Application of excavation compensation method for enhancing stability and efficiency in shallow large-span rock tunnels

Engineering shallow,large-span rock tunnels challenges deformation control and escalates construction costs.This study investigates the excavation compensation method(ECM)and its associated technologies to address these issues.Utilizing five key technologies,the ECM effectively modulates radial stress post-excavation,redistributes stress in the surrounding rock,and eliminates tensile stress at the excavation face.Pre-tensioning measures further enhance the rock’s residual strength,establishing a new stability equilibrium.Field tests corroborate the method’s effectiveness,demonstrating a crown settlement reduction of 3–8 mm,a nearly 50%decrease compared to conventional construction approaches.Additionally,material consumption and construction duration were reduced by approximately 30%–35%and 1.75 months per 100 m,respectively.Thus,the ECM represents a significant innovation in enhancing the stability and construction efficiency of large-span rock tunnels,marking a novel contribution to the engineering field.

Seismic performance evaluation for super-long span cable-stayed bridges

Based on the capacity/demand(C/D)analysis of bridge components,and life cycle and performance based seismic design principles,a practical approach is developed for the seismic performance evaluation of super-long span cable-stayed bridges.According to the approach,the seismic performance evaluation of the Sutong Bridge,which is a cable-stayed bridge with a main span of 1 088 m,is completed,and the practicality of the approach is validated.The earthquake resistance level for super-long span cable-stayed bridges is discussed,including the earthquake level,its corresponding structural performance and check indices.And a set of formula for capacity/demand ratio calculation of bridge components is proposed.

Predictive analysis of stress regime and possible squeezing deformation for super-long water conveyance tunnels in Pakistan

The prediction of the stress field of deep-buried tunnels is a fundamental problem for scientists and engineers. In this study, the authors put forward a systematic solution for this problem. Databases from the World Stress Map and the Crustal Stress of China, and previous research findings can offer prediction of stress orientations in an engineering area. At the same time, the Andersonian theory can be used to analyze the possible stress orientation of a region. With limited in-situ stress measurements, the Hock-Brown Criterion can be used to estimate the strength of rock mass in an area of interest by utilizing the geotechnical investigation data, and the modified Sheorey＇s model can subsequently be employed to predict the areas＇ stress profile, without stress data, by taking the existing in-situ stress measurements as input parameters. In this paper, a case study was used to demonstrate the application of this systematic solution. The planned Kohala hydropower plant is located on the western edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Three hydro-fracturing stress measurement campaigns indicated that the stress state of the area is SH - Sh 〉 Sv or SH 〉Sv 〉 Sh. The measured orientation of Sn is NEE （N70.3°-89°E）, and the regional orientation of SH from WSM is NE, which implies that the stress orientation of shallow crust may be affected by landforms. The modified Sheorey model was utilized to predict the stress profile along the water sewage tunnel for the plant. Prediction results show that the maximum and minimum horizontal principal stres- ses of the points with the greatest burial depth were up to 56.70 and 40.14 MPa, respectively, and the stresses of areas with a burial depth of greater than 500 m were higher. Based on the predicted stress data, large deformations of the rock mass surrounding water conveyance tunnels were analyzed. Results showed that the large deformations will occur when the burial depth exceeds 300 m. When the burial depth is beyond 800 m, serious squeezing deformations will occur in the surrounding rock masses, thus requiring more attention in the design and construction. Based on the application efficiency in this case study, this prediction method proposed in this paper functions accurately.

Stability evaluation method of large cross-section tunnel considering modification of thickness-span ratio in mechanized operation

Purpose-This study aims to research the large cross-section tunnel stability evaluation method corrected after considering the thickness-span ratio.Design/methodology/approach-First,taking the Liuyuan Tunnel of Huanggang-Huangmei High-Speed Railway as an example and taking deflection of the third principal stress of the surrounding rock at a vault after tunnel excavation as the criterion,the critical buried depth of the large section tunnel was determined.Then,the strength reduction method was employed to calculate the tunnel safety factor under different rock classes and thickness-span ratios,and mathematical statistics was conducted to identify the relationships of the tunnel safety factor with the thickness-span ratio and the basic quality(BQ)index of the rock for different rock classes.Finally,the influences of thickness-span ratio,groundwater,initial stress of rock and structural attitude factors were considered to obtain the corrected BQ,based on which the stability of a large cross-section tunnel with a depth of more than 100 m during mechanized operation was analyzed.This evaluation method was then applied to Liuyuan Tunnel and Cimushan No.2 Tunnel of Chongqing Urban Expressway for verification.Findings-This study shows that under different rock classes,the tunnel safety factor is a strict power function of the thickness-span ratio,while a linear function of the BQ to some extent.It is more suitable to use the corrected BQ as a quantitative index to evaluate tunnel stability according to the actual conditions of the site.Originality/value-The existing industry standards do not consider the influence of buried depth and span in the evaluation of tunnel stability.The stability evaluation method of large section tunnel considering the correction of overburden span ratio proposed in this paper achieves higher accuracy for the stability evaluation of surrounding rock in a full or large-section mechanized excavation of double line high-speed railway tunnels.

