Transient multi-physics behavior of an insert high temperature superconducting no-insulation coil in hybrid superconducting magnets with inductive coupling

A transient multi-physics model incorporated with an electromagneto-thermomechanical coupling is developed to capture the multi-field behavior of a single-pancake(SP)insert no-insulation(NI)coil in a hybrid magnet during the charging and discharging processes.The coupled problem is resolved by means of the finite element method(FEM)for the magneto-thermo-elastic behaviors and the Runge-Kutta method for the transient responses of the electrical circuits of the hybrid superconducting magnet system.The results reveal that the transient multi-physics responses of the insert NI coil primarily depend on the charging/discharging procedure of the hybrid magnet.Moreover,a reverse azimuthal current and a compressive hoop stress are induced in the insert NI coil during the charging process,while a forward azimuthal current and a tensile hoop stress are observed during the discharging process.The induced voltages in the insert NI coil can drive the currents flowing across the radial turns where the contact resistance exists.Therefore,it brings forth significant Joule heat,causing a temperature rise and a uniform distribution of this heat in the coil turns.Accordingly,a thermally/mechanically unstable or quenching event may be encountered when a high operating current is flowing in the insert NI coil.It is numerically predicted that a quick charging will induce a compressive hoop stress which may bring a risk of buckling instability in the coil,while a discharging will not.The simulations provide an insight of hybrid superconducting magnets under transient start-up or shutdown phases which are inevitably encountered in practical applications.

The 5.8 T Cryogen-Free Gyrotron Superconducting Magnet System on HL-2A

A 5.8 T cryogen-free superconducting magnet （SCM） system with a warm bore hole of 160 mm in diameter, used for gyrotrons operating in the frequency range from 68 GHz to 140 GHz, is installed on the site of the HL-2A tokamak. The SCM consists of two separate solenoidal magnetic coils connected in series, a 4.2 K Gifford-McMahon （GM） refrigerator, a com- pressor, a coil power supply and two temperature monitors. The performance, test and preliminary experimental results of this SCM system are described in this paper. The magnetic field distribu- tion was measured along the axis, and a dummy tube was used for adjusting the magnet system. Finally, the magnet was used for the operation of a 68 GHz/500 kW gyrotron, which is part of an electron cyclotron resonance heating （ECRH） system. With an additional auxiliary coil and after adjusting tile magnet system, a maximum output power for the ECRH system of up to 400 kW was achieved.

Development of Experimental Superconducting Magnet for the Collector Ring of FAIR Project

A pool cooled experimental magnet based on the copper stabilized NbTi supercon- ducting wire was designed, fabricated and tested, in order to evaluate the engineering design of the dipole superconducting magnet for the collector ring （CR） of the facility for antiproton and ion research （FAIR） project. In this paper, the experimental setup including quench protection system was presented. Performance of the liquid helium pool cooled test was introduced. All of the results indicate both the performance of conductor and the experimental superconducting magnet under low temperature is stable, which suggests the engineering design are feasible for the formal magnet in CR of the FAIR project.

Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Integrated Current-source DC/DC Converter for Voltage Stabilization and Power Regulation in DFIG-based DC Power Systems

Unpredictable power fluctuation and fault ridethrough capability attract increased attention as two uncertain major factors in doubly-fed induction generators(DFIGs)integrated DC power system.Present solutions usually require complicated cooperation comprising multiple modules of energy storage,current control,and voltage stabilizer.To overcome the drawbacks of existing solutions,this paper proposes a superconducting magnetic energy storage(SMES)integrated currentsource DC/DC converter(CSDC).It is mainly composed of a current-source back-to-back converter,and the SMES is tactfully embedded in series with the intermediate DC link.The proposed SMES-CSDC is installed in front of the DC-DFIG to carry out its dual abilities of load voltage stabilization under multifarious transient disturbances and power regulation under wind speed variations.Compared with the existing DC protection devices,the SMES-CSDC is designed on the basis of unique current-type energy storage.It has the advantages of fast response,extensive compensation range,concise hardware structure,and straightforward control strategy.The feasibility of the SMESCSDC is implemented via a scaled-down experiment,and its effectiveness for DC-DFIG protection is verified by a large-scale DC power system simulation.

