In situ strength profiles along two adjacent vertical drillholes from digitalization of hydraulic rotary drilling

Drilling speed and associated analyses from factual field data of hydraulic rotary drilling have not been fully utilized.The paper provides the reference and comparison for the utilization of drilling information from two adjacent vertical drillholes that were formed with the same hydraulic rotary drilling machine and bit.The analysis of original factual data is presented to obtain the constant drilling speed during net drilling process.According to the factual data along two adjacent drillholes,the digitalization results respectively include 461 linear zones and 210 linear zones with their constant drilling speeds and associated drilling parameters.The digitalization results can accurately present the spatial distributions and interface boundaries of drilled geomaterials and the results are consistent with the paralleled site loggings.The weighted average drilling speeds from 2.335 m/min to 0.044 m/min represent 13 types of drilled geomaterials from soils to hard rocks.The quantitative relation between drilling speed and strength property is provided.The digitalization results can statistically profile the basic strength quality grades of III to VI from soils to hard rocks.The thickness distributions of four strength quality grades are presented for each individual type of geomaterials along two drillholes.In total,50.2%of geomaterials from drillhole A are grade IV and 57.4%of geomaterials from drillhole B are grade III.The digitalization results can offer an accurate and cost-effective tool to quantitatively describe the spatial distribution and in situ strength profile of drilled geomaterials in the current drilling projects.

Evaluation of the energy efficiency of rotary percussive drilling using dimensionless energy index

This paper sets forth a geomechanics framework for assessing the energy efficiency of rotary percussive drilling using the energy criterion, which has been proposed by Victor Oparin for volumetric destruction of high-stress rocks having nonuniform physico-mechanical properties. We review the long-term research and development in the specified area of science and technology, including research and development projects implemented at the Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. A new modified expression of Oparin’s dimensionless energy criterion of volumetric rock destruction k is introduced. The range of in situ values is determined for the energy criterion of volumetric rock destruction at the optimized energy efficiency of rotary percussive drilling. The temporospatial intervals of geotechnical monitoring are found to control pneumatic drilling energy efficiency at subsoil use objects in Russia. The integrated experimental, theoretical and geotechnical approach to the comprehensive investigation of real-time processes of rock fracture in rotary percussive drilling using the energy concept possesses the necessary geomechanical performance-and-technology potential to create the next level geotechnical monitoring of drilling systems for various purposes, including determination of physico-mechanical properties and the stress-strain analysis of rock mass in full-scale drilling.

Integrated design and control technology of liner completion and drilling for horizontal wells

Aiming at the problems of large load of rotation drive system,low efficiency of torque transmission and high cost for operation and maintenance of liner steering drilling system for the horizontal well,a new method of liner differential rotary drilling with double tubular strings in the horizontal well is proposed.The technical principle of this method is revealed,supporting tools such as the differential rotation transducer,composite rotary steering system and the hanger are designed,and technological process is optimized.A tool face control technique of steering drilling assembly is proposed and the calculation model of extension limit of liner differential rotary drilling with double tubular strings in horizontal well is established.These results show that the liner differential rotary drilling with double tubular strings is equipped with measurement while drilling(MWD)and positive displacement motor(PDM),and directional drilling of horizontal well is realized by adjusting rotary speed of drill pipe to control the tool face of PDM.Based on the engineering case of deep coalbed methane horizontal well in the eastern margin of Ordos Basin,the extension limit of horizontal drilling with double tubular strings is calculated.Compared with the conventional liner drilling method,the liner differential rotary drilling with double tubular strings increases the extension limit value of horizontal well significantly.The research findings provide useful reference for the integrated design and control of liner completion and drilling of horizontal wells.

