THE SEGREGATION OF SULFUR AND PHOSPHORUS IN NICKEL-BASE ALLOY 718

The segregation behavior of sulfur and phosphorus has been studied by means of scanning Auger microprobe (SAM) on microstructural interfaces,such as grain boundaries and carbide/matrix interfaces,The experimental results clearly reveal that sulfur strongly segregates on carbide/matrix interfaces,while phosphorus predominantly distributes on grain boundaries. Molybdenum tends to segregat on grain boundaries.

Segregation of niobium in laser cladding Inconel 718 superalloy

Inconel 718 superalloy is widely used in the aerospace and turbine industry. Segregation of niobium appears in the laser cladding Inconel 718 superalloy and consequently influences the phase transformation during the rapid solidification. In order to control the microstructure and improve the mechanical properties of the deposited coating, the the influence of solidification conditions on the segregation of niobium and the resultant formation of Nb-rich Laves phase was studied using the microstructure observation and EDS analysis. The results show that the cooling rate has considerable influence on the microstructure of the deposited coating. High cooling rate is beneficial for suppressing the segregation of Nb and reducing the formation of Laves phase, which is believed to be detrimental to the performance of the Inconel 718 alloy.

Quantitative analysis of homogenization treatment of INCONEL718 superalloy

Quantitative analysis was employed to establish reasonable and practical homogenization model of INCONEL718 superalloy. Metallographic method was applied to determining the incipient melting temperature. The result shows that the incipient melting temperature of d406 mm INCONEL718 ingot is situated between 1 170 ℃ and 1 180 ℃. In order to predict the elimination process of Laves phase in quantity, a time and temperature dependent homogenization model was proposed. Among all the elements in the as-cast microstructure, Nb and Ti are the most positive segregated elements. The diffusion coefficients of alloying elements at 1 140 ℃ were obtained by fitting the linear relationship between In δ （δ residual segregation index） and time. The calculation results of diffusion coefficients were compared with other two commercial Nb-bearing superalloys.

Segregation Behaviour and Microstructure of Alloy 718VADER Ingot

The segregation behaviour and miclostructure of an alloy 718 VADER ingot in comparison with a VAR ingot were studied. The results show that one serious problem of the alloy 718 VADER ingot is dealing with radial chemistry gradients (especially macro-segregation in Nb). The main factor of Nb gradient forming is the flow of Nb rich fluid through passages among the cellular structures driven by centrifugal force from the rotating mold, Detailed structure and micro-segregation studies on ingots impress us that the VADER process does not show the advantage on the improvement of micro-segregation especially in Nb. The cellular structure produced by the VADER process is no more effective in reducjng Nb micro-segregation during homogenization treatment than the dendritic structure by the VAR process. Experimental results lead us to believe that the VADER process is unsuitable to manufacture alloy 718.

Laser Direct Metal Deposition Technology and Microstructure and Composition Segregation of Inconel 718 Superalloy

Multilayer of laser direct metal deposition（DMD）was prepared by depositing a gas atomized pre-alloyed powder with a composition close to Inconel 718 alloy on Inconel 718 high temperature alloy substrate.The effects of the DMD parameters on the build-up rate and the structure of the deposited layer were studied.The laser DMD sample was further processed by a solution treatment.The microstructure and property of the laser DMD zone before and after heat treatment were investigated as well.The results show that the laser parameters of actual laser power of 650 W,scanning speed of 5.8 mm/s,beam diameter of 1 mm,powder feed rate of 6.45 g/min,with a corresponding specific energy of 90-130 J/mm2,can be recommended as optimum parameters for high build-up rate of Inconel 718 alloy.Under the condition of optimized parameters,a directional solidification microstructure was obtained and the average distance between the columnar crystals was 5-10 μm.The microcomposition segregation was found between the columnar crystal trunk and columnar crystal.The elements of Nb,Mo,Ti concentrated in the columnar crystal trunk.After the heat treatment,the segregation was greatly minimized,and the segregation ratios were close to 1.The hardness of the laser deposited layer did not show obvious difference along the height of the layer either for the as-deposited layer or for the heat treated layer.However,the microhardness of the laser DMD zone after heat treatment was obviously higher than that after the as-deposited treatment.During the heat treatment process,some Nb-and Mo-rich phases precipitated and strengthened DMD layer.

Solidification process of conventional superalloy by confocal scanning laser microscope

The solidification process of a conventional superalloy, IN718, was investigated by confocal scanning laser microscope （CSLM）. The liquid fraction during solidification was obtained as a function of real time and temperature in reference with the in-situ observation. The characteristics of L→γ transformation were analyzed and the γ growing rate of each stage was also calculated. Scheil equation was employed to predict the segregation behavior, and the predict results are in consistence with the experimental results. As a result, the confocal scanning laser microscope shows a great potential for solidification process research.

