Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography（SFE／SFC）

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Influence of Modifiers on Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE), Part I

It is important to understand the mechanism and implications of different modifiers on analytical and preparative processes under chromatography with supercritical fluids (SFs) and under extraction with SFs. Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and supercritical fluid extraction are generally carried out with neat supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) or with SCCO2 containing modifiers (or cosolvents), especially for strongly polar compounds. For example, methanol is added as a cosolvent/modifier to SCCO2 for the extraction/separation of polar compounds. This paper discusses the influence of the modifier on the colligative properties of the principal mobile phase, which may define the situation in the total mobile phase in a chromatography column or in parts of a column under SFC. No colligative behavior of solutions reflects individual properties of the solutes. Their cross-interactions with solvents are discussed.

Simultaneous determination of amino acids in different teas using supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with single quadrupole mass spectrometry

Tea is a widely consumed beverage and has many important physiological properties and potential health benefits. In this study, a novel method based on supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (SFC-MS) was developed to simultaneously determine 11 amino acids in different types of tea (green teas, Oolong tea, black tea and Pu-erh tea). The separation conditions for the analysis of the selected amino acids including the column type, temperature and backpressure as well as the type of additive, were carefully optimized. The best separation of the 11 amino acids was obtained by adding water (5%, v/v) and trifluoroacetic acid (0.4%, v/v) to the organic modifier (methanol). Finally, the developed SFC-MS method was fully validated and successfully applied to the determination of these amino acids in six different tea samples. Good linearity (r ≥ 0.993), precision (RSDs≤ 2.99%), accuracy (91.95%-107.09%) as well as good sample stability were observed. The limits of detection ranged from 1.42 to 14.69 ng/mL, while the limits of quantification were between 4.53 and 47.0 ng/mL. The results indicate that the contents of the 11 amino acids in the six different tea samples are greatly influenced by the degree of fermentation. The proposed SFC-MS method shows a great potential for further investigation of tea varieties.

Advances of supercritical fluid chromatography in lipid profiling

Supercritical fluid chromatography(SFC) meets with great favor due to its high efficiency, low organic solvent consumption, and the specialty for the identification of the isomeric species. This review describes the advances of SFC in targeted and untargeted lipid profiling. The advancement of the SFC instruments and the stationary phases are summarized. Typical applications of SFC to the targeted and untargeted lipid profiling are discussed in detail. Moreover, the perspectives of SFC in the lipid profiling are also proposed. As a useful and promising tool for investigating lipids in vitro and in vivo, SFC will predictably obtain further development.

Separation of Enantiomers of Clopidogrel on Chiral Stationary Phases by Packed Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

A packed column supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) method for the separation of clopidogrel enantiomers on a chiral stationary phase and CO2 with modifier as mobile phase has been developed at an analytical scale. Among 11 different 2 stationary phases the Chiral cel OD-H column showed by far the best separation properties. The influence of different modifiers, injection solvents, temperature, and pressure, and density of the fluid, respectively, on the separation behaviour has been studied. It was found that the separation behaviour strongly depends on the type of modifier and the modifier content. Temperature and pressure are of less influence.

Fast analysis of derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil by ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography after supercritical fluid extraction enrichment

An efficient and environment-friendly method for simultaneous determination of 13 typical derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH)in petroleum-polluted soil with nitro-,oxy-and alkylfunctional group was developed using supercritical fluid extraction(SFE)followed by ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography(UHPSFC).Parameters of UHPSFC,including type of stationary phase and mobile phase modifiers,gradient elution process,backpressure,column temperature,and the flow rate of mobile phase,were systematically optimized,achieving a fast separation within4.2 min.Limits of detection(LOD)were 0.005-0.1μg mL^(-1)or 0.1-2.0 ng g^(-1),respectively,with a good repeatability(RSD<5.0%).Before UHPSFC-PDA analysis,the PAH-derivatives in soil samples were effectively enriched in 15.0 min using SFE with an online carbon nanotubes(CNTs)collection trap.The soil samples were analyzed by the proposed method and the results were verified by GC-MS.Thus,SFE equipped with an online CNTs trap followed by UHPSFC-PDA analysis,which only consumed about2.0 mL organic solvent for a whole run,has been demonstrated to be an efficient way for screening and quantitative analysis of trace-level PAH-derivatives in soil samples.