Prediction of rotary drilling penetration rate in iron ore oxides using rock engineering system

Prediction of the drilling penetration rate is one of the important parameters in mining operations. This parameter has a direct impact on the mine planning and cost of mining operations, Generally, effective parameters on the penetration rate is divided into two classes： rock mass properties and specifications of the machine, The chemical components of intact rock have a direct effect in determining rock mechan- ical properties, Theses parameters usually have not been investigated in any research on the rock drill- ability, In this study, physical and mechanical properties of iron ore were studied based on the amount of magnetite percent, According to the results of the tests, the effective parameters on the pen- etration rate of the rotary drilling machines were divided into three classes： specifications of the machi- nes, rock mass properties and chemical component of intact rock, Then, the rock drillahility was studied using rock engineering systems, The results showed that feed, rotation, rock mass index and iron oxide percent have important effect on penetration rate, Then a quadratic equation with 0,896 determination coefficient has been obtained, Also, the results showed that chemical components can he described as new parameters in rotary drill penetration rate,

Rock fracture density characterization using measurement while drilling(MWD) techniques

Accurate determination of rock mass properties is a critical part of open-pit mine planning activities to enable more prescriptive blast designs to achieve improved loading and hauling and downstream process efficiency. Better and more accurate blast practice that delivers enhanced outcomes(better fragmentation, improved diggability, less dilution, etc.) is a critical and fundamental element of being able to achieve an effective Mine-Mill approach at a mining operation. Based on previous work, it has been demonstrated that an accurate representation of the rock mass properties can be obtained from the analysis of variations in blasthole drill performance as derived from measurement while drilling(MWD) systems when using tricone bits. This paper further investigates how monitored rate of penetration,pulldown force, rotary torque, rotary speed and bailing air pressure responses can be used to determine the presence of open and partially open fractures having varying dip angles. Based on a correlation of geophysically measured fracture logs and monitored drill performance variables in the same blastholes, the results show that the latter responses can accurately determine open versus closed fractures. The results also identified that variations in rate of penetration and rotary torque show the most sensitivity in the presence of open fractures that intersect a vertical blasthole at near orthogonal angles.

Enhancing diamond drilling performance by the addition of non-ionic polymer to the flushing media

Drilling is a most important and crucial operation in the excavation industries.With the objective of looking into the enhancement of diamond drilling performance detailed laboratory investigations were carried out on phosphate rock.The effect of Poly（Ethylene Oxide）（PEO） added to the drilling water was studied by varying machine parameters and PEO concentration.The responses were rate of penetration and torque at the bit rock interface.Slake durability tests were also performed to understand the slaking behavior of phosphate rock in PEO solutions.

Processing of measurement while drilling data for rock mass characterization

The information extracted from monitoring of rotary blasthole drills helps to optimize the overall mining operation. Rock hardness, drillability, blastability and specific energy of drilling are examples of parameters that have been estimated in the past using measurement while drilling techniques. In order to be able to properly utilize measurement while drilling techniques, it is important to properly collect, analyze and interpret extracted data. This paper deals with processing of measurement while drilling data such as rate of penetration, rotary speed, rotary torque and pulldown force collected from rotary blasthole drills.Different methods are discussed to calculate a true rate of penetration which is the most important monitored drill variable for use in rock mass characterization. Then specific energy of drilling is defined and calculated based on electrical and mechanical inputs and the results are compared. The results show that specific energy of drilling can be estimated using the drill's primary drive systems' electrical responses with good accuracy when compared to values based on mechanical inputs.

Instrumented borehole drilling for interface identification in intricate weathered granite ground engineering

The successful application in drilling for HK simple weathered granite foundation has revealed its further use in instru- mented drilling system as a ground investigation tool in the detection of other lithology formations, geohazards, underground water, and boundary of orebody. To expand the further use and test the accuracy in identification of formation, an R-20 rotary-hydraulic drill rig was instrumented with a digital drilling process monitoring system （DPM） for drilling in an intricate decomposed granite site. In this test ground, the boreholes revealed that the weathered granite alternately changes between moderate and strong. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the penetrating parameters, indicates the effective thrust force, rotary speed, flushing pressure, penetrating rate, and displacement of the bit fluctuate at ground interfaces. It shows that the parameters get a good response with the change of rock strength at the interfaces, which can reveal the change of the intricate granite formation. Besides, a variable-slope method has been established, for identification of dominative and subsidiary interfaces in the granite site. The result from a t-test shows that the confi- dence of the instrumented drilling system in identification of the geotechnical interfaces is up to 99%.