大跨非对称小净距隧道施工力学响应及其开挖顺序研究

以深圳市龙岗区坪南路大跨非对称小净距隧道工程为依托,通过现场监测结果分析隧道衬砌内力变化情况,建立有限元模型对不同施工顺序下隧道的拱顶沉降、中夹岩柱稳定性与衬砌受力情况进行对比研究。结果表明,大跨非对称小净距隧道施工时临近中夹岩柱侧拱腰与拱脚为结构易失稳点,施工中需做加固处理;相比于大断面先行,隧道小断面先行时,大、小断面拱顶沉降、衬砌弯矩和轴力分别最多减小16.1%、10.6%、12.5%,同时提高中夹岩柱稳定性,水平应力和竖向位移分别最多减小16.7%和28.3%,利于其结构整体安全性;结合现场监测数据和数值结果对比分析,轴力与弯矩最大值误差分别控制在12.5%和16.5%以内,数值结果整体趋势与现场监测结果基本吻合,较好地验证计算模型的准确性和可行性,因此大跨非对称小净距隧道施工时,遵循“小断面先行、大断面后行、后行洞远离中夹岩柱区域先行”的原则较为合理。

考虑气动力跨向振幅依存性和相关性的桥梁涡振响应分析

为研究非线性气动力跨向振幅依存性和跨向相关性对桥梁涡振响应的影响,首先,引入由振幅多项式表达的桥梁非线性气动力模型;其次,在二维涡振分析方法的基础上,通过理论分析提出同时考虑气动力的跨向振幅依存性和跨向相关性的三维涡振振幅响应分析方法;最后,以主跨1700m的大跨度悬索桥为例,通过风洞实验识别其主梁在不同风攻角下的竖向涡振非线性气动力参数,进而分析不同风攻角下一阶正对称竖弯模态下的涡振振幅响应.研究结果表明:当气动力沿跨向完全相关时,在气动力跨向振幅依存性的影响下,三维分析方法得到的各风速涡振响应明显大于二维分析,约大19%;当气动力沿跨向不完全相关时,三维分析的涡振振幅响应比不考虑相关性时降低明显,其中大部分风速下的降低范围为16%~30%,个别风速下约降低70%;证明了考虑气动力跨向不完全相关性和跨向振幅依存性对准确预测大跨度桥梁涡振响应的重要性;本文提出的分析方法对于扭转涡振及高阶模态下涡振分析同样适用.

节理岩体中大跨隧道围岩变形破坏模式分析

运用3DEC离散元软件,建立含不同节理分布的大跨隧道模型。考虑节理的走向、倾角、间距和力学参数等因素,对大跨隧道开挖后无支护的围岩变形破坏情况进行模拟计算,并对大量计算结果进行分析。研究结果表明:大跨隧道围岩开挖后的风险部位主要由节理走向与倾角决定,该部位失稳及落块由节理间距和力学参数决定;当考虑双向组合节理时,围岩情况比单向节理更为复杂,隧道围岩的变形破坏形式不仅在横截面上呈现一定规律,并且在隧道轴向上也会有所差异;X向节理主要影响隧道横截面围岩变形破坏的位置,Y,Z向节理则会影响隧道轴线方向的围岩变形分布规律,并且节理倾角愈大,围岩松动范围愈深。

大跨度地铁车站十导洞洞桩法施工变形规律及其影响因素研究

[目的]为确保大跨度地铁车站施工安全,需对十导洞洞桩法施工过程中车站结构的变形规律及其影响因素进行研究。[方法]以西黄村站为工程背景,建立了大跨度车站十导洞洞桩法施工数值模型,分析了不同施工阶段地面的沉降以及桩的水平变形规律,研究了导洞开挖顺序、导洞开挖错距及扣拱施工顺序等三种因素对地面沉降的影响规律。[结果及结论]车站上方导洞以及中间导洞施工对地面沉降的影响较大;各施工阶段的地面沉降规律均满足正态分布,最大沉降位于车站中线处,导洞施工及扣拱施工两个阶段引起的地面沉降占总沉降的74.7%。车站负二层土体开挖后,桩在水平方向的约束急剧减弱,导致桩水平变形增大。先开挖下层导洞引起的地面沉降较小;随着导洞开挖错距的增大,地面最大沉降逐渐减小;先开挖两侧扣拱再依次开挖中间扣拱的施工顺序引起的地面沉降最小。