Chiral Separation of Ibuprofen by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

The separation method using chiral stationary phase （CSP） for the preparation of enantioselective compound was widely used. In this work, supercritical fluid chromatography（SFC） was proposed to resolve the chiral mixtures. To determine the optimum operating conditions for the chiral separation of the racemic ibuprofen, the retention factors and resolutions with the change in pressure, temperature and the content of IPA （%, by volume） in supercritical CO2 were investigated. Experiments showed that the retention factor decreased with the increase of pressure and decrease in temperature. The retention factor was also influenced by the content of IPA in mobile phase, as the content of IPA in the supercritical fluid increased, the retention factor decreased. The resolution of the enantiomers became worse with the increase of IPA in the supercritical fluid. Through optimizing the experimental conditions, a SFC procedure with 13MPa, 311.15K and 4% IPA in CO2 was obtained. The peak shape of the enantiomers was symmetric with supercritical fluid chromatography when compared to the asymmetric peak shape obtained by the conventional liquid chromatography. This work demonstrated that the developed supercritical fluid chromatography procedure was suitable for the chiral separation of ibuprofen enantiomers.

Review: Isomer Separation, Chiral Resolution, and Structure Elucidation Analyses Are the Future of Analytical Supercritical Fluid Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry

In 1822, almost 200 years ago, Baron Charles Cagniard de Latour (1777-1859) discovered the critical phenomena or critical state [1] [2]. At that time, it was described as a curiosity. However, it is now used as an advanced extraction and analytical technology in industry and research. Extraction with supercritical fluids (SFs) was welcome from the very beginning. In the present paper, the application to chromatography of the critical phenomena of compressed gases or overheated liquids as supercritical fluids will be discussed. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) received an uneasy welcome, mainly because of the lack of commercially available analytical instruments. Even today, only a small number of industrial companies are manufacturing SFC instrumentation. A very small spectrum of columns is manufactured specially for SFC. SFC is not accepted by Pharmacopeia committees for the analysis of drugs and medical forms to the same extent as Gas Chromatography, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography or even Thin Layer Chromatography. The present status and future perspectives for SFC will be discussed.

Packed Supercritical Fluid Chromatography for the Analyses and Preparative Separations of Palm Oil Minor Components

This paper depicts a brief review on the applications of packed supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) in palm oil analyses and purifications from early 1990s to date. Packed SFC has been used for the analyses of various palm oil components. The analytical separations have also been scaled up to preparative scale that leads to the recovery of high value components from palm oil. This review encompasses both analytical and preparative SFC in the oil palm processing.

THEORY FOR STEP AND PULSE METHOD OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

The paper presents a general retention formula for supercritical fluid chromatography at finite concentration. A new chromatographic rate theory based on the fugacities of solutes instead of concentrations is developed, thus relieving the restrictions of linear isothermal distribution and infinite dilution. An expression for retention values of a N component system including solvent is obtained by combining the rate theory with the mass balance equation of solutes in chromatography. It is shown that there are N-1 characteristic retention peaks for N components and the retention time can be calculated directly from the equilibrium properties of the components in both mobile phase and stationary phase at the given conditions. The theory can be reduced to the well known formula for infinite dilution and to the result of step-pulse theory in gas chromatography under low pressure at finite concentration. Supercritical fluid chromatography may eventually prove itself to be a useful reseach tool in the field of phase equilibrium and thermodynamic properties of supercritical fluid system.

Simultaneous enantioseparation and simulation studies of atenolol,metoprolol and propranolol on Chiralpak^■IG column using supercritical fluid chromatography

Enantioseparation of threeβ-blockers,i.e.,atenolol,metoprolol and propranolol,was studied on amylose tris(3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate)immobilized chiral stationary phase using supercritical fluid chromatography(SFC).The effect of organic modifiers(methanol,isopropanol and their mixture),column temperature and back pressure on chiral separation ofβ-blockers was evaluated.Optimum chromatographic separation with respect to resolution,retention,and analysis time was achieved using a mixture of CO_(2) and 0.1%isopropyl amine in isopropanol:methanol(50:50,V/V),in 75:25(V/V)ratio.Under the optimized conditions,the resolution factors(Rs)and separation factors(a)were greater than3.0 and 1.5,respectively.Further,with increase in temperature(25-45℃)and pressure(100-150 bars)there was corresponding decrease in retention factors(k),a and Rs.However,a reverse trend(a and Rs)was observed for atenolol with increase in temperature.The thermodynamic data from van’t Hoff plots revealed that the enantioseparation was enthalpy driven for metoprolol and propranolol while entropy driven for atenolol.To understand the mechanism of chiral recognition and the elution behavior of the enantiomers,molecular docking studies were performed.The binding energies obtained from simulation studies were in good agreement with the elution order found experimentally and also with the free energy values.The method was validated in the concentration range of 0.5-10μg/m L for all the enantiomers.The limit of detection and limit of quantitation ranged from 0.126 to 0.137μg/m L and 0.376-0.414μg/m L,respectively.The method was used successfully to analyze these drugs in pharmaceutical preparations.

