Age of the Marwar Supergroup,NW India:A note on the U–Pb geochronology of Jodhpur Group felsic volcanics

The Marwar Supergroup(NW Peninsular India)is thought to be of Ediacaran-Cambrian age,based on previous paleontological and geochronological studies.However,direct constraints on the onset of sedimentation within the Marwar basin are still scarce.In this study,we report U–Pb zircon,LA-ICP-MS,and SIMS ages from the Chhoti Khatu felsic volcanic rocks,interlayered with the Jodhpur Group sandstones(Lower Marwar Supergroup).The cathodoluminescence images of the zircons indicate complex morphologies,and core-rim textures coupled with the wide range of ages indicate that they are likely inherited or in the case of thin poorly indurated ash-beds,detrital in origin.The age spectra of 68 zircon analyses from our sampling display a dominant 800–900 Ma age peak corresponding to the age of basement"Erinpura granite"rocks in the region.The youngest inherited zircon from a felsic ash layer yielded a U–Pb age of651 Ma±18 Ma that,together with previous studies and paleontological evidence,indicates a postCryogenian age for the initiation of Marwar sedimentation following a~125 Ma hiatus between the end of Malani magmatism and Marwar deposition.

Ediacaran Discs from the Jodhpur Sandstone, Marwar Supergroup, India: A Biological Diversification or Taphonomic Interplay?

The noncarbonaceous Ediacaran discs of variable morphologies from the Jodhpur Sandstone Formation of the Marwar Supergroup, western Rajasthan, suggest different biologic affinities of plant and animal kingdom. These discs are commonly preserved on the bedding surfaces of siliciclastic sandstone and shale in strong positive relief and appear to possess a flexible to rigid body. Discs assignable to Aspidella, Cyclomedusa, Nimbia and Heimalora;all possibly inclining towards cnidarian affinity are being reported from the sandstone beds in Sursagar area. Variable morphologies among discs preserved in siliciclastic shale beds from the Artiya Kalan area support scyphozoan affinity (earlier named Marsonia from the same locality) and cnidarian affinity for small discs comparable with Funisia (considered being the first animals having sexual reproduction). Disc’s morphologies also suggest ephyra stage of Aurilia (a cnidarian form) or budding stages of some fungi, like Germinosphaera (multicellular benthic fungal fossils) and noncarbonaceous discs with well preserved wrinkles and folds like in Chuaria. Discs from the Jodhpur Sandstone, may at times display taphonomic interplay, but consistency and repetition in morphology support variable biological affinities representing diverse assemblage and advance ecosystem prevailing during Ediacaran period. A degree of genetic variability can be expected within any taxa, and this may be compounded by preservation factors affecting the Jodhpur Ediacaran discs. Sudden increase in size or gigantism is a common feature of Ediacaran life, which is evident in case of Jodhpur discs also. On the basis of fossil assemblage, the Jodhpur Group (the Marwar Supergroup) is regionally correlated with the Bhander Group of the Vindhyan Supergroup and Krol Group of Lesser Himalaya. Globally, the assemblage is comparable with the Long Mynd Group, Shropshire, UK, Fermuse Formation Newfoundland, South Australia, Russia and Norway.

Largest Ediacaran discs from the Jodhpur Sandstone, Marwar Supergroup, India: Their palaeobiological significance

Ediacaran discs from the Jodhpur Sandstone of the Marwar Supergroup, Rajasthan, exhibit a wide size ranging from a few millimetres to 75 cm in diameter. Exceptionally large size of the discs in these rocks represent the largest reported so far from any Ediacaran assemblage. Although, larger medu-soid discs have been reported from USA, they are from the middle Cambrian and even younger rocks. Presence of microbial mats and weed-like structures with well preserved hold fasts and horizontal rhizome-like structures in association with some of these large-sized discs support their animal affinity, which probably feed on this weed-like vegetations. This association also supports their benthic habitat. Unlike the general trend of sudden increase in size of organisms in Ediacaran period and further decrease in size during Cambrian, these discs continued increasing in size in Cambrian also.