Innovative pre-concentration technology for recovering ultrafine ilmenite using superconducting high gradient magnetic separator

To achieve the utilization of the abandoned ultrafine ilmenite(-20 μm) produced in the titanium magnetite processing plant in Panzhihua,the superconducting high-gradient magnetic separation(SMS) technology was proposed in this study.After optimizing the conditions of magnetic intensity,feeding and pulsation,an SMS concentrate with TiO_(2) grade of 16.03% and TiO_(2) recovery of 66.39% was obtained through one roughing-one cleaning pre-concentration flowsheet.The specific magnetic force and magnetic force were calculated and analysed to illustrate the pre-concentration mechanism,and the results revealed that the combination of high magnetic field and strong pulsating resulted in the effective preconcentration of the ultrafine ilmenite in the SMS process.In addition,the magnetic force analysis indicated that the high magnetic intensity and high magnetic gradient are the key factors of the SMS technology.Furthermore,the EDS-Mapping detection certified that the ultrafine ilmenite was concentrated from the gangue minerals using SMS technology.

Energy-saving Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage(SMES)Based Interline DC Dynamic Voltage Restorer

The fast-response feature from a superconducting magnetic energy storage(SMES)device is favored for suppressing instantaneous voltage and power fluctuations,but the SMES coil is much more expensive than a conventional battery energy storage device.In order to improve the energy utilization rate and reduce the energy storage cost under multiple-line power distribution conditions,this paper investigates a new interline DC dynamic voltage restorer(IDC-DVR)scheme with one SMES coil shared among multiple compensating circuits.In this new concept,an improved current-voltage(I/V)chopper assembly,which has a series of input/output power ports,is introduced to connect the single SMES coil with multiple power lines,and thereby satisfy the independent energy exchange requirements of any line to be compensated.Specifically,if two or more power lines have simultaneous compensating demands,the SMES coil can be selectively controlled to compensate the preferable line according to the priority order of the line.The feasibility of the proposed scheme is technically verified to maintain the transient voltage stability in multiple-line voltage swell and sag cases caused by either output voltage fluctuations from external power sources or power demand fluctuations from local sensitive loads.The simulation results provide a technical basis to develop a cost-effective SMES-based IDC-DVR for use in various DC distribution networks.

Study on cooling process of cryogenic system for superconducting magnets of BEPCⅡ

In the upgrade project of the Beijing Electron Positron Collider （BEPC Ⅱ ）, three superconducting magnets are employed to realize the goal of two orders of magnitude higher luminosity. A cryogenic system with a total capacity of 0.5 kW at 4.5 K was built at the Institute of High Energy Physics （IHEP） to support the operations of these superconducting devices. For preparing the commissioning of the system, the refrigeration process was simulated and analyzed numerically. The numerical model was based on the latest engineering progress and focused on the normal operation mode. The pressure and temperature profiles of the cryogenic system are achieved with the simulation. The influence of the helium mass flow rates to cool superconducting magnets on the thermodynamic parameters of their normal operation is also studied and discussed in this paper.

Stability of magnetic tip/superconductor levitation systems

The vertical stability of a magnetic tip over a superconducting material is investigated by using the critical state and the frozen image models. The analytical expressions of the stiffness and the vibration frequency about the equilibrium position are derived in term of the geometrical parameters of the magnet/superconductor system. It is found that the stability of the system depends on the shape of the superconductor as well as its thickness.

