Smart Cellulose‑Based Janus Fabrics with Switchable Liquid Transportation for Personal Moisture and Thermal Management

The Janus fabrics designed for personal moisture/thermal regulation have garnered significant attention for their potential to enhance human comfort.However,the development of smart and dynamic fabrics capable of managing personal moisture/thermal comfort in response to changing external environments remains a challenge.Herein,a smart cellulose-based Janus fabric was designed to dynamically manage personal moisture/heat.The cotton fabric was grafted with N-isopropylacrylamide to construct a temperature-stimulated transport channel.Subsequently,hydrophobic ethyl cellulose and hydrophilic cellulose nanofiber were sprayed on the bottom and top sides of the fabric to obtain wettability gradient.The fabric exhibits anti-gravity directional liquid transportation from hydrophobic side to hydrophilic side,and can dynamically and continuously control the transportation time in a wide range of 3–66 s as the temperature increases from 10 to 40℃.This smart fabric can quickly dissipate heat at high temperatures,while at low temperatures,it can slow down the heat dissipation rate and prevent the human from becoming too cold.In addition,the fabric has UV shielding and photodynamic antibacterial properties through depositing graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets on the hydrophilic side.This smart fabric offers an innovative approach to maximizing personal comfort in environments with significant temperature variations.

CMOS FinFET Fabricated on Bulk Silicon Substrate

A CMOS FinFET fabricated on bulk silicon substrate is demonstrated.Besides owning a FinFET structure similar to the original FinFET on SOI,the device combines a grooved planar MOSFET in the Si substrate and the fabrication processes are fully compatible with conventional CMOS process,including salicide technology.The CMOS device,inverter,and CMOS ring oscillator of this structure with normal poly silicon and W/TiN gate electrode are fabricated respectively.Driving current and sub threshold characteristics of CMOS FinFET on Si substrate with actual gate length of 110nm are studied.The inverter operates correctly and minimum per stage delay of 201 stage ring oscillator is 146ps at V d=3V.The result indicates the device is a promising candidate for the application of future VLSI circuit.

一种面向联盟链Hyperledger Fabric的并发冲突事务优化方法

随着区块链技术应用的普及,联盟链Hyperledger Fabric(简称Fabric)已成为知名区块链开源平台,并得到广泛关注.然而Fabric仍受困于并发事务间冲突问题,冲突发生时会引发大量无效交易上链,导致吞吐量下降,阻碍其发展.对于该问题,现有面向块内冲突的方案缺乏高效的冲突检测和避免方法,同时现有研究往往忽略区块间冲突对吞吐量的不利影响.提出了一种Fabric的优化方案Fabric-HT(fabric with high throughput),从区块内和区块间2方面入手,有效降低事务间并发冲突和提高系统吞吐量.针对区块内事务冲突,提出了一种事务调度机制,根据块内冲突事务集定义了一种高效数据结构——依赖关系链,识别具有“危险结构”的事务并提前中止,合理调度事务和消除冲突;针对区块间事务冲突,将冲突事务检测提前至排序节点完成,建立以“推送-匹配”为核心的冲突事务早期避免机制.在多场景下开展大量实验,结果表明Fabric-HT在吞吐量、事务中止率、事务平均执行时间、无效事务空间占用率等方面均优于对比方案.Fabric-HT吞吐量最高可达Fabric的9.51倍,是最新优化方案FabricSharp的1.18倍;空间利用率上相比FabricSharp提升了14%.此外,Fabric-HT也表现出较好的鲁棒性和抗攻击能力.

基于Fabric的海量交易数据上链预处理机制

Hyperledger Fabric是一种国内外广泛使用的联盟链框架,在基于Fabric技术的一些业务中具有协同组织众多、交易操作频繁、事务冲突增加等特点。Fabric采用的多版本并发控制技术能够在一定程度上解决部分交易冲突,提升系统并发性,但其机制不完善,会出现部分交易数据无法正常上链存储的问题。为了实现海量交易数据完整、高效、可信的上链存储,提出一种基于Fabric预言机的数据上链预处理机制。设计海量数据冲突预处理(MCPP)方法,通过检测、监听、延时提交、事务加锁、重排序缓存等方式实现主键冲突交易数据的完整上链。引入数据传输保障措施,在传输过程中利用非对称加密技术防止恶意节点伪造认证信息,确保交易数据链外处理前后的一致性。通过理论分析和实验结果表明,该机制可有效解决联盟链平台中海量交易数据上链时的并发冲突问题,当交易数据规模达到1 000和10 000时,MCPP的时效性比LMLS提高了38%和21.4%,且成功率接近100%,具有高效性和安全性,同时在无并发冲突情况下不影响Fabric系统性能。

Review on nanocomposites fabricated by mechanical alloying

Composites are composed of multiphase materials, where each phase has specific properties that differ from those of the other phases which can effect on the whole properties of composite. Nanocomposites are class of materials that contain at least one phase in the nanometric size range and can be produced by any suitable technique for preparing nanomaterials. Composites are an interesting class of materials that have recently been used in numerous applications, including structural, biomedical, electronics, and environmental applications. In composites, reinforcements might be fibers, particulates, or whiskers. Mechanical alloying(MA) is a promising technique for producing nanocomposite materials that are difficult or impossible to prepare via conventional techniques. In this review, we provide an overview of nanocomposites prepared by the MA process. The mechanism of milling and other milling parameters are overviewed, and insights into sintering categories and parameters are also presented.