Geochemistry of Palaeoproterozoic Rocks of Aravalli Supergroup: Implications for Weathering History and Depositional Sequence

The Paleoproterozoic Aravalli Supregroup of rocks, hosted in Aravalli Craton of NW shield, is deposited in shallow and deep water conditions. The major lithologies are phyllites and quartzites with significant components of greywacks and dolomite. Geochemical indices in particular, CIA (Chemical Index of Alteration) values (avg. phyllites: 51.6 - 81.5, avg. quartzites: 57.4 - 95.5) calculated from the data of clastic rocks of ASG suggest minimum to highly intense weathering in the source region. Other indices including PIA, CIW and ICV along with plot patterns on the A-CN-K diagram also nearly endorse CIA based interpretation. These rocks possess relatively high Th/U ratios compared to that found in fresh igneous rocks or their high grade metamorphic equivalents. This high Th/U ratio is neither a source inheritance nor a result of oxidation state rather a manifestation of Th hosting mineral accumulation through sorting. Viewed in the context of present stratigraphic succession, the weathering history adduced from geochemistry does not seem compatible but matches well with earlier classification scheme wherein the evolution of Aravalli Supergroup was considered episodic.

Geochemical signatures of Mesoproterozoic siliciclastic rocks of the Kaimur Group of the Vindhyan Supergroup,Central India

The Upper Kaimur Group of the Vindhyan Supergroup in Central India,primarily consists of three rock types-DhandraulSandstone,Scarp Sandstone and Bijaigarh Shale.Mineralogically and geochemically,they are quartz arenite,sublitharenite to litharenite and litharenite to shale in composition,respectively.The A-CN-K ternary plot and CIA and ICV values suggest that the similar source rocks suffered severe chemical weathering,under a hot-humid climate in an acidic environment with higher PCO2,which facilitated high sediment influx in the absence of land plants.Various geochemical discriminants,elemental ratios like K2O/Na2O,Al2O3/TiO2,SiO2/MgO,La/Sc,Th/Sc,Th/Cr,GdN/YbN and pronounced negative Eu anomalies indicate the rocks to be of post-Archean Proterozoic granitic source,with a minor contribution of granodioritic input,in a passive margin setting.The sediments of the Upper Kaimur Group were probably deposited in the interglacial period in between the Paleoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic glacial epochs.

Investigation of Groundwater Quality with Borehole Depth in the Basin Granitoids of the Ashanti Region of Ghana

The dependence of groundwater quality on borehole depth is usually debatable in groundwater studies, especially in complex geological formations where aquifer characteristics vary spatially with depth. This study therefore seeks to investigate the relationship between borehole depth and groundwater quality across the granitoid aquifers within the Birimian Supergroup in the Ashanti Region. Physicochemical analysis records of groundwater quality data were collected from 23 boreholes of public and private institutions in the Ashanti Region of Ghana, and the parametric values of iron, fluoride, total hardness, pH, nitrate, and nitrite were used to study the groundwater quality-depth relationship. The results showed that the depth-to-groundwater quality indicated a marginal increase in water quality in the range of 30 to 50 m, which is mathematically represented by the low-value correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.026). A relatively significant increase occurs in the depth range of 50 to 80 m, which is given by a correlation coefficient of r2 = 0.298. The mean percent parameter compatibility was 74%, 82%, 89%, and 97% at 50, 60, 70, and 80 m depths, respectively. The variations in groundwater quality per depth ratio ranged from 1.48, 1.37, 1.27, and 1.21 for 50, 60, 70, and 80 m depth, respectively. The recommended minimum borehole depth for excellent groundwater quality is suggested with a compatibility per meter depth ratio of 1.37. This results in a range between 50 and 70 m as the most desirable drilling depth for excellent groundwater quality within the granitoids of the Birimian Supergroup of the Ashanti Region in Ghana.

氟钠烧绿石——一种烧绿石超族的新矿物

氟钠烧绿石发现于中国新疆维吾尔自治区阿克苏地区波孜果尔稀土矿床的碱性侵入花岗岩中。本文对其物理性质、化学成分和晶体结构进行了研究,并按照烧绿石超族矿物分类命名新方案定名为"氟钠烧绿石"。该新矿物及其名称得到了国际矿物学会新矿物及矿物、分类命名委员会(CNMNC-IMA)的正式批准。

一种RBAC组图模型研究

简要介绍了RBAC模型和角色图模型。提出了一种组图模型,重点分析了组图模型和角色图模型之间的关系。在两者关系的基础上,提出了组-角色分配的平行四边形法则。利用该法则,用户组-角色授权将变得规范化、正规化,且更加易于实施。