Numerical simulation of aerodynamic derivatives and critical wind speed for long-span bridges based on simplified steady wind field

Combining the computational fluid dynamics-based numerical simulation with the forced vibration technique for extraction of aerodynamic derivatives, an approach for calculating the aerodynamic derivatives and the critical flutter wind speed for long-span bridges is presented in this paper. The RNG k-ε turbulent model is introduced to establish the governing equations, including the continuity equation and the Navier-Stokes equations, for solving the wind flow field around a two-dimensional bridge section. To illustrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed approach, a simple application to the Hume Bridge in China is provided, and the numerical results show that the aerodynamic derivatives and the critical flutter wind speed obtained agree well with the wind tunnel test results.

Key Technologies for Design of Changqing Yellow River Super-long Bridge of Zhengzhou Ji'nan HSR

Changqing Yellow River Super-long Bridge of Zhengzhou-Ji'nan HSR is a partial cable-stayed bridge with concrete main girder and a unit length of 1,080 m.Studies are carried out on the key technologies of bridge design,and the main conclusions are as follows:The whole unit adopts the supporting system of tower pier consolidation and tower-beam separation,and each pier is provided with seismic mitigation and isolation bearing;shaped-steel reinforced concrete bridge tower is adopted to bring into full play the tensile performance of steel and the compressive performance of concrete,and avoid the construction challenges of setting up multi-layer and multi-stirrup reinforcement while improving the bearing capacity of section;a new type of double-side and bi-directional anti-skid anchorage device is adopted for the cable saddle of wire divider pipe in order to withstand the unbalanced cable force,and verify the reliability of the anti-skid anchorage device by solid model test;and large-segment cantilever pouring design is adopted for the main girder with a maximum segment length of 8 m to effectively shorten the construction period of the bridge.

Case Study on Synchronous Construction Technology for Secondary Lining of Large-diameter Single track Shiel Shield-bored ored Tunnel

The synchronous construction of the secondary lining during the boring of large-diameter shield faces challenges such as the design of the lining jumbo,the high requirements on the performance for the lining jumbo,the organization of the construction activities in the small and confined area,the horizontal transportation for shield boring and high safety management requirements.A super-long invert lining construction jumbo,as well as the matching California switch,is developed,which provides solution for the confliction between the invert lining construction and the horizontal transportation.The procedure and method for the synchronous operation of the shield boring and the secondary lining are developed by referring to the synchronous construction of the secondary lining during the boring of the TBMs in hard rocks.Due to the adoption of the synchronous operation of the shield boring and the secondary lining,the construction period is shortened and the construction cost is reduced.The paper can provide reference for the synchronous construction of the secondary lining in similar projects in the future.

一种基于直流式风洞的火星尘暴模拟装置

为了研究火星表面尘暴环境对探测器及人类活动的影响,研制了一种基于低密度直流式风洞的火星尘暴环境模拟装置:采用超声速引射器作为风洞动力源,结合具备多工况动态调节能力的大抽气量真空系统,实现了引射气量精准调控,可模拟100~1500 Pa低气压下的5~100 m/s大跨度风速;针对低气压下沙尘浓度难以精确控制的问题,采用振动式喂料、逆向螺旋式喷嘴设计以及大周期滞后串级调节方式,实现了0.1~1 g/m^(3)的沙尘浓度精确控制。该装置可用于研究火星尘暴环境对材料和机构的影响,同时还可用于火星气动力研究。