基于CP-ABE算法的Fabric隐私保护模型

传统区块链系统缺少对区块数据的隐私保护。结合CP-ABE(基于属性加密的密文策略)算法和IPFS(星际文件系统),提出一种可以对Fabric区块链实现访问控制的隐私保护模型CP-PPM。CP-PPM的数据所有者可以灵活设置访问控制策略。仿真结果表明,与现有Fabric区块链系统相比,CP-PPM模型支持细粒度的访问控制,具有更强的隐私保护效果;CP-ABE算法可以安全初始化,对数据的加解密效率更高,同时增强了区块链系统的存储性能。

Progress in Research on Nanometer Al_2O_3 Fabricated by Sol-Gel Method

Nanometer Al_2O_3 is one of new types of functional materials with broad application and development prospects in the future. The basic principle and ways of nanometer Al_2O_3 fabricated using sol-gel technique were introduced, and the factors affecting nanometer Al_2O_3 fabricated using sol-gel method were analyzed. The progress in research on nanometer Al_2O_3 and the application fields of nanometer Al_2O_3 were reviewed. The existing problems and the problems prospect for nanometer Al_2O_3 were pointed out.

Anisotropic NdFeB Magnet Fabricated by Single Stroke Hot Deformation

The general hot deformation process consists of two steps, hot pressing and die-upsetting in order to obtain the anisotropic NdFeB magnet. This is the first report that the high anisotropy NdFeB magnets can be fabricated by single stroke hot deforming the isotropic magnet. The magnetic properties of those materials are: coercivity iHc ～11 kOe, remanence Br ～12 kG, and the maximum energy product (BH)max ～28 MG.Oe.

The journey of multifunctional bone scaffolds fabricated from traditional toward modern techniques

As a bone scaffold,meeting all basic requirements besides dealing with other bone-related issues-bone cancer and accelerated regeneration-is not expected from traditional scaffolds,but a newer class of scaffolds called multifunctional.From a clinical point of view,being a multifunctional scaffold means reducing in healing time,direct costs-medicine,surgery,and hospitalization-and indirect costs-loss of mobility,losing job,and pain.The main aim of the present review is following the multifunctional bone scaffolds trend to deal with both bone regeneration and cancer therapy.Special consideration is given to different fabrication techniques which have been applied to yield these materials spanning from traditional to modern ones.Moreover,the hierarchical structure of bone plus bone cancers and available medicines to them are introduced to familiarize the potential reader of review with the pluri-disciplinary essence of the field.Eventually,a brief discussion relating to the future trend of these materials is provided.

Novel Resonant Accelerometer with Micro Leverage Fabricated by MEMS Technology

For the purpose of improving the precision of the inertial guidance system,it is necessary to enhance the accuracy of the accelerometer.Combining the micro-fabrication processes with resonant sensor technology,a high-resolution inertial-grade novel micro resonant accelerometer is studied.Based on the detecting theory of the resonant sensors,the accelerometer is designed,fabricated,and tested.The accelerometer consists of one proofmass,two micro leverages and two double-ended-tuning-fork （DETF） resonators.The sensing principle of this accelerometer is based on that the natural frequency of the DETF resonator shifts with its axial load which is caused by inertial force.The push-pull configuration of the DETF is for temperature compensation.The two-stage micro leverage mechanisms are employed to amplify the force and increase the sensitivity of the accelerometer.The micro leverage and the resonator are modeled for static analysis and nonlinear modal analysis via theory method and finite element method （FEM）,respectively.The geometrical parameters of them are optimized.The amplification factor of the leverage is 102,and the sensitivity of the resonator on theory is about 62 Hz/g.The samples of the accelerometer are fabricated with deep reactive ion etching （DRIE） technology which can get a high-aspect ratio structure for contributing a greater sensing-capacitance.The measuring results of the samples by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） show that the process is feasible,because of the complete structure,the sound combs and micro leverages,and the acceptable errors.The frequency of the resonator and the sensitivity of the accelerometer are tested via printed circuit board （PCB）,respectively.The result of the test shows that the frequency of the push-resonator is about 54 530 Hz and the sensitivity of the accelerometer is about 55 Hz/g.The amplification factor of the leverage is calculated more accurately because the coupling of the two stages leverage is considered during derivation of the analysis formula.In addition,the novel differential structure of the accelerometer can greatly improve the sensitivity of the accelerometers.