Hydroxycalciopyrochlore, A New Mineral Species from Sichuan, China

Hydroxycalciopyrochlore,ideally （Ca,Na,U,□）2（Nb,Ti）2O6（OH）,cubic,is a new mineral species （IMA2011-026） within the pyrochlore supergroup that was found occurring at the Maoniuping mine,Mianning County,Xichang prefecture,Sichuan Province,southwest China.The mineral is found in an alkali feldspar granite rare-earth ore deposit （26-27 Ma）.Associated minerals include calcite,barite,celestine,albite,aegirine,aegirine-augite,fluorite,parasite-（Ce）,thorite,thorianite,zircon,galena,sphalerite,magnetite,and pyrite.Crystals occur mostly as octahedra,and less often as dodecahedra and tetrahexahedra or combinations thereof.Some occur with an allotriomorphic habit with a thick triangular tabular form.Crystals generally range from 0.1 to 1 mm in size.The mineral is brownishblack,greenish-black and black on fresh sections with a brown streak.The crystal is translucent,and has a greasy lustre on fresh sections.It is metamict without any observed parting or cleavage and with a conchoidal fracture.The Vickers microhardness is 572 kg/mm2 （5-6 on the Mohs hardness scale）.The density measured by hydrostatic weighing is 5.10（3） g/cm3.The strongest four reflections in the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern [d in（A） （Ⅰ） hkl] are：2.9657 （100） 2 2 2,1.8142 （34） 0 4 4,1.5463 （21） 2 2 6,2.5688 （18） 0 0 4.The unit-cell parameters are a =10.381（4） （A）,V=1118.7（7）（A）3,Z =8.The structure was solved and refined in the space group Fd3m with R =0.09.The empirical formula is （Ca0.74Na0.5sU0.40Ce0.05Fe0.02□0.21）2.00（Nb1.15Ti0.s0Ta0.03Al0.01Mg0.01）2.00O6.02 [（OH）1.01F0.09]1.10,on the basis of 2 atoms of B pfu; the simplified formula is （Ca,Na,U,□）2（Nb,Ti）2O6（OH）.Type material is deposited in the Geological Museum of China,Beijing,People＇s Republic of China,catalogue number M11800.

Lithostratigraphy,Sedimentology,and Provenance of the Balfour Formation(Beaufort Group) in the Fort Beaufort-Alice Area,Eastern Cape Province,South Africa

The Balfour Formation has a pronounced lithological variation that is characterized by alternating sandstone- and mudstone-dominated members. The sandstone-dominated Oudeberg and Barberskrans Members are composed of lithofacies that range from intraformationai conglomerates to fine-grained sediments, whereas the mudstone-dominated members （Daggaboersnek, Elandsberg, and Palingkloof） are dominated by the facies Fm and FI. Petrography, geochemistry, and a paleocurrent analysis indicated that the source rock of the Balfour Formation was to south east and the rocks had a transitional/dissected magmatic arc signature. The sandstones-rich members were deposited by seasonal and ephemeral high-energy, low-sinuous streams, and the fine-grained-rich members were formed by ephemeral meandering streams. The paleoclimates have been equated to present temperate climates; they were semiarid becoming arid towards the top of the Balfour Formation. This has been determined by reconstructing the paleolatitude of the Karoo Basin, geochemistry, paleontology, sedimentary structures, and other rock properties, like color.

Subsidence Analysis and Burial History of the Late Carboniferous to Early Jurassic Soutpansberg Basin,Limpopo Province,South Africa

The subsidence history of the Soutpansberg Basin was reconstructed by a tectonic subsidence analysis coupled with backstripping calculations based on data of newly interpreted sequence boundaries. Furthermore, burial and time plots were constructed in order to understand the burial and thermal history of the basin. Input data were based on facies, lithostratigraphic models and tectonic interpretations. The studied succession is up to 1000 m and is underlain by the Achaean Limpopo Mobile Belt. The subsidence within the basin supports the primary graben system which must have been centred within the present basins, and later became a region of faulting. The subsidence and burial history curves suggests two phases of rapid subsidence during the Early-Late Permian （300–230 Ma） and Middle Triassic （215–230 Ma）. The areas of greater extension subsided more rapidly during these intervals. Two slow subsidence phases are observed during the Late Triassic （215–198 Ma） and Early Jurassic （198–100 Ma）. These intervals represent the post-rift thermal subsidence and are interpreted as slow flexural subsidence. Based on these observations on the subsidence curves, it is possible to infer that the first stage of positive inflexion （300 Ma） is therefore recognised as the first stage of the Soutpansberg Basin formation.