砂卵石地层浅埋地铁车站暗挖施工关键技术

研究目的:针对富水砂卵石地层地铁车站明挖法施工面临的道路交通问题,本文依托成都富水砂卵石地层首次采用暗挖法施工地铁车站的成功案例,对暗挖法施工关键工艺开展研究,指明了暗挖导洞设置及其开挖时序、地层超前预加固方式、初期支护类型、永临结合钢管柱以及拱形盖板扣拱等关键工艺,明确了富水砂卵石地层浅埋大跨地铁车站首次采用暗挖法施工的可行性。研究结论:(1)基于“化整为零”的思路,借助大刚度管幕超前支护,明确了导洞设置原则,采用多导洞法实施钢立柱与盖板(顶板)后,可按盖挖法理念完成超浅覆土下的地铁车站暗挖施工;(2)浅覆土管幕打设精度与地层扰动控制是富水砂卵石地层沉降控制的关键,应遵循“精准定位、及时纠偏,欠土顶进、严控超挖,先低速后匀速”的基本原则;(3)基于初期支护主要以被动承载为主,格栅钢架经济性好、施工方便,喷混后抗弯刚度增幅将近8倍,且大于工字钢喷混后等效抗弯刚度,宜采用格栅钢架;(4)顶部预埋倒L形钢板的“蛇形”中立柱,可实现两侧衬砌结构的有效连接与水平向有效传力,液压反循环钻机可满足小净空条件下高精度永临结合钢管柱施作需要;(5)本研究结论可为类似地层暗挖法车站施工提供借鉴与参考。

大跨度铁路桥附属构件对不同宽高比矩形断面涡振性能的影响

在已建成的大跨度鳊鱼洲长江大桥原设计宽高比为6.7∶1的四线铁路桥矩形箱型主梁断面的基础上,通过调整断面宽高比,设计宽高比为4∶1的二线铁路和宽高比为9∶1的六线铁路桥矩形箱梁断面。通过节段模型风洞试验,在0°,±3°和±5°风攻角的均匀来流下,对以上3种常用二线、四线和六线铁路桥矩形箱梁断面与对应相同宽高比纯矩形断面之间的涡振特性关系,以及铁路桥附属构件对不同宽高比矩形断面涡振性能的影响进行研究。结果表明:在宽高比分别为4∶1和6.7∶1的矩形断面上布置铁路桥附属构件能增大断面在负风攻角下的涡振振幅,在-5°风攻角下竖向涡振振幅增大率高达277.5%,但对正风攻角下的涡振响应起到一定的抑制作用,而在宽高比为9∶1的矩形断面布置六线铁路桥附属构件则能明显增大该断面在各风攻角下的涡振振幅,其扭转涡振振幅增大率均在48.3%以上;铁路桥附属构件对矩形断面涡振性能的降低作用随着断面宽高比的增大而提升,针对气动外形较钝的二线和四线铁路桥箱梁,可参考相似宽高比矩形断面涡振特性,并重点考察箱梁在负风攻角下的涡振响应,而针对宽高比较大的六线铁路桥箱梁,由于附属构件影响较大,参考相似宽高比矩形断面涡振特性的意义较小,均应详细研究其在各风攻角下的涡振性能。

水滴形大跨钢屋盖结构风洞试验和风振分析

自然风经过大跨结构时,由于结构屋顶形状不规则,通常会引起柔性屋面的振动,因此针对大跨屋面结构抗风设计需要考虑风压分布和风振响应。以陕西省水务集团矿泉水生产车间为工程背景,制作了1∶200的刚性模型,通过刚性模型风洞试验测得该水滴型大跨钢屋盖结构的表面风压,研究了屋盖表面典型测点及整体的风压分布规律。基于风洞试验数据,对结构进行风振时程分析,得到了屋盖表面的风振响应和风振系数。结合刚性模型风洞试验和风振分析,深入研究了水滴形大跨屋盖结构的风压分布规律和风致振动特性,并总结了其共性规律。

艰险山区阵列式三维音频大地电磁勘探方法与应用

艰险山区是铁路工程勘探领域的重难点。地球物理方法具有设备轻便、施工效率高、成果直观的特点,适合艰险山区的探测工作。大跨度硐室横向范围宽,单条物探测线难以满足勘探精度要求。为此,本文介绍了适用于艰险山区大跨度硐室勘察的阵列式三维音频大地电磁勘探方法,该方法测线布置综合考虑了隧道埋深、硐室跨度,以及测点分布均匀性和边缘效应对探测精度的影响,有效提高了外业资料质量,通过联合反演构建了详实的地下三维视电阻率数据体,可直观反映地下地质体异常空间展布情况。研究成果有效揭示了破碎富水岩体地下空间赋存形态,为隧道施工设计提供了参考。