Application of Frequency Control Technique to a Rotary Drill

The scheme of a frequency control system in a rotary drill is established by integrating a converter and a programmable logic controller （ PLC ）. The principle of speed regulation, characters of speed-up and speed-down, and the mechanical running performance are also analyzed. The result of application indicates that the frequency control system excellently solves the problems of start, stop, and speed regulation of the drill. The equipment maintenance workload and cost are thus reduced.

Dynamic Interaction Analysis of Coupled Axial-Torsional-Lateral Mechanical Vibrations in Rotary Drilling Systems

Maintaining the integrity and longevity of structures is essential in many industries,such as aerospace,nuclear,and petroleum.To achieve the cost-effectiveness of large-scale systems in petroleum drilling,a strong emphasis on structural durability and monitoring is required.This study focuses on the mechanical vibrations that occur in rotary drilling systems,which have a substantial impact on the structural integrity of drilling equipment.The study specifically investigates axial,torsional,and lateral vibrations,which might lead to negative consequences such as bit-bounce,chaotic whirling,and high-frequency stick-slip.These events not only hinder the efficiency of drilling but also lead to exhaustion and harm to the system’s components since they are difficult to be detected and controlled in real time.The study investigates the dynamic interactions of these vibrations,specifically in their high-frequency modes,usingfield data obtained from measurement while drilling.Thefindings have demonstrated the effect of strong coupling between the high-frequency modes of these vibrations on drilling sys-tem performance.The obtained results highlight the importance of considering the interconnected impacts of these vibrations when designing and implementing robust control systems.Therefore,integrating these compo-nents can increase the durability of drill bits and drill strings,as well as improve the ability to monitor and detect damage.Moreover,by exploiting thesefindings,the assessment of structural resilience in rotary drilling systems can be enhanced.Furthermore,the study demonstrates the capacity of structural health monitoring to improve the quality,dependability,and efficiency of rotary drilling systems in the petroleum industry.

A LESO Based Backstepping Controller Considering Coal Seam Hardness for Rotary Speed in Coal Mine Tunnel Drilling Process

In the process of coal mine drilling,controlling the rotary speed is important as it determines the efficiency and safety of drilling.In this paper,a linear extended state observer(LESO)based backstepping controller for rotary speed is proposed,which can overcome the impact of changes in coal seam hardness on rotary speed.Firstly,the influence of coal seam hardness on the drilling rig’s rotary system is considered for the first time,which is reflected in the numerical variation of load torque,and a dynamic model for the design of rotary speed controller is established.Then an LESO is designed to observe the load torque,and feedforward compensation is carried out to overcome the influence of coal seam hardness.Based on the model of the compensated system,a backstepping method is used to design a controller to achieve tracking control of the rotary speed.Finally,the effectiveness of the controller designed in this paper is demonstrated through simulation and field experiments,the steady-state error of the rotary speed in field is 1 r/min,and the overshoot is reduced to 5.8%.This greatly improves the stability and security,which is exactly what the drilling process requires.

四川盆地深层页岩气钻井关键技术新进展及发展展望

四川盆地页岩气资源丰富,目前深层页岩气已成为该盆地天然气增储上产的重点领域,但随着埋深增加和构造背景变化,地质工程条件将更加复杂,钻井过程中将面临井漏风险高、井下工具高温易失效、水平井轨迹控制难度大等技术难题。为此,在系统分析已完钻井实钻数据的基础上,依据深层页岩气区块地质工程特征,系统梳理了影响安全优快钻井的关键技术难点,形成了以地质工程一体化导向技术、钻井提速技术、防漏治漏与复杂防治技术为主体的深层页岩气安全优快钻井关键技术系列。研究结果表明:(1)以精细地质建模优选地质工程“双甜点”、实时靶体追踪为主的地质工程一体化导向技术,实现了地质目标的精准优选和精确追踪;(2)以“高效PDC钻头选型+个性化优化+大扭矩螺杆”高效破岩技术、“MSE+CCS”参数实时优化技术、油基钻井液地面降温+高温旋转导向技术为主的钻井提速技术,实现了页岩气钻井提速提效;(3)以井壁稳定性评价、裂缝性漏层识别、井漏与复杂防治为主的复杂防治技术,从源头降低了井下漏失和卡钻风险。结论认为:(1)形成的深层页岩气安全优快钻井技术,显著提高了机械钻速和铂金靶体钻遇率,在现场规模化推广应用200余口井,单井平均钻井周期降低42.7%,钻井提速效果显著,有力支撑了深层页岩气效益规模开发;(2)深层页岩气钻井将聚焦“地质工程一体化、水平段一趟钻、防漏治漏及智能钻井决策”等方面的技术攻关。

