Integrated management of crop residue and nutrient enhances new carbon formation by regulating microbial taxa and enzymes

Although returning crop residue to fields is a recommended measure for improving soil carbon(C)stocks in agroecosystems,the response of newly formed soil C(NFC)to the integrated supply of residue and nutrients and the microbial mechanisms involved in NFC are not fully understood.Therefore,an 84-day incubation experiment was conducted to ascertain the microbial mechanisms that underpin the NFC response to inputs of residue and nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),and sulfur(S)in two black(Phaeozem)soils from experimental plots at Gongzhuling,Jilin Province and Hailun,Heilongjiang Province,China.The results showed that adding residue alone accelerated microbial nutrient mining,which was supported by decreases of 8^(-1)6%in the ratios of C:N and C:P enzyme activities,relative to soils with nutrient inputs.The NFC amounts increased from 1156 to 1722 mg kg^(−1) in Gongzhuling soil and from 725 to 1067 mg kg^(−1) in Hailun soil as the levels of nutrient supplementation increased.Boosted regression tree analysis suggested thatβ-glucosidase(BG),acid phosphatase(AP),microbial biomass C(MBC),and Acidobacteria accounted for 27.8,18.5,14.7,and 8.1%,respectively,of the NFC in Gongzhuling soil and for 25.9,29.5,10.1,and 13.9%,respectively,of the NFC in Hailun soil.Path analysis determined that Acidobacteria positively influenced NFC both directly and indirectly by regulating BG,AP,and MBC,in which MBC acquisition was regulated more by AP.The amount of NFC was lower in Hailun soil than in Gongzhuling soil and was directly affected by AP,indicating the importance of soil properties such as SOC and pH in determining NFC.Overall,our results reveal the response of NFC to supplementation by N,P,and S,which depends on Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria,and their investment in BG and AP in residue-amended soil.

Nutraceutical Supplementation Based on Colostrum as Osteoporosis Treatment: A Pilot Study

Introduction: Naturally based treatments for osteoporosis are currently limited. The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain whether bovine colostrum supplementation can improve bone health in humans. Methods: In total 63 individuals volunteered in a 4-month supplementation project. They were stratified into three groups: 1) healthy post-menopausal women (n = 24); 2) individuals with osteopenia (n = 25); 3) people with osteoporosis (n = 14). Participants of each group were randomly assigned into two experimental sub-groups: a) the bovine colostrum (BC) supplementation (200 mL/day;5 days/week); b) the placebo sub-group. Before and after the 4-month supplementation, blood samples were obtained and bone mineral density (BMD) was measured. Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) was performed on three different anatomical sites: lumbar spine (LS), left femur neck (FN), and left forearm (Arm). Bone health markers (bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), osteocalcin, C-terminal telopeptide (CTX-I), deoxypyridinoline (DPD)) as well as immunological markers (interleukin 6 (IL6) and immunoglobulin E (IgE)), were assessed in blood serum with enzyme immunoassays, at baseline and 4-months after BC supplementation. Results: No significant changes were found in bone densitometry factors (p > 0.05), for all studied blood parameters and their calculated effect sizes. Conclusions: It is concluded that, as studied herein, BC does not seem to affect human bone health. This pilot study though warrant the need for further research into the efficacy of BC in patients with osteoporosis.

健美操运动与营养补充的协同效应研究

在全民健身的背景下,健美操运动因其独特的魅力和广泛的适应性,已成为人们追求健康生活方式的重要途径。健美操运动的效果不仅取决于运动本身,还与营养补充密切相关。本文阐述关键营养物质对健美操运动表现的影响,分析健美操运动与营养补充的协同效应,探讨健美操运动与营养补充的协同效应中存在的问题,并提出提升协同效应的策略,旨在为健美操爱好者提供科学的营养补充指导,促进其运动表现和健康水平的提升。