长锚杆/锚索改善深埋大跨度隧道初支结构受力试验研究

针对深埋大跨度软岩隧道拱脚及拱顶处初支开裂、钢架变形过大问题,提出了局部增设长锚杆或锚索的支护技术,以实现对该类隧道初支结构受力的调节改善。基于课题组自主研发的隧道结构性能测试平台,对比分析了同等围岩荷载作用下系统锚杆支护与多类长锚杆/锚索支护方案的初期支护结构受力变形特征,研究了不同环向间距与布设范围的长锚杆/锚索支护效果。研究结果表明:(1)常规支护时,大跨度隧道初期支护整体呈压扁趋势,拱顶内侧与拱脚外侧承受结构最大弯矩而最先开裂,仰拱内侧拉裂后模型加速变形进而引起结构整体失稳破坏;(2)4种增设长锚杆或锚索支护方案下,初支拱顶处结构安全系数分别为常规支护体系的4.59,2.12,1.96,1.80倍,拱脚处结构安全系数分别为常规支护的5.23,2.80,2.34,2.37倍;(3)在拱部120°范围以2 m环向间距布设长锚杆对初支结构内力改善效果最佳,支护点轴向强拉力产生的局部负弯矩组合效应抵消了拱顶处较大正弯矩;(4)不同位置长锚杆/锚索支护力整体呈从拱顶处至拱肩侧先减小后增大的规律。

碎裂岩夹层中大跨度悬索桥隧道锚稳定性分析

隧道锚作为悬索桥的重要受力构件,其稳定性是保证悬索桥安全运行的关键。为探究某大跨度铁路悬索桥隧道锚在碎裂岩夹层中的受荷响应规律,建立精细化数值模型,对隧道锚的稳定性进行综合评估,论证隧道锚在碎裂岩夹层中的适用性和安全性。研究表明:碎裂岩夹层对隧道锚的变形影响显著,隧道锚后锚面及围岩的位移分布曲线呈左高右低的“驼峰状”,锚塞体界面摩阻力在碎裂岩夹层区域产生突变。锚-岩联合体的破坏从碎裂岩夹层中锚塞体拱顶区域开始,逐步向拱腰和拱底扩展,直至锚-岩界面塑性区贯通,其破坏模式为锚-岩接触带的剪切破坏。隧道锚的综合承载力以钢束受拉破坏为控制条件,综合极限承载力为2.3倍设计主缆力。隧道锚在碎裂岩夹层中的稳定性和适应性良好。

双洞八车道特大跨度隧道Ⅴ级石质围岩开挖工法

为减小双洞八车道特大跨度隧道洞口Ⅴ级石质围岩后行导坑爆破对已完成支护结构的不利影响,该文以平潭牛寨山隧道工程为例,针对原设计双侧壁导坑法在后行的临近导坑爆破时,易将原先已施工完成的临时钢支撑震塌,提出取消临时横向支撑的变更方案1,以及带竖向支撑的上下台阶法(变更方案2),再利用有限元法计算,模拟3种不同开挖工法对隧道变形及受力的影响。计算结果表明:3种方案引起的拱顶沉降相差较小,最大相差约11.8%;变更方案2引起的围岩应力最大,但变更方案2同时取消了左右侧壁导坑的横向支撑以及左右侧壁导坑下台阶的竖向支撑,大大简化了施工工序。最后,结合监测数据进行分析,隧道结构安全稳定,变更方案2不仅合理可靠,而且加快了施工进度,节约了造价。

沿海地区索结构体育馆风洞试验与群风效应研究

针对两类屋面型式(上凸型和下凹型)、四种屋盖结构(单层马鞍形索网、轮辐式双层索网、索穹顶、弦支穹顶),设计制作了缩尺比分别为1∶250、1∶200两个试验模型,在B类地貌下开展了60组模型风洞试验,探究了全风向角下两类屋盖结构的风压峰值分布规律,分析了不同风向角、邻近建筑对目标建筑物风压特性的影响规律。结果表明:全风向角下来流方向无邻近建筑影响时,两类屋盖迎风面区域的负风压峰值最大,分别较上凸型和下凹型屋盖中间区域的负风压峰值高约3.0、1.5倍;屋盖中间区域风压峰值分布均匀,以承载负风压为主,仅下凹型屋盖中部出现正风压;风向角对屋盖风压分布的影响主要体现邻近建筑物的干扰上,其对屋盖平均和脉动风压系数的影响以来流方向无邻近建筑时最大、来流方向有邻近建筑时次之、尾流方向有邻近建筑物时最小;屋盖迎风面测点风压概率分布具有明显的非高斯特征,存在极大负压值,而屋盖中间和尾流区域的测点风压具有典型的正态分布特征。