Overview of the Analytical Lifecycle of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Methods

In recent times, the overall interest over Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) is truly growing within various domains but especially for pharmaceutical analysis. However, in the best of our knowledge modern SFC is not yet applied for drug quality control in the daily routine framework. Among the numerous reported SFC methods, none of them could be found to fully satisfy to all steps of the analytical method lifecycle. Thereby, the present contribution aims to provide an overview of the current and past achievements related to SFC techniques, with a targeted attention to this lifecycle and its successive steps. The included discussions were therefore structured accordingly and emphasizing the analytical method lifecycle in accord with the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH). Recent and important scientific outputs in the field of analytical SFC, as well as instrumental evolution, qualification strategies, method development methodologies and discussions on the topic of method validation are reviewed.

Rapid Separation of Five Cyclosporin Analogs by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in cyclic peptides due to their therapeutic advantages in terms of potency, permeability, proteolytic stability, and unique selectivity relative to traditional smaller drug molecules. Cyclosporin is a family of cyclic peptides widely used as autoimmune suppression agents. Cyclosporin analogs consist of eleven amino acids with the main difference lying at the side chain of its amino acid residues. In this study, a single step separation method was developed utilizing Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) to resolve five naturally occurring cyclosporin analogs (Cyclosporin A, B, C, D, and H) on a bare silica-packed column. The optimized method involved use of ethanol-modified carbon dioxide as mobile phase on a bare silica column at 80 °C and UV detection at 220 nm. Although column temperature and back pressure generally had insignificant effect on SFC separation, it was found in our study that increasing temperature and pressure greatly improved peak shape and resolution.

Influence of Modifiers, Extractants, and Trappers on Lipid Composition with Liquids in Standard State Extraction, Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Trapping by Supercritical Fluid Extraction, Part II

Modifiers have a broad array of influences on extraction with liquids in standard state, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), trapping by SFE and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). They can significantly change the qualitative and quantitative results. Quantitative and qualitative results can be influenced by different extractants and modifiers in different ways as it was shown by Brondz et al. at 2007 in “The real nature of the indole alkaloids in Cortinarius infractus: Evaluation of artifact formation through solvent extraction method development”, J. Chromatography A, 1148, 1-7. The choice of correct extractant, modifier, and trapper to the bulk mobile phase for supercritical fluids (SFs) or for liquids in subcritical or in the liquids in standard state is a challenge in any extraction procedure. This is the second paper in a sequence that describes the influence of extractants and modifiers on the performance of SFs and results of extraction with liquids in standard state and SFE. Here, attention is given to possible mistakes in qualitative and quantitative results by poor understanding of the influence of extractants, modifiers, and trappers on extraction and trapping process by a careless choice of extractant, modifier, and trapper for extraction with liquids in standard state and SFE. The SF chosen for discussion in the paper is CO2. However, similar effects can be observed with use of other SFs and fluids in subcritical and standard states. In this paper, the discussion of lipids, fatty and carboxylic acids have been chosen as target analytes for extraction, trapping and analysis. Some examples from extraction with liquids in the standard state and trapping in the supercritical state (collection) have been furnished with the wrong extractant, modifier, or trapper which is presented for illustration of inappropriate choice of extractants, modifiers, and trappers.

在线毛细管柱SFC/FTIR联用方法

建立了一种以CO_2为流动相的毛细管柱SFC/FTIR联用方法,实现了对多环芳烃混合物和催眠药混合物的分离。其在线红外光谱图具有高信噪比,可直接用于混合物组分定性分析。该法对甲基丙烯酸甲酯的v_(c—o)带和对萘的v_(c—c)带的检测限分别为25ng和102ng。