超导磁储能装置提高柔性直流配电系统稳定性的研究

柔性直流配电系统中定功率控制的换流器具有恒功率负载特性,会降低系统阻尼,对系统的稳定性产生不利影响。针对该问题,在直流配电系统中加入超导磁储能SMES(superconducting magnetic energy storage)装置来提高系统的稳定性。推导了柔性直流配电系统的反馈控制模型,采用频域分析法研究了换流器恒功率负载特性对系统稳定性的影响,并结合数学模型和频域分析,指出SMES装置能够为电网提供正阻尼,增大了系统开环传递函数在剪切频率处的相位裕度,从而改善了系统稳定性。为防止超导磁体两端电压过高,SMES装置与直流配电网连接的DC/DC换流器需具备一定的电压调节性能,因此研究了采用模块化多电平DC/DC换流器DC-MMC(modular multilevel DC/DC converter)的SMES装置,通过调节子模块个数灵活设置换流器电压变比,在实现换流器能量双向流动的同时控制超导磁体两端电压,以保护储能装置。最后通过时域仿真波形验证了采用DC-MMC的SMES装置在提高柔性直流配电系统稳定性方面的可行性和有效性。

超导磁选白云鄂博尾矿稀土颗粒捕获及聚集行为

超导磁分离技术中,稀土矿物颗粒在磁介质上的聚集半径与磁介质填充率应相互匹配,以确保高效的矿物分离效果和提高稀土尾矿资源利用率。基于颗粒轨迹模型,探究了矿浆流速对颗粒捕获的影响并建立了颗粒饱和聚集模型,以计算稀土矿物颗粒单体及其连生体在磁介质上的饱和聚集半径、聚集半径和磁介质间距关系,从而优化磁介质填充率。并通过颗粒沉积试验,验证了聚集模型的正确性。研究结果表明,矿浆流动速度最优为0.1m/s时有效去除了杂质萤石矿物。磁介质有一个临界填充率,高于临界填充率不会发生堵塞。随着磁介质直径的增加,颗粒饱和聚集半径rBa和磁介质临界填充率逐渐增大,当连生体度为1/20的稀土连生体与磁介质直径为0.06mm时,临界填充率为5.6%。当磁介质直径为0.4mm时临界填充率为20.6%。本研究结果为稀土矿物的高效分离提供了重要的理论基础,也为工业生产中磁分离技术的优化与设计提供了可靠的参考依据。

采用超导磁选回收白云鄂博矿钾板岩中钾长石试验研究

我国长石资源丰富,但富矿资源少,可被直接开采利用的优质钾长石资源并不多,绝大部分需通过富集才能达到工业应用的标准。内蒙古白云鄂博矿床是世界闻名的Fe-Nb-REO超大型矿床,钾板岩属于白云鄂博矿体上部围岩。在包头钢铁(集团)公司对该铁矿40余年的开采中,已剥离的富钾板岩作为废石在矿区大量堆存,总量超过3亿t,每年新增剥离富钾板岩达200万t,白云鄂博矿区钾板岩资源丰富,为提高白云鄂博矿物的综合利用,实现钾长石资源的可持续发展,提出从白云鄂博矿钾板岩中回收钾长石。长石矿物常与其他杂质矿物共生,特别是其中的铁等少量杂质元素,影响钾长石精矿的品质和应用,因此,有效去除高铁钾板岩中铁矿物和云母等硅酸盐类含铁杂质是提高钾长石品位的关键。对白云鄂博高铁富钾板岩进行工艺矿物学分析,确定了“破碎-磨矿-永磁磁选-超导磁选”工艺流程,针对K_(2)O品位12.66%、Na_(2)O品位为0.6%、TFe品位5.55%的钾板岩原矿,在磨矿细度为-0.074 mm占92%的条件下,经永磁磁选和超导磁选,最终获得K_(2)O品位为15.53%、回收率为54.21%、TFe品位为0.55%的钾长石精矿。结果表明,利用永磁+超导磁选工艺可以实现从钾板岩中高效回收钾长石,为综合回收利用白云鄂博矿钾板岩中的钾长石提供了新的途径。

Static stress analysis of coupling superconducting solenoid coil assembly for muon ionization cooling experiment