Influence of laser parameters on segregation of Nb during selective laser melting of Inconel 718

A transient three-dimensional powder-scale model was established for understanding the flow field and mass transfer within the molten pool during the selective laser melting(SLM)of Inconel 718 alloy by considering some important physical phenomena,such as,a transition from powder to solid,nonlinearities produced by temperature-dependent materials’properties,and fluid flow in the calculation.The influence of laser power or scanning speed on the flow field and cooling rate was discussed in detail.The simulation results reveal that the motion of molten pool and higher cooling rate promote the mass transfer and benefit the solute distribution by increasing laser power.However,with increasing the scanning speed,the melt flow speed and cooling rate are elevated,resulting in an agglomeration of the solute elements,which is ascribed to the shorter dwelling time of liquid.Therefore,the segregation of Nb can be effectively suppressed by increasing laser power or decreasing scanning speed,which can decrease the dwelling time of liquid.

Effect of cooling rate on phosphorus segregation behavior and the corresponding precipitation of γ’’ and γ’ phases in IN718 alloy

Effect of segregation behaviors of P at different cooling rates on the precipitation of γ" and γ' phases and the corresponding strength are investigated. The precipitation of γ" and γ' phases during cooling is sensi-tive to P concentration. With increasing the concentration of Pf the amount of γ" and γ' particles increases after air cooling. With decreasing the cooling rate, the accelerating effect of P on the precipitation of γ" and γ' phases decreased first and then increased, which demonstrates the concentration of P dissolved in the grain interior decreases first and then increases. The different effects of P on γ"and γ' phases with different cooling rates were analyzed by the kinetic characteristic of nonequilibrium grain-boundary seg-regation. The characteristic of nonequilibrium grain-boundary segregation of P in superalloy is further confirmed, and the phenomenon caused by critical cooling rate is captured.

Effects of current path on structure and segregation during electroslag remelting process of Inconel 718 alloy with same power input

Current-conductive mold was recently developed to extend electroslag remelting(ESR)functions to overcome some solidification defects by changing the current path.The macrostructures,microstructures,macrosegregation,and microsegregation of the Inconel 718 ingots produced by the custom laboratory-scale ESR furnace under different current paths(the classical ESR and the single power,and two circuits ESR process with current-conductive mold(ESR-STCCM))with the same power input were compared and investigated.The results indicate that when the ingot was produced during ESR and ESR-STCCM processes,at the same power input,the pool depth was 104 and 90 mm,respectively.A flatter and shallower molten pool was obtained during ESR-STCCM process.Moreover,compared with a classical ESR ingot,the cooling rate of the centerline of ESR-STCCM ingot was increased from 12.7 to 16.7 K min^(−1).The increased cooling rates caused by decreased melting rate and thinner slag skin reduced the growth angle of columnar crystal to the vertical axis and the secondary dendrite arm spacing.Furthermore,the macrosegregation and microsegregation of segregation elements for ESR-STCCM process were dramatically reduced compared with ESR process.The average volume fraction of Laves phase was reduced from 7.39%to 6.14%,and the segregation of Nb in Laves phase was significantly reduced.

Si对In718合金凝固过程及元素偏析的影响

本文研究了Ｓｉ对Ｉｎ７１８合金凝固过程及元素偏析的影响。结果表明，当Ｓｉ含量升高后，不仅在枝晶或Ｌａｖｅｓ相中偏析程度加剧，而且在枝晶内的浓度也逐渐升高而达到显著水平。Ｓｉ降低Ｎｂ在Ｌａｖｅｓ相中的溶解度，因而促进Ｌａｖｅｓ相的析出，提高Ｌａｖｅｓ相吸收剩余液体的能力，缩小偏析区的面积。分析认为，过分降低Ｓｉ含量对改善合金凝固组织及提高终凝温度的作用不大。

Inconel 600及Inconel 718合金晶界偏聚研究进展

高温合金中的溶质晶界偏聚是影响合金多方面性能的重要因素。以高温合金Inconel 600和Inconel 718为研究对象,总结了合金中溶质晶界偏聚的研究现状,并对已有的研究成果进行了深入分析,结果发现:溶质在Inconel 600合金中的偏聚规律对合金性能的影响还需要进一步研究晶界偏聚特性、基本物理参量以及晶间腐蚀抗力的作用;溶质在Inconel 718合金中的晶界偏聚对合金性能的影响依然有待于进一步研究其作用机理、偏聚动力学和共偏聚特性。同时,指出今后高温合金中溶质晶界偏聚的研究方向为溶质晶界偏聚动力学以及溶质间晶界共偏聚行为。