浅析坦桑尼亚卡鲁超群地质特征及含矿性

卡鲁超群代表了坦桑尼亚境内最早的显生宙沉积,境内地层连续性较好,主要发育于一系列由裂谷引起沉降进而形成的半地堑-地堑盆地中。在综合研究坦桑尼亚卡鲁超群的区域地质分布、岩性组合、沉积环境分析以及孢粉生物学等资料的基础上,结合地质年代学特征系统厘定了卡鲁超群内部各组、段的沉积层序、沉积相和沉积时代,并对这套地层的含矿性特征进行了归纳、总结。综合分析认为,坦桑尼亚卡鲁超群的岩性总体表现为一套砂岩-页岩组合,其沉积时限为晚石炭世至早侏罗世,沉积环境自下而上分别为冰川相、湖泊相、河流相,与南非典型的卡鲁超群具有可比性;显示出良好的煤矿和砂岩型铀矿成矿潜力,并且存在许多油气、石墨资源找矿线索。

太行山阜平超群的地质时代及地层划分

太行山阜平超群的地质时代，陈庄群为中太古代（＞３１００～２８００Ｍａ），湾子群为新太古代早期（２８００～２６５０Ｍａ），上覆的五台群为其晚期（２６５０～２４５０Ｍａ）。该超群原四道河组以上及龙泉关群的表壳岩部分为陈庄群的构造重复。

RBAC中的用户/组管理

简要介绍了RBAC角色图模型和组图模型,详细给出了用户组管理的一系列操作算法,并通过具体实施用户管理对算法进行了验证分析,充分说明了在组图模型和角色图模型的基础上,辅助各种用户组操作算法,能大大简化用户组的管理。

一种Noether耦合的OS_P(N/4)超引力拉氏量

用Noether耦合方法,在求得了超对称Noether流和内对称Noether流后,引入规范场、引力微子场、Yang—Mills场及费米场之间的相互作用,构造了OS_P(N/4)超引力的拉氏量,并证明了其不变性。由于得到超对称Noether拉氏量和内对称Noether拉氏量,使该理论包含有更广泛的各场的自相互作用和它们之间的相互作用,可将四种相互作用包含其中。

Lithostratigraphy,Sedimentology and Provenance of the Balfour Formation(Beaufort Group) in the Fort Beaufort-Alice Area,Eastern Cape Province,South Africa

The Balfour Formation was subdivided into five members based on lithological variation that is characterized by alternating sandstone-and mudstone -dominated members.The sandstone dominated Oudeberg and Barberskrans members are composed of lithofacies that range from intraformational conglomerates to fine-grained sediments,whereas the mudstone dominated members(Daggaboersnek, Elandsberg and Palingkloof) are dominated by the fine-grained facies(Fm and F1).Petrography,geochemistry and palaeocurrent analysis indicated that the source rock of the Balfour Formation was to

Geochemistry of Major Oxides in Host Rocks in Vizianagarm Manganese Ores Belt (A.P.), India

The abundance, distribution trends and significance of the major oxides in the host rocks in Vizianagarm Manganese Ores Belt (A.P.) (between N latitude 18°12' and 18°30' and E longitudes 83°20' and 83°45'), 15 samples of host rocks from different localities of the area under study were collected and analyzed for major oxides. We describe here in major oxides geochemistry of host rocks and manganese ore deposits associated with Precambrian Khondalite and Charnockite in Vizianagarm Manganese Ores Belt (A.P.): 1) Preponderance of SiO2 over Al2O3;2) Dominance of K2O and CaO over Na2O;3) Abnormally high concentration of phosphorus and a positive relationship of P2O5 with CaO and Ti contents;4) Manganese increases with increases of iron, lime and soda and vice versa, 5) CaO increases with the increases of Al2O3, Ti, K2O and vice versa.?High P2O5content in these manganese ores appears to be the result of precipitation from secondary manganese rich solutions containing dissolved phosphorus from the P2O5 enriched host rocks.?Another source of P2O5 may be the associated granitic and pegmatitic intrusions. Elements like K, Na, Ca, Mg, Co, Ni, Pb and Zn etc. appear to be mostly concentrated in the Mn-minerals viz. psilomelane, cryptomelane, hollandite and pyrolusite and related secondary phases [1] and [2]. Stratigraphically, the study area includes within a thick succession of Precambrian Group belonging to the Khondalite and Charnockite Groups of Dharwar Supergroup, that form a part of Eastern Ghat Complex of India. The manganiferous rocks that have been encountered in the Vizianagarm Manganese Ores Belt (A.P.) India are known as Kodurites.