The stresses in the coupling superconducting solenoid coil assembly,which is applied in the Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE),are critical for the structure design and mechanical stability because of a large diameter and relative high magnetic field.This paper presents an analytical stress solution for the MICE coupling coil assembly.The stress due to winding tension is calculated by assuming the coil package as a set of combined cylinders.The thermal and electromechanical stresses are obtained by solving the partial differential equations of displacement based on the power series expansion method.The analytical stress solution is proved to be feasible by calculating stresses in a tested superconducting solenoid with 2.58 m bore at room temperature.The analytical result of the MICE coupling coil is in good agreement with that of the finite element which shows that the transverse shear stress induced by Lorentz force is principally dominant to magnet instability.

行波磁场中高温超导电动悬浮磁体的热性能研究

地面线圈的交变磁场会在超导电动悬浮磁体中感应出涡流,产生涡流损耗,导致磁体温度上升。该文研究地面推进线圈产生的行波磁场对车载高温超导磁体热性能的影响,首先介绍高温超导磁体和推进线圈结构,分析行波磁场空间分布特征;搭建高温超导磁体热性能测试平台,测量行波磁场激扰下超导磁体内关键组件的温度分布,揭示各组件温度耦合关系;最后探究行波磁场频率和峰值对磁体温升的影响规律。结果表明,行波磁场激扰下,超导线圈的温升可忽略不计,但辐射屏温升显著,进一步使超导电流引线温度升高,增大电流引线失超风险,为此提出2种方法来限制电流引线温升。该研究成果可为高温超导悬浮磁体低温结构和电流引线的设计提供参考。

Possible Evolutionary Models in the Initially Hydride Earth Theory

A modern view of the properties of chemical elements has confirmed the theory of the hot origin of the Earth. The next step in developing this theory was the hypothesis of the initial hydride Earth. In this work, we attempted to find additional evidence for this hypothesis and show additional effects that flow from it. The effect of the physical properties of atoms and ions on their behavior during the formation of the Earth was studied. The maximum contribution to the distribution of elements was made by those elements whose content in the original protoplanets of the disk was the maximum. Correlation dependence is obtained, which allows one to calculate the distribution of elements in the protoplanetary disk. It was shown that hydrogen was the main element in the proto substance located in the zone of the Earth’s formation. In this case, various chemical compounds formed, most represented by hydrogen compounds—hydrides. Since the pressure inside the Earth is 375 GPa, this factor forces the chemical compounds to adopt stoichiometry and structure that would not be available in atmospheric conditions. It is shown that many chemical elements at high pressure in a hydrogen medium form simple hydrides and super hydrides—polyhydrides with high hydrogen content. Pressure leads to a higher density of matter inside the planet. Given the possibility of forming polyhydrides, there is the possibility of binding the initially available hydrogen in an amount that can reach 49.3 mole%. Young Earth could contain about 10.7 mass% of hydrogen in hydrides, polyhydrides, and adsorbed form is almost twice higher than previous estimates. This fact additionally confirms the theory of the original hydride Earth. In hydrides, the occurrence of the phenomenon of superconductivity was discovered. Polyhydrides were shown as potential superconductors with a high critical temperature above 200 K. We, based on these data, hypothesized the presence of superconducting properties in the Earth’s core, which explains the presence of a magnetic field in the Earth, as well as the unevenness and instability of this field and the possibility of migration of the Earth’s poles. The fact that the Earth has a hydroid core causes its change in time due to the instability of hydrides. Arranged several possible models of the destruction of the Earth’s core. The calculations showed that both models give close results. These results give predictions that can be measured. The proposed models also made it possible to estimate the initial size of the Earth. Possible ways of further testing the hypothesis of the initial hydride Earth is shown.

