Revised Newtonian Formula of Gravity and Equation of Cosmology in Flat Space-Time Transformed from Schwarzschild Solution

By transforming the geodesic equation of the Schwarzschild solution of the Einstein’s equation of gravity field to flat space-time for description, the revised Newtonian formula of gravity is obtained. The formula can also describe the motion of object with mass in gravity field such as the perihelion precession of the Mercury. The space-time singularity in the Einstein’s theory of gravity becomes the original point r = 0 in the Newtonian formula of gravity. The singularity problem of gravity in curved space-time is eliminated thoroughly. When the formula is used to describe the expansive universe, the revised Friedmann equation of cosmology is obtained. Based on it, the high red-shift of Ia supernova can be explained well. We do not need the hypotheses of the universe accelerating expansion and dark energy again. It is also unnecessary for us to assume that non-baryon dark material is 5 - 6 times more than normal baryon material in the universe if they really exist. The problem of the universal age can also be solved well. The theory of gravity returns to the traditional form of dynamic description and becomes normal one. The revised equation can be taken as the foundation of more rational cosmology.

Measurement of Hubble constant: were differences in secondary distance indicators apparent as early as the HST Key Project?

Different measurements of the Hubble constant(H_(0))are not consistent,and a tension between the CMB based methods and cosmic distance ladder based methods has been observed.Measurements from various distance based methods are also inconsistent.To aggravate the problem,the same cosmological probe(TypeⅠa SNe for instance)calibrated through different methods also provides different values of H_(0).We compare various distance ladder based methods through the already available unique data obtained from the Hubble Space Telescope(HST).Our analysis is based on parametric(t-test)as well as non-parametric statistical methods such as the Mann-Whitney U test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.Our results show that different methods provide different values of H_(0) and the differences are statistically significant.The biases in the calibration would not account for these differences as the data have been taken from a single telescope with a common calibration scheme.The unknown physical effects or issues with the empirical relations of distance measurement from different probes could give rise to these differences.

Expanding or Static Universe: Emergence of a New Paradigm

The no-evolution, concordance expanding universe cosmology and no-evolution, static universe tired light model are compared against observational data on eight cosmology tests. The no-evolution tired light model is found to make a superior fit on all tests. Any attempts to introduce evolutionary corrections to improve the concordance cosmology fit on one test often worsen its fit on other tests. Light curve data of high redshift gamma ray bursts and quasars fail to support claims for cosmological time dilation due to expansion. Also, the SCP supernova light curve test results are considered to be flawed by selection effect biases. The big bang theory also has difficulty accounting for redshift quantization, for the multi-megaparsec periodicity seen in the distribution of galaxy superclusters, and for the discovery of galaxies at redshifts as high as z ~11.9. In overview, it is concluded that a static universe cosmology must be sought to explain the origin of the universe. One possible choice is a cosmology that predicts nonconservative tired-light redshifting in intergalactic space, the continuous creation of neutrons in space, the rate of matter creation scaling with both celestial body mass and temperature, galaxies growing progressively in size, and changing their morphology in the manner suggested by Jeans and Hubble.

哈勃常数和现代宇宙学

在介绍2009年格鲁伯宇宙学奖、简述现代观测宇宙学和哈勃常数的研究简史后,论述用哈勃空间望远镜研究哈勃常数和哈勃图在宇宙学中的应用.

Applications of the Junction Conditions Connecting the Robertson-Walker Metric and the Metric of a Local System on Our Universe

We investigate how the local and global metrics are connected in an ideal model of spacetime where the local system is assumed to be highly symmetric and the cosmological matter is kept away from the local system and does not disturbed by the local system. A boundary condition arising from the junction conditions is obtained and its implication in our universe is studied. We know that the total mass of a sufficiently large system must be that of the cosmological matter within the region of that size. This requirement is satisfied since it is just a consequence of the boundary condition. The analysis shows that at the very late epoch of the universe, there exists a particular time when the largest symmetric local systems stop growing and the observation of this time can be used to check the cosmological parameters. Adopting the popular values （ΩM, Ωa） = （0.28, 0.72）, we find that particular time would be associated with z = 0.726, the effect of dark matter on the clustering of objects would be insignificant, and the Virgo cluster would be gravitationally bound even if dark matter is ignored.

河外星系中超新星的分析研究

利用1885年至今的618颗河外星系中超新星的观测资料,分析了超新星和母星系的关系、出现的频率。探讨了超新星和活动星系的可能的联系,研究了I型超新星和哈勃常数H-0的确定,H_0的最优值约为50km/(s·Mpc).

Dark Energy： Relating the Evolutions of the Universe from the Past to the Future

Using the evolution history of the universe, one can make constraint on the parameter space of dynamic dark energy models. We discuss two different parameterized dark energy models. Our results further restrict the combined constraints obtained from supernova and the first-year Wilkinson-microwave-anisotropy-probe observations. From the allowed parameter space, it is found that our universe will experience an eternal acceleration. We also estimate the bound on the physically relevant regions both in the re-inflationary and inflationary phases.

Observational Constraints on the Unified Dark-Energy-Dark-Matter Model

We investigate the constraints on a generalized Chaplygin gas （GCG） model using the gold sample type-Ia supernovae （She Ia） data, the new Supernova Legacy Survey （SNLS） Sne Ia data and the size of baryonic acoustic oscillation peak found in Sloan Digital Sky Survey （SDSS）. In a spatially flat universe case we obtain, at a 95.4% confidence level, A8 = 0.76^＋0.07 -0.07 and α= 0.028^＋0.322 -0.2382 Our results are consistent with the ACDM model （α= 0）, but rule out the standard Chaplygin gas model （α= 1）.

宇宙距离尺度和哈勃常数

讨论了以Sandage和Tammann与de Vaucoulours为代表的两派在确定哈勃常数时产生差异的原因,并作了定量分析,分别用SNI和Seyfert 2两种标准烛光导出哈勃常数分别为52±5.5和50±8.5kms^(-1)Mpc^(-1),两种独立的方法得出的结果是一致的,这一结果还与由球状星团年龄得出的哈勃常数值相符.