Occurrence of Manganese Ore Deposits and Their Mineralogy in Vizianagaram-Visakhapatnam Manganese Ores Belt (Andhra Pradesh) India

The Manganese deposits of Andhra Pradesh are associated with a thick sequence of Precambrian rocks, belonging to Khondalite and Charnockite groups of Dharwar Supergroup that forms part of 2500 to 3000 m.y. old Eastern Ghat complex of India. The study area is the Manganese deposits of Vizianagram-Visakhapatnam Manganese Belt of Andhra Pradesh. The study area lies about 150 km NE of Visakhapatnam between 18°12′N - 18°30′N and 83°20′E - 83°45′E. The mineralization of Manganese ores is confined to different rock types, belonging to both Khondalite and Charnockite groups, where they are dispersed throughout the country rocks as small lenses, pockets, veins and irregular bodies of varying dimensions. Quartz, garnet, clay, limonite and apatite are the common gangue minerals in the Manganese ores. The presence of quartz, garnet and apatite brings down the grade of the ore. Ferruginous laterite and ochre generally work as capping of the Manganese deposits. The various Manganese ore minerals present in these deposits are indentified as 1) Primary minerals-braunite, bixbyite, vredenburgite, jacobsite and hausmannite, 2) secondary minerals-psilomelane, cryptomelane, hollandite, pyrolusite and wad. The primary ore minerals are considered to be syngenetic and regionally metamorphosed while, the associated secondary ore minerals are formed due to alteration of the primary ores.

朝鲜平南盆地祥原超群的沉积时代与拉伸纪早期碳同位素负漂移

朝鲜平南盆地与东华北克拉通(中朝克拉通)中新元古代盆地的对比存在争议,准确厘定相关沉积建造的沉积时限是解决这些争议的关键。朝鲜平南盆地的地层主体为祥原超群,从下往上依次为直岘群、祠堂隅群、默川群、灭恶山群和燕滩群。直岘群是祥原超群的最下部层位,大部分由陆源碎屑岩组成。从平南盆地"北部型"和"南部型"直岘群碎屑岩中分选锆石,测得LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄,限定祥原超群沉积时代晚于1100Ma,并且得出所谓的"北部型"和"南部型"地层没有时代和物源差异。鉴于默川群的基性岩床时代为~900Ma,祥原超群的沉积时代为新元古代早期(1000~900Ma),燕滩群的时代可能稍晚。这说明平南盆地与华北徐淮盆地和旅大盆地等同时。祥原超群碳酸盐岩样品的δ^(13)C值数据表明,默川群时期碳同位素发生了负漂移(δ^(13)C值为-6‰^-5‰)。鉴于侵入到默川群的基性岩床的时代为~900Ma,我们认为该碳同位素(δ^(13)C值)负漂移略早于~900Ma,可能与同一时期的岩浆活动有关。

9种瘿蚜的Wolbachia分子检测和系统发育分析

[目的]以五倍子蚜、杨树瘿蚜和黄连木瘿蚜等9种瘿蚜为实验材料,探讨瘿蚜Wolbachia与其它自由生活蚜虫携带的Wolbachia的株系差异及亲缘关系,明确五倍子蚜、杨树瘿蚜和黄连木瘿蚜等9种瘿蚜的Wolbachia感染情况、株系及系统发育关系。[方法]从田间采集新鲜虫瘿,将蚜虫转移到离心管内,100%乙醇-20℃保存。采用Wolbachia的16S rRNA、wsp、fts Z、gro E和glt A基因引物,以瘿蚜的总DNA为模板进行扩增、测序和分析,联合NCBI中Wolbachia 16S rRNA相关基因序列进行系统发育分析。[结果]在检测的9种瘿蚜中,有3种瘿蚜共3个种群感染有Wolbachia,其中滇叶瘿绵蚜昆明种群的Wolbachia属于B超群,肚倍蚜昆明种群和角倍蚜峨眉种群的Wolbachia可能属于新发现的O超群。[结论]与自由生活的蚜虫相比,瘿蚜的Wolbachia感染率偏低,且株系间的差异较大。