12T/50mm无液氦超导磁体低温系统热分析

为了使12T/50 mm无液氦超导磁体在4.5 K低温下具有更好的运行稳定性,针对磁体线圈设计了传导冷却结构及低温系统。通过仿真软件,模拟低温环境下磁体线圈的温度分布,进一步对低温系统内部的导热结构进行优化设计。为了防止线圈在降温过程中产生过大温差导致热应力集中,根据低温系统在不同工况下的热负荷变化,对各部件降温过程进行瞬态模拟。模拟结果表明,12 T/50 mm无液氦超导磁体低温系统能够满足磁体线圈所需要的低温环境,即磁体线圈正常运行温度低于4.5 K,励磁温度低于6 K,降温及励磁过程中产生的最大温差低于20 K。

低温脉动热管冷却超导磁体实验研究

为了研究低温脉动热管(PHP)冷却超导磁体的可行性,搭建了以液氦脉动热管为传热部件的GM制冷机传导型冷却超导磁体模型的实验装置,采用该装置实验研究了48通道液氦PHP的冷却性能和传热性能。该液氦PHP由内径为0.5 mm的不锈钢毛细管制成,其蒸发段、绝热段、冷凝段的长度分别为50 mm、100 mm、50 mm。实验结果表明,液氦PHP可将超导磁体模型从常温冷却至6 K,用时约95个小时,冷却过程中观察到液氦PHP超临界脉动和近临界强化换热现象。在充液率为38%时,液氦PHP最大可传递1.5 W热量,有效导热系数在2000—9200 W/(m·K)之间。而该液氦PHP在充液率为70%时未能正常启动。

An overview of separation by magnetically stabilized beds:State-of-the-art and potential applications

This article deals with problems relevant to implementation of magnetically stabilized beds （MSB） as separation devices. The main issues discussed are： bed mechanics, bed structure, possibilities to create controllable filter media, etc. As examples several separation techniques are discussed： dust filtration-magnetic and non-magnetic, ion-exchange, copper cementation, yeast filtration from biological liquids, particle separation by density and magnetic properties, dangerous wastes removal. Only key publications will be quoted that provide a basis for further reading and study and relevant information.

35kJ／7kW直接冷却高温超导磁储能系统

介绍了直接冷却高温超导磁储能(SMES)系统(35 kJ／7 kW)的总体结构和基本试验结果。该系统主要由超导磁体、低温系统、功率调节系统和监控系统组成。实验结果表明．通过直接冷却将储能磁体成功冷却到了20 K以下;储能磁体的直流临界电流达到150 A,临界储能量84 kJ,磁体中心场强4．5 T;监控系统和变流器能控制SMES与系统快速独立地在四象限进行有功功率和无功功率交换;在电力系统动态模拟实验中,SMES能有效抑制电力系统中因发电机机端短路故障引起的功率振荡。

超导储能装置用于改善暂态电压稳定性的研究

建立了超导储能装置(SMES)在暂态电压稳定性分析中的简化数学模型。SMES 经双桥系统的电流源型换流电路与电力系统相连。研究了具有快速响应特性的 SMES在提高电力系统暂态电压稳定性方面的作用和其无功控制策略,以及采用不等触发角控制时的控制原则。在 Matlab平台上编制了暂态仿真程序,对典型 3 机 10 母线系统进行了仿真计算。仿真结果表明,超导储能装置安装在动态负荷处,采用无功–电压控制方式能够有效地提高系统的暂态电压稳定性。

超导磁分离在造纸厂污水净化中的应用

针对小型造纸厂污水处理问题,开展了超导磁分离技术研究。设计并研制出制冷机直接冷却的高温超导磁体,磁体中心磁场在直流运行状态下达到1.48T,交流运行状态达3.92T。利用该超导磁体对造纸厂废水进行了磁分离处理。实验中,预先在废水中加入经过表面等离子有机改性的铁磁性颗粒,并与污水中非磁性有害物质絮接,通过强磁场实现水中污染物的分离。实验结果表明,经磁分离处理的集水池废水COD值由起始的1780mg/L降到147mg/L,净化效果良好。讨论了利用等离子体聚合薄膜制备具有强捕捉能力的磁性粒子工艺。