GH4065A高合金化变形高温合金未完全再结晶组织及其对疲劳性能影响

对GH4065A高合金化变形高温合金未完全再结晶组织进行了表征分析,并通过标准棒状样疲劳测试和平板样疲劳测试,对比研究了合金均匀细晶组织试样和含有未完全再结晶组织的非均匀组织试样的疲劳性能差异,分析了未完全再结晶组织对疲劳性能的影响机理。结果表明,高合金化合金中无法完全消除的残留偏析导致未完全再结晶组织在枝晶间对应位置处产生。密集析出的小尺寸一次γ′相颗粒使得未完全再结晶组织有较高的强度和对疲劳滑移变形较高的抗力,从而未完全再结晶组织对其内部的氮化物诱发裂纹的扩展和滑移带诱发的开裂都有很好的限制作用,疲劳变形主要仍由周围完全再结晶组织承担。合金锻件中适量的未完全再结晶组织对疲劳性能无明显影响。

Preparation and tensile properties of DD5 single crystal castings

The preparation procedure of DD5 single crystal castings was optimized. The microstructure characteristics of DD5 single crystal superalloy were investigated by microstructure observation and segregation behavior examination. The results show that the grain orientation is optimized by constraining the spiral crystallizer in [001] orientation and spatial scale. Also, the γ＇ phase of inter-dendrites is larger and more irregular than that in dendrite arms. High temperature tensile tests of DD5 single crystal castings exhibit that the peak stress increases with increasing temperature, while the area reduction shows an opposite trend, when the temperature is below 800℃; meanwhile, when the temperature is between 800℃ and 1000℃, the fracture stress of the alloy is the same as the peak stress. The fracture mode changes from shear to ductile with increasing temperature from 600℃ and 1000℃.

Co对K4169合金凝固组织及元素偏析的影响

为研究Co对K4169合金凝固过程的影响,利用手工电弧炉熔炼制备了Co质量分数为0.5%～0.8%的合金,采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)和电子探针(EPMA)对合金的凝固组织及元素偏析进行了研究.SEM观察结果表明,Co能强烈促进Laves相的形成,缩小合金枝晶间偏析区;随着Co质量分数从0.5%增加到0.8%,Laves相由小块状变为筛网状且数量明显增多.经SEM+EDS能谱和EPMA面扫描分析表明,Co能降低Nb在基体中的质量浓度,同时也能降低Fe和Cr在Laves相中的质量浓度而提高Nb、Mo、Ti在Laves相中的质量浓度,因而促进Laves相的析出.分析认为,过多增加Co质量分数对改善合金凝固组织的作用不大.

DD5镍基单晶高温合金凝固过程元素偏析的相场模拟

作为航空发动机涡轮工作叶片的主要材料,镍基单晶高温合金凝固过程中的元素偏析易造成组织的不均匀性,进而影响其高温力学性能。选取国产二代单晶高温合金DD5作为研究对象,以3mm/min的抽拉速率制备单晶试棒,通过组织观察与热力学计算确定其铸态组织的相组成,包括γ相,γ’相与碳化物。采用电子探针显微分析对合金元素在枝晶干与枝晶间的偏析行为进行了线扫描,确定Re、W的正偏析及Al、Ta负偏析特性,且枝晶间的碳化物中Ta含量较高,推测其为MC型碳化物。在此基础上借助Micress相场软件,对凝固过程的组织形貌演化与元素偏析行为进行了模拟,其形貌特征与光镜组织观察结果相一致,元素分布与EPMA结果相符。

抽拉速率对连续定向凝固DZ22高温合金组织和性能的影响

采用下引式连续定向凝固装置研究了抽拉速率对DZ22高温合金连续定向凝固组织和性能的影响。结果表明:随着抽拉速率从3 mm/min增加到9 mm/min,一次枝晶间距从199μm减小到141μm,二次枝晶间距从43μm减小到32μm;合金中主要元素的微观偏析程度均减轻;碳化物呈颗粒状弥散分布,其面积分数从1.2%降低到0.8%;枝晶干处γ′析出相平均尺寸从387 nm减小到199 nm,枝晶间处γ′析出相的平均尺寸从367 nm减小到302 nm;枝晶干硬度从418 HV0.5升高至428 HV0.5,枝晶间硬度从426 HV0.5升高至451 HV0.5。

