺排和叉排结构中最底排管道处皆出现了气体回流现象,导致最底排的管道最先出现液滴。

R134a及其混合物管外凝结换热特性的试验研究

针对制冷剂R134a及其与R125的混合物,在光管及强化管外的凝结换热特性进行了试验研究。研究表明:R134a在光管外凝结换热系数的变化与Nusselt理论解相吻合;与光管相比,强化管外凝结换热系数更高,当热流密度为25 kW/m^(2)时,R134a的强化倍率为15.27,而R134a/R125在R125占比分别为6%、12%、18%下的强化倍率分别是7.45、5.74、5.38,R417A的强化倍率为6.69。对于光管,含R125的R134a混合物凝结换热系数随热流密度的增大而减小;对于强化管,则随热流密度的增大而增大。

基于大涡模拟方法的可压缩空化流流场数值模拟分析

针对可压缩空化流流场细节特征,对空化的回射流机制与凝结激波机制下的空化云演化过程进行大涡模拟。通过对比文献实验数据验证了可压缩空化流数值模拟方法的可靠性,并分析了空化数σ、CN空化数、St数和压力损失系数K等无量纲参数,发现数值模拟对空化流压力-速度耦合计算的准确性方面还有待进一步提升。两种空化机制情况下,涡环生长是空化云脱落后耗散过程,涡环溃灭成游离涡是耗散结果;通过大涡模拟实现两种机制下的空化模拟,对比发现回射流机制的空化的无量纲参数偏差较少,凝结激波具有一定偏差;凝结激波的功率谱密度分析发现满足-7/3标度律,回射流满足-5/3标度律。

椭圆型套管-管翅式蒸发式冷凝器传热传质性能及实验研究

介绍了一种椭圆型套管-管翅式蒸发式冷凝器,通过搭建的蒸发式冷凝器性能测试实验系统,研究该蒸发式冷凝器在不同循环水配比、不同地区环境以及“风冷”“水冷”“蒸发冷凝”和“全工况”4种不同运行模式下的传热传质性能与运行特性的变化规律。结果表明:在相同条件下“全工况”模式的热流密度高于“风冷”和“蒸发冷凝”两种模式,而“水冷”模式由于其传热面积远小于其它模式,所以其热流密度最高;“全工况”模式在保持配风量及循环水总量一定的条件下,热流密度随循环水配比的增大而先增大后减小,喷淋水与冷却水的流量最佳配比为2∶5;“全工况”模式在严寒干燥地区、寒冷地区以及夏热冬暖地区的总热流密度分别为5879.64、3964.28及2933.05 W/m^(2),因此不同地区环境运行的传热性能相差较大,该冷凝器“全工况”模式在空气干燥的地区,喷淋冷却水温度范围为13~18℃运行时传热性能较优。在相同的条件下,“蒸发冷凝”模式的水膜传质系数高于“全工况”模式,且两者均随喷淋密度的增大先增大后减小。

钛纳米涂层换热器管束在大型冷换设备中的应用

针对石油化工装置中的特大型水冷器与冷凝器的设备防腐,目前主要是采用热固化涂料对换热器管束进行防腐涂装。经过实践证明,防腐蚀涂层通常使用2~3 a便会出现失效问题,其使用寿命达不到设计要求。某0.6 Mt/a甲醇深加工装置丙烯制冷剂冷凝器循环水侧管束的防腐蚀涂层已使用3 a,重点对该管束涂层的失效原因进行分析,认为其失效原因主要有两个,一是涂层材料与涂装的问题;二是涂层表面存在水垢层,造成垢下腐蚀,使换热管热阻增加,冷凝效果下降。根据换热器管束防腐涂层存在的问题,设计了一种节能防腐钛纳米涂层管束。此钛纳米涂料可常温固化,有利于现场涂装施工。管束经涂装后可以连续安全使用10 a以上,在换热器管束防腐蚀技术中,钛纳米涂层是目前综合效益最好的一种。

一款改进的家用热回收空调热力性能实验研究

为提高家用空调器利用率并节能减排,通过改进得到一款具有制冷、供暖、全天候供热水和冷凝热回收制取热水四种功能的热回收空调器。热力性能实验结果表明,改进后的热回收空调器各模式运行可靠,节能效果显著。

圆形截面凝汽器布管设计及换热性能分析

凝汽器是蒸汽动力系统重要的设备之一,其换热性能直接影响整个系统的运行效率。多领域对更高效凝汽器的需求不断涌现,针对凝汽器的结构设计迭代与换热性能优化的研究具有重要意义。文中在FLUENT计算平台中,基于多孔介质模型通过自定义函数嵌入管间换热模型、质量汇与阻力模型,分析了一种圆形截面凝汽器布管方式的换热性能。结果表明,相比于管内冷却水工况的变化,蒸汽流速变化引起的管外热阻变化更大程度地影响平均换热系数。依据实际运行工况参数范围,入口蒸汽流速为30~70 m/s,冷却水流速为0.72~2.15 m/s,冷却水温度为25~28℃,平均换热系数最大可达3562 W(/m^(2)·K),同时压降范围为211~525 kPa。该结构设计表现出较好的换热性能和较低的压力损失,但局部不凝结气体的积聚表明该结构仍有进一步改进的空间。

凝汽器布管优化及其节能改造

CFD技术的发展为凝汽器流场仿真优化提供了更为可行和便捷的方法。为设计更为合理高效的凝汽器布管方式,文章通过采用商业CFD软件和二维多孔介质模型对凝汽器壳侧布管进行流动仿真,得出管束分析截面的速度场、压力场、不凝结气体浓度的仿真结果,指导布管优化。结合凝汽器实际改造项目性能试验结果,验证了基于FLUENT二维多孔介质模型对凝汽器进行仿真优化是可行、可靠的。根据仿真结果指导进行的凝汽器改造的实际节能效果显著。

Condensation Induced by Rarefaction Waves and Reflected Rarefaction Waves

In this paper,homogeneous condensation induced by unsteady rarefaction waves and reflected rarefaction waves in vapor-gas mixture was investigated experimentally.It is shown that the temperature of condensation onset during very fast unsteady expansion in vapor-gas mixture is much lower than that during equilibrium process in the atmosphere. It is of interest to indicate that the size of droplets approximates a constant,but the number density and the mass density of droplets change rapidly in the region of static flow.