钻井利器的故事之“液动潜孔锤”

在各种钻探方法中,液动冲击回转钻进具有效率高、质量好、回次长、事故少、成本低等优点,而液动潜孔锤又是液动冲击回转钻进的技术核心。本文梳理了各种液动潜孔锤的结构特点及其与绳索取心钻具、孔底动力钻具相结合衍生的各种钻具,简要介绍了这一技术的典型应用案例,总结归纳了其下一步发展方向和技术难点,以期普及液动锤的应用,促进液动冲击回转钻进技术的进步。

旋转导向系统稳定平台自适应动态面控制

井下的多种干扰因素为旋转导向系统稳定平台的控制器设计增加了复杂性。为了应对未知摩擦力矩和建模误差对稳定平台的不良影响,提出一种自适应神经网络动态面控制方法,该方法使用RBF神经网络逼近摩擦及干扰力矩,设置状态观测器获取由于相关参数不确定导致的建模误差,并引入动态面方法避免传统反步控制带来的“微分爆炸”,最后使用李雅普诺夫法证明系统的稳定性。结果表明,该控制方法在稳定平台模型存在摩擦力矩、未知干扰和建模误差的情况下,仍能使工具面角准确、快速地跟踪输入指令信号,具有较好的自适应性和鲁棒性。

夏子街油田X50区块随钻地层边界探测工具应用

夏子街油田X50井区受构造复杂影响,水平井钻井过程中出现钻入储层上部或者下部低钻速泥岩中造成井壁不稳定、卡钻、水平段井斜调整困难、追不到目的层而导致侧钻等问题。针对存在问题,斯伦贝谢公司结合本区块地质及储层的电阻率特征,进行旋转导向配合边界探测工具的可行性研究。边界探测工具探测深度较深,是具有方向性测量的随钻电磁感应测井工具,应用实时导向软件对测量参数进行反演,估算出工具到地层边界的距离以及地层边界的延伸方向。现场实践表明,在第一口水平井SP-2井侧钻过程中,使用边界探测工具能够提前预判储层顶和底部泥岩的位置,并根据轨迹与边界的距离进行实时调整,避免钻遇泥岩,机械钻速提升近两倍,储层钻遇率达100%,减少了循环和决策时间,提高了钻井效率。SP-2井侧钻成功为后期新区开发提供了技术保障,也为实现工程地质一体化奠定了基础。

冲旋步进钻井提速方法的井底裂纹拓展特性

针对深部地层井底岩石硬度高、强度大和应力集中现象导致的岩石可钻性差、破岩效率低和使用寿命短的问题,提出旋冲钻井和差压步进破岩方法相结合的冲旋步进钻井提速新理念。为了研究冲击作用下差压步进钻头破碎地层岩石的裂纹拓展规律,采用有限-离散元(FDEM)方法建立了球齿冲击三维薄板模型,开展了球齿在不同冲击能量、冲击位置及岩石种类等条件下的冲击破岩过程模拟,获得了阶梯型井底岩石在冲击作用下的裂纹扩展规律。研究结果表明:由于阶梯面的存在,球齿在冲击作用下对阶梯型井底造成的预损伤区域比常规井底更大,冲击位置靠近阶梯面的裂纹扩展效果更好;双球齿冲击阶梯井底容易形成较大范围的岩石破碎区,降低了破碎阶梯井底地层岩石的难度;球齿冲击过程中对青砂岩造成的预损伤区域比花岗岩大,在冲击能量相同的情况下球齿冲击破碎花岗岩更为困难。利用冲旋步进钻井方法理论上可以进一步提高难钻地层钻井速度,但具体效果需要经现场试验及优化。所得结论可为深部难钻地层钻井速度的提升提供新的思路。