牛、羊精料补充料养分含量近红外光谱定标模型构建

本研究旨在利用近红外光谱(NIRS)技术结合改良偏最小二乘法(MPLS)建立牛、羊精料补充料中7种常规营养成分[水分、有机物(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、粗脂肪(EE)和粗灰分(Ash)]和5种矿物元素(钾、磷、钠、镁和铁)含量的快速预测模型。结果表明:1)常规营养成分中,Ash含量预测模型的预测决定系数(R_(P)^(2))和相对预测偏差(RPD)分别为0.74和1.96,仅能用于快速筛选分析;水分、OM、CP、NDF、ADF和EE含量预测模型的R_(P)^(2)和RPD分别为0.90~0.98和2.95~6.66,均可用于实际定量分析。2)矿物元素中,钾和铁含量预测模型的R_(P)^(2)分别为0.70和0.73,RPD分别为1.84和1.83,可用于快速筛选分析;磷、钠和镁含量预测模型的R_(P)^(2)分别为0.56、0.31和0.63,RPD分别为1.50、1.12和1.65,需进一步调整优化才能用于实际生产。综上所述,本研究成功建立了牛、羊精料补充料营养成分及矿物元素含量的NIRS快速预测模型,多数成分预测准确性高,部分矿物元素模型需进一步优化。

水肥调控对茶树土壤酶及土壤养分的影响

[目的]探究茶树土壤酶活性、土壤养分和茶树地上部分对水肥调控的响应,揭示水肥调控下土壤酶活性和土壤养分的变化规律,可为基肥施用和灌水互作下对土壤理化性质和幼龄茶树生长影响提供理论依据。[方法]采用盆栽实验方法,设置了施肥量和灌水量2个因素。基肥施肥量设C0(0 kg·盆^(-1))、C1(0.05 kg·盆^(-1))、C2(0.1 kg·盆^(-1))、C3(0.15 kg·盆^(-1))4个梯度。灌水量设W1(90 mL·盆^(-1))、W2(140 mL·盆^(-1))、W3(190 mL·盆^(-1))、W4(240 mL·盆^(-1))、W5(290 mL·盆^(-1))5个梯度。[结果](1)在C2W3处理下土壤蔗糖酶活性最高,在C3W4处理下的过氧化氢酶活性最高;冬季时C2W4处理下土壤养分含量最大;春季时速效钾和有效磷在C2基肥施肥下含量最高,C3基肥施肥下的碱解氮和有机质含量最大;(2)在C3处理下速效钾、碱解氮对冬春季蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性影响最大;其它养分在通过速效钾影响后,多个因素共同影响不同时期的蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性;(3)结合茶树地上生长指标可知,茶树在C2基肥下株高、地径增长量最大,在W4灌水时叶分枝数增长量最大。[结论]随着越冬期的结束,钾元素不需要追肥补充,而茶树因生长需要须进行氮、磷元素的追肥补充;在240 mL·株^(-1)的灌水处理下茶树地上生长指标达到最大。

‘凤丹’牡丹栽培及产业发展综述

该研究总结了影响‘凤丹’生长发育、产量的各项因素并结合阐述现阶段‘凤丹’综合开发利用的现状,揭示了‘凤丹’产业精细化发展所面临的主要挑战,以期对‘凤丹’以及整个牡丹产业的可持续发展提供参考依据。

不同补充营养和产卵底物对桑螟产卵的影响

为探明补充营养和产卵底物对桑螟(Glyphodes pyloalis)生殖的影响,同时也为桑螟的室内饲养条件及诱捕器的改进提供参考,比较桑螟取食不同补充营养的产卵量及其对不同颜色、粗糙程度底物的产卵选择。配制10%蔗糖、10%果糖、10%葡萄糖、5%蔗糖+5%果糖、5%蔗糖+5%葡萄糖、5%果糖+5%葡萄糖、3.33%蔗糖+3.33%果糖+3.33%葡萄糖和水8种补充营养,选取红、黄、绿、蓝、紫、白6种颜色塑料包扎绳作为产卵底物,调查不同补充营养对桑螟产卵量的影响,并明确桑螟成虫对不同颜色产卵底物的选择偏好;另以新鲜桑叶以及杯壁光滑和带有横纹的2种粗糙程度不同的塑料杯作为产卵底物,研究桑螟对不同粗糙程度底物的产卵偏好。结果表明,以10%蔗糖为桑螟成虫补充营养时产卵期(5.3 d)最长、单雌产卵量(233.3粒)最大,且更偏好在粗糙程度高的黄色底物上产卵。在桑螟室内饲养中,选用10%蔗糖作为成虫补充营养,产卵底物则考虑黄色且粗糙程度高的更有利于桑螟室内种群的繁殖,还可为桑螟诱捕器外观改造提供思路。