茄尼醇的SFC制备色谱分离工艺

采用ZORBAX SB-C18(250 mm×9.4 mm I.D.,5μm)色谱柱为固定相,SC-CO2/甲醇为流动相,考察了超临界流体色谱分离提纯烟草萃取物中茄尼醇的工艺条件、流动相流速和改性剂含量对分离度的影响,以及温度和压力对茄尼醇容量因子、茄尼醇与相邻色谱峰组分分离度和选择性因子的影响。通过采用选定SFC分离工艺条件,茄尼醇产品纯度达到94.9%。

SFC和GC/MS快速测定茶叶中咖啡因(英文)

采用超临界流体色谱和气-质联用分别测定茶叶中咖啡因,结果表明:(1)用CO2作流动相,加5%的CH3OH做改性剂,SFC所得结果令人满意,3min完成分析。(2)气-质联用测定7min完成。两个方法都可用于茶叶中咖啡因的快速分析,茶叶中共存的其它组分不干扰测定。

SFC制备EPA和DHA乙酯过程中上载量和流速的影响

以超临界CO2为流动相ODS-C18为固定相,以尿素包络法处理后的鱼油乙酯化物为原料,柱温为55℃,柱前压为12.1MPa,改变载量和流动相流速,测定了二十碳五烯酸乙酯(EPA-EE)和二十二碳六烯酸乙酯(DHA-EE)的色谱动态特性。结果表明,EPA-EE与DHA-EE之间的分离良好,但原料中其他脂肪酸乙酯杂质不能分离。适当切割流出物馏分,EPA-EE的纯度可达90%,DHA-EE可达75%。根据实验结果考察了载量和流动相流速对制备色谱效能的影响。色谱柱的生产能力随流速的增大而增大。在EPA-EE纯度一定的前提下,色谱柱的生产能力随载量的增大而增大,但载量过大则生产能力又会减小。当EPA-EE纯度要求在85%以下时,载量对其回收率的影响不大,CO2消耗量(每单位重量产品的消耗)随着载量的增大而减少;纯度要求在90%以上时,回收率随载量的增大而明显减小,CO2消耗量随载量的变化有最低点,在载量为4.076mL·L-1时为最小。EPA-EE纯度要求为90%时,适宜载量为7.13mL·L-1,流动相流速为3.928g·min-1,此时色谱柱的生产能力为2.41g·h-1·L-1,EPA-EE回收率为37.8%。同时得到的DHA-EE的纯度为75%,回收率为88.8%。

SFC-Q-TOF-MS法鉴定4种家畜乳甘油三酯及特征分析

对家畜乳尤其是特种家畜乳脂肪甘油三酯(triacylglycerols,TAGs)进行系统鉴定和研究。采集荷斯坦牛、山羊、蒙古马和双峰驼原奶样品31份,用超临界流体色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱(supercritical fluid chromatography-quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry,SFC-Q-TOF-MS)检测鉴定TAGs组成,并进行主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)。结果表明:4种家畜乳共鉴定出145种TAGs,相对分子质量为470~888,酰基链总碳数为24~54,双键数为0~9;由14种碳数4~20、双键数0~3的脂肪酸构成。牛、山羊、马和骆驼乳分别鉴定出60、66、74种和44种TAGs。马、骆驼、牛和山羊乳不饱和TAGs相对含量依次为82.2%、61.1%、51.7%和43.8%;马乳含亚麻酸的TAGs高达45.43%;骆驼乳TAGs脂肪酸组成最简单,至少含肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸和油酸中的一种;驼乳脂肪O-P-O相对含量最高,为5.04%,山羊乳脂肪最低,仅为1.8%;山羊乳主要TAGs都由饱和脂肪酸组成。4种家畜乳的基峰色谱图差异明显,对TAGs进行PCA 4种家畜乳样品以物种聚类明显分离,距离远近符合物种分类学,提示TAGs可建模判别家畜乳的物种。

催化氢化联合SFC制备β-细辛醇工艺研究

以2,4,5-三甲氧基苯基丙炔醇为原料,通过优化Lindlar催化氢化条件(催化剂和反应物质量比为0.2,甲醇作溶剂,室温,常压,反应时间4 h),得顺式为主的2,4,5-三甲氧基苯基丙烯醇(β-细辛醇),再经超临界流体色谱法(SFC)纯化,获得高纯度β-细辛醇。合成获得粗品β-细辛醇[β-细辛醇与α-细辛醇比为(9.5~9.7):1],原料转化率大于98%,经SFC纯化得纯度大于99%的β-细辛醇,总产率为74%~81%。该合成及纯化工艺稳定可靠,可获得高纯度β-细辛醇供进一步生物学研究。