基于惯性测量单元的旋挖钻机钻具姿态测量方法

为实时获取钻孔过程中钻具的姿态信息,提高机手掌握成孔垂直度,设计了一种基于惯性测量单元的钻具姿态测量方法。该方法采用三轴加速度计、磁力计和陀螺仪构成惯性测量单元,建立基于四元数的姿态测量非线性模型,并采用基于四元数的扩展卡尔曼滤波算法,有效降低振动等干扰信号的影响,提高钻具姿态解算的准确性。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效避免振动对动态测量的干扰,实现旋挖钻机姿态的准确测量,为旋挖钻机施工提供实时、准确的姿态监测手段,为桩基施工质量提供重要保障。

高架桥梁和盾构隧道的相互影响研究

根据江阴滨江路快速化改造及江阴靖江长江隧道工程现场实际施工工序,在桥墩桩基部分完成情况下,隧道左线穿越高架节点,在隧道左线建成工况下完成桥梁剩余桩基及满堂支架上部结构施工,在桥梁完成施工后,隧道右线穿越高架桥梁节点。论文通过Plaxis3D模型分析了盾构隧道施工对已建桥梁的影响,提出施工方案优化及监测等保障措施以确保桥梁施工过程中的隧道绝对安全。

旋冲钻进系统控制策略研究现状与发展趋势

深部硬岩地层钻进效率低、成本高等问题是深井、超深井钻井过程中长期面临的难点问题。旋冲钻进技术由于破岩效率高、能降低黏滑振动以及钻压传递效率高等优点,在深地资源勘探开采、应急钻孔救援、钻井工程施工等领域逐渐得到应用,呈现出广阔的应用前景。然而,旋冲钻进系统具有强耦合、高度非线性、参数时变性、负载工况多变、多源动力协同等特性,常规控制方法难以取得理想的控制效果。为提升深井、超深井高端钻进装备的可靠性和智能化水平,研究钻进系统的控制策略具有重要的理论研究价值和工程实际意义。对旋冲钻进系统的组成结构及功能进行介绍;从钻速、钻压、钻进轨迹控制等角度综述近年来国内外研究机构和学者的研究成果;最后,对旋冲钻进系统控制策略未来的发展方向进行分析与展望。

旋冲钻具凸轮-滚轮冲击机构工作特性分析

旋冲钻具能有效提高深层、硬地层的破岩效率,具有广阔的应用前景。凸轮-滚轮是实现冲击动作的关键机构,但复杂多变的井下环境导致机构损伤严重,进而影响破岩效率。基于旋冲钻具多井次的试钻数据,建立凸轮-滚轮动力学模型,通过显式动力学(Autodyn)分析不同冲程、转速、钻压下的工作特性,总结机构的形变特征提出优化方法。分析结果与试验数据和理论数值对比,验证了计算模型的准确性。结果表明:冲程增大可提高冲击效果,但高于10 mm冲程的滚子实际运动轨迹受钻速、滚轮尺寸、凸轮轮廓曲率影响其轨迹将变平缓。转速在9~18 rad/s时轴向加速度波动幅度较大,对钻具的稳定性具有一定影响。钻压增大凸轮内缘处形变特性明显,其形变量与钻压成正比,25 kN钻压下凸轮的形变量约是10 kN的2.6倍。凸轮齿顶、滚轮内缘处为易变形点,在齿顶处安装可换滚筒同时改变滚轮为鼓轮构型并对抛物线-直线-抛物线、2次多项式、摆线、7次多项式4类凸轮轮廓线型进行特性分析。选用摆线及7次多项式凸轮座轮廓和鼓轮可提高冲击效果,计算结果可为旋冲钻具设计提供参考依据。