Microbiome as an endocrine organ and its relationship with eye diseases:Effective factors and new targeted approaches

Microbiome is an endocrine organ that refers to both the complicated biological system of microbial species that colonize our bodies and their genomes and surroundings.Recent studies confirm the connection between the microbiome and eye diseases,which are involved in the pathogenesis of eye diseases,including age-related macular disorders,diabetic retinopathy,glaucoma,retinitis pigmentosa,dry eye,and uveitis.The aim of this review is to investigate the microbiome in relation to eye health.First,a brief introduction of the characteristics of the gut microorganisms terms of composition and work,the role of dysbiosis,the gut microbiome and the eye microbiome in the progression of eye illnesses are highlighted,then the relationship among the microbiome and the function of the immune system and eye diseases,the role of inflammation and aging and the immune system,It has been reviewed and finally,the control and treatment goals of microbiome and eye diseases,the role of food factors and supplements,biotherapy and antibiotics in relation to microbiome and eye health have been reviewed.

Preparation and Characterization of Vitamin-D Incorporated Marshmallow

This project looks at a novel way to enhance the sensory experience of vitamin D ingestion by incorporating it into marshmallows. This investigation used a human panel taste test with twelve individuals, an index of swelling, and a stability evaluation. Samples of vitamin D infused marshmallows were prepared and given to participants in the human panel taste test, which evaluated mouthfeel and flavor. By analyzing dissolving behavior, the swelling index test revealed unexpected erosion. In addition, a temperature threshold for storage conditions was found through a temperature sensitivity test. All of these techniques assessed the feasibility and palatability of vitamin D supplementation with marshmallow flavor, offering insights into both the possible advantages and difficulties. The marshmallow infusion technique effectively covered up the disagreeable taste of vitamin D pills, leading to reviews that were overwhelmingly favorable (“Moderate Sweet”) and that indicated a pleasant mouthfeel. During the swelling index test, it showed erosion behavior, suggesting a certain kind of dissolution that is advantageous for nutritional absorption. Furthermore, the study discovered a temperature sensitivity threshold, highlighting how crucial proper storage conditions are.

长拳类武术套路运动员运动后膳食营养补充

武术套路是一项强度较高的运动,在日常训练或比赛中武术套路运动员会消耗大量的能量。因此,运动后及时进行营养物质补充十分重要。本文基于长拳类武术套路运动员的身体结构特征和营养补充的重要性,分析了运动后进行营养补充的原则,提出了武术套路运动后的饮食选取,以期促进运动员体能以及竞技能力的恢复。

星天牛蛹的发育及成虫补充营养特性的研究

星天牛是沿海防护林木麻黄的主要害虫。该虫以老熟幼虫在木麻黄主干木质部内越冬 ,化蛹集中于 4月中、下旬 ,蛹期 2 1～ 2 6d。日平均温度 1 9 5℃时蛹期 2 5d,2 1 5℃时蛹期 2 1d,蛹的发育起始温度为( 1 3 91± 0 69)℃ ,有效积温为 ( 1 44 0 4± 1 5 96)日度。羽化盛期为 5月中、下旬。根据蛹的形态和颜色的变化 ,整个蛹期可分为 4个时期 ,每一时期都具备各阶段蛹的形态特征。野外调查和室内外人工饲养表明成虫期补充营养最喜欢取食苦楝树。取食苦楝树的雌虫每头产卵在 1 5 6～ 1 98粒 ,平均 1 76 4粒 ,是取食木麻黄的 3 1 4倍 ,日平均产卵量是取食木麻黄的 1 5 7倍 ;取食苦楝树的雌虫寿命 72～ 1 1 0d,平均 91 8d ;雄虫寿命 88～ 1 2 5d,平均 1 0 3d ,雌、雄成虫分别比取食木麻黄的多存活 3 0 2、40d。

不同树种松墨天牛取食面积差异的研究

松墨天牛是松材线虫的主要传播媒介,为了揭示松墨天牛(Monochamus alternatus Hope)对不同松枝的取食喜好程度,从而更好地防治由松墨天牛作为载体所引发的松材线虫病,本研究分别取