High-Temperature Superconducting YBa_(2)Cu_(3)O_(7-δ)Josephson Junction Fabricated with a Focused Helium Ion Beam

As a newly developed method for fabricating Josephson junctions,a focused helium ion beam has the advantage of producing reliable and reproducible junctions.We fabricated Josephson junctions with a focused helium ion beam on our 50 nm YBa_(2)Cu_(3)O_(7-δ)(YBCO)thin films.We focused on the junction with irradiation doses ranging from 100 to 300 ions/nm and demonstrated that the junction barrier can be modulated by the ion dose and that within this dose range,the junctions behave like superconductor–normal conductor–superconductor junctions.The measurements of the I–V characteristics,Fraunhofer diffraction pattern,and Shapiro steps of the junctions clearly show AC and DC Josephson effects.Our findings demonstrate high reproducibility of junction fabrication using a focused helium ion beam and suggest that commercial devices based on this nanotechnology could operate at liquid nitrogen temperatures.

Efficient nonfullerene organic solar cells with active layers fabricated by water transfer printing

Preparation of high-quality films plays an important role to achieve high-performance nonfullerene (NF) organic solar cells. NF active layer films are typically fabricated by spin coating. Novel fabrication methods to process the NF active layer are desirable to be compatible with large-area production. Herein, we report on the fabrication of NF active layer films via a water transfer printing method.This method delivers a uniform film with controllable film thicknesses. NF active layers of PDBD-T:ITIC and PBDB-T-2F:IT-4F were fabricated via the method to validate its effectiveness. Solar cells with the water transfer-printed active layers show comparable performance (up to 11.7%) to the cells with spin-coated active layers. Furthermore, NF solar modules containing 4-sub cells with the active area of 3.2 cm2 are also fabricated via the method. The module shows VOC of up to 3.4 V and a power conversion efficiency of 8.1% with the PBDB-T-2F:IT-4F active layer.

Supercontinuum Generation in Lithium Niobate Ridge Waveguides Fabricated by Proton Exchange and Ion Beam Enhanced Etching

We report on the fabrication of the lO-mm-long lithium niobate ridge waveguide and its supercontinuum gen- eration at near-visible wavelengths （around 800hm）. The waveguides are fabricated by a combination of MeV copper ion implantation followed by wet etching in a proton exchanged lithium niobate planar waveguide. Using a mode-locked Ti：sapphire laser with a central wavelength of 800nm, the generated broadest supereontinuum through the ridge waveguides spans 302 nm （at -30 dB points）, from 693 to 995 nm. Temporal coherence proper- ties of the supercontinuum are experimentally studied by a Michelson interferometer and the coherence length of the broadest supercontinuum is measured to be 5.2 μm. Our results offer potential for a compact and integrated supercontinuum source for applications including bio-imaging, spectroscopy and optical communication.

Polyimide Humidity Integrated Sensor Fabricated Using the MEMS Process

This paper reports on the fabrication and sensing characteristics of Polyimide-based humidity sensor,based on that,a new integrated circuit of humidity measurement has been designed.It is a novel capacitive-type systems on a chip structure using the MEMS process.The results show that the new sensor presents sensing characteristics over a humidity range from 10%～70% RH at 20℃,and the sensor is able to fabricated together with ICs technology.The result shows that integration of humidity sensor with integrated circuit of humidity measurement is considerably easier when they are built in sensing groove.The appeal of a new structure like this brings the possibility of applications that would require the flexibility of simple screen printing.

Selective Area Growth and Characterization of GaN Nanorods Fabricated by Adjusting the Hydrogen Flow Rate and Growth Temperature with Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition

CaN nanorods are successfully fabricated by adjusting the flow rate ratio of hydrogen （H2）/nitrogen （N2） and growth temperature of the selective area growth （SAG） method with metal organic chemical vapor deposition （MOCVD）. The SAG template is obtained by nanospherical-lens photolithography. It is found that increasing the flow rate of 1-12 will change the CaN crystal shape from pyramid to vertical rod, while increasing the growth temperature will reduce the diameters of GaN rods to nanometer scale. Finally the CaN nanorods with smooth lateral surface and relatively good quality are obtained under the condition that the H2：N2 ratio is 1：1 and the growth temperature is 1030℃. The good crystal quality and orientation of GaN nanorods are confirmed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The cathodoluminescence spectrum suggests that the crystal and optical quality is also improved with increasing the temperature.