激光增材制造高Nb含量GH4169合金微观偏析行为研究

目的减轻不同热处理状态下激光增材制造高Nb含量GH4169合金组织中的微观偏析。方法采用激光增材制造方法对球磨Nb合金化后的合金粉末进行快速成形,获得具有较高Nb含量的GH4169合金试样。通过光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及能谱分析、维氏硬度测试方法,对沉积态、固溶态和直接时效态试样进行分析,研究因合金中Nb含量变化引起的微观偏析对沉积态和热处理态合金的枝晶组织和显微硬度的影响。结果随着Nb含量的增加,一方面,由于枝晶间的Nb含量增加,枝晶间(γ+Laves)共晶数量增加,且共晶组织形貌更为连续;沉积态试样的显微硬度由228.4HV增大至534.1HV。另一方面,枝晶干Nb元素含量增加,枝晶干与枝晶间Nb元素含量的差异缩小,Nb元素的偏析比由8.59减小至4.13。后续固溶处理后,枝晶结构逐渐消失,枝晶间Laves相的数量随之减少,枝晶干与枝晶间的微观偏析减轻;固溶态试样硬度值随之减小,减小趋势随固溶温度的升高而逐渐平缓。随着Nb含量的增加,直接时效处理后,各试样显微硬度值在微观区域内的均匀性提高,枝晶干与枝晶间强化相的析出差异减小。结论合适的热处理制度既可以实现合金元素的均匀化,还能减小枝晶干与枝晶间强化相的析出差异,减轻激光增材制造高Nb含量GH4169合金组织中的微观偏析。

Inconel 718变形高温合金热加工组织演变与发展趋势

本文首先针对Inconel 718合金的锻造工艺过程,较为系统地阐述了合金高温变形时的再结晶机制、晶粒长大、d相形态控制以及存在的残余应力问题。基于选区激光熔化技术在航空发动机材料增材制造领域的潜在优势和应用前景,分析了选区激光熔化技术制造Inconel 718合金凝固组织和性能的各向异性,探讨了热处理工艺在消除有害相、改变组织结构及力学行为等方面的重要作用和局限性。结合高温服役过程的组织演变,分析了Inconel 718合金变形时涉及位错滑移、孪生、g″相剪切方式的变形机制。最后,介绍了通过调整Inconel 718合金成分来改变强化相结构,从而进一步提高变形高温合金服役温度的有效尝试(如Allvac 718Plus合金的服役温度提高了55℃),指出了通过成分调整来获得热稳定性优异的g″-g'复合析出结构是新型变形镍基高温合金的重要发展方向。

镍基Inconel-718合金TIG焊部分熔化区组织变化

以轧制态、铸态、铸后均匀化三种状态的Inconel-718镍基合金薄板为对象,进行钨极氩弧焊(TIG)接头部分熔化区(PMZ)的研究.通过OM,SEM,EDS等手段观测不同焊接线能量下PMZ的微观组织.通过EDS测得晶内奥氏体、偏析区、Laves相的合金元素含量后,采用热力学软件Themo-Calc计算其理论固液相线温度,比较当母材状态不同时焊接接头PMZ各相的液化及凝固温度,分析液膜存在的温度范围大小.结果表明,Inconel-718镍基合金TIG焊接接头PMZ存在微观组织遗传性,铸态、铸后均匀化接头PMZ中仍然保持树枝晶的结构特征,而轧制态接头PMZ中仍是等轴晶.接头PMZ中皆析出链状Laves和颗粒状MC相,母材中原有偏析区消失.铸态母材固液相线间距最大,铸后均匀化的次之,轧制态的最小.当母材状态、几何尺寸相同时,随着焊接线能量的增加,PMZ宽度增大.当焊接线能量相同时,铸态PMZ宽度大于铸后均匀化和轧制态PMZ宽度.

Cu对Inconel 718合金Nb偏析影响机理的第一性原理研究

采用第一性原理计算与实验相结合的方法探究了Cu元素掺杂所造成的元素之间的交互作用对Inconel 718合金Nb偏析的影响。构建了掺杂前后Ni-Fe-Cr-Nb超晶胞模型,计算了掺杂前后各体系的形成热、结合能、态密度、差分电荷密度以及布居分布。计算结果表明,Cu原子的掺杂降低了体系的稳定性;掺杂改变了体系中元素之间的交互作用,影响了原子之间的键合强度及电荷密度分布,Cu的添加增加了基体中Fe原子和Cr原子之间的结合力,但同时也增加了Fe原子和Nb原子之间的排斥力。实验结果表明,微量Cu元素的加入降低了Fe和Cr的偏析,但促进了Nb元素的偏析。第一性原理计算和实验结果表明,Cu掺杂后Nb原子与周围Fe原子间排斥力的增加是Cu促进Nb偏析的本质原因。