Trace Metal Leaching from Cookware Locally Fabricated from Scrap Metal: A Case Study of Ntungamo District, Uganda

Heavy metal exposure remains a significant public health problem, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa where use of artisanal cookware made from recycled metallic materials is still common. In this study, the effect of cookware composition, cleaning material, heating duration and temperature on metal migration from different cookware, including artisanal pans was investigated. Trace element concentrations were determined with Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Locally fabricated cookware leached the highest levels of metals, where the levels of Pb (9.00 ± 0.80 × 10-2 mg/l), Al (11.40 ± 0.02 × 10-2 mg/l), Cd (5.80 ± 0.30 × 10-2 mg/l), Cr (6.60 ± 0.03 × 10-2 mg/l) and Ni (3.00 ± 0.01 × 10-2 mg/l) were above the WHO permissible limits of heavy metals for drinking water. Steel wire was the most aggressive cleaning material to the cookware surfaces, followed by sand and then ash. For cookware heated at 100°C and above, an exponential relationship between temperature and the migration of Al, Pb and Cd was observed. The findings revealed heavy metal exposure from cookware usage, which poses potential health risks to the population. There is need for policies and civic education to minimize this exposure.

Study on the Thermal Performances of a New Type of Fabricated Thermally Insulating Decorative Wall Material

This study proposes three possible keel-surface layer combinations to implement a new type of thermally insulating decorative wall system.A set of 8 samples has been studied.In particular,through theoretical calculations,simulations,and experimental verification,the influence of different types of connecting structures on the overall thermal performance of the wall system has been determined.It has been found that a proper combination of these elements can meet existing energy-saving standards and effectively reduce the energy loss caused by thermal bridges due to the installation of steel keels at the edges of integrated wall panels.

2D multifunctional devices:from material preparation to device fabrication and neuromorphic applications

Neuromorphic computing systems,which mimic the operation of neurons and synapses in the human brain,are seen as an appealing next-generation computing method due to their strong and efficient computing abilities.Two-dimensional (2D) materials with dangling bond-free surfaces and atomic-level thicknesses have emerged as promising candidates for neuromorphic computing hardware.As a result,2D neuromorphic devices may provide an ideal platform for developing multifunctional neuromorphic applications.Here,we review the recent neuromorphic devices based on 2D material and their multifunctional applications.The synthesis and next micro–nano fabrication methods of 2D materials and their heterostructures are first introduced.The recent advances of neuromorphic 2D devices are discussed in detail using different operating principles.More importantly,we present a review of emerging multifunctional neuromorphic applications,including neuromorphic visual,auditory,tactile,and nociceptive systems based on 2D devices.In the end,we discuss the problems and methods for 2D neuromorphic device developments in the future.This paper will give insights into designing 2D neuromorphic devices and applying them to the future neuromorphic systems.

Finite Element Modeling of Variable Membrane Thickness for Field Fabricated Spherical (LNG) Pressure Vessels

This study investigated thickness requirements for field fabricated (large) spherical liquefied natural gas (LNG) pressure vessels using the finite element method. In the FEM modeling, 3-dimenisonal analysis was used to determine thickness requirements at different sections of a 5-m radius spherical vessels based on the allowable stress of the material as given in ASME Section II Part D. Shallow triangular element based on shallow shell formation was employed using area coordinate system which had been proved better than the global coordinate system in an earlier work of the authors applied to shop built vessels. This element has five degrees of freedom at each corner node-five of which are the essential external degrees of freedom excluding nodal degree of freedom associated with in plane shell rotation. Set of equations resulting from Finite Element Analysis were solved with computer programme code written in FORTRAN 90 while the thickness requirements of each section of spherical pressure vessels subjected to different loading conditions were determined. The results showed membrane thickness decreasing from the base upwards for LNG vessels but constant thickness for compressed gas vessels. The obtained results were validated using values obtained from ASME Section VIII Part UG. The results showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) with values obtained through ASME Section VIII Part UG.

Vertical Schottky ultraviolet photodetector based on graphene and top–down fabricated GaN nanorod arrays

GaN has been widely used in the fabrication of ultraviolet photodetectors because of its outstanding properties.In this paper,we report a graphene–GaN nanorod heterostructure photodetector with fast photoresponse in the UV range.GaN nanorods were fabricated by a combination mode of dry etching and wet etching.Furthermore,a graphene–GaN nanorod heterostructure ultraviolet detector was fabricated and its photoelectric properties were measured.The device exhibits a fast photoresponse in the UV range.The rising time and falling time of the transient response were 13 and 8 ms,respectively.A high photovoltaic responsivity up to 13.9 A/W and external quantum efficiency up to 479%were realized at the UV range.The specific detectivity D*=1.44×10^(10) Jones was obtained at–1 V bias in ambient conditions.The spectral response was measured and the highest response was observed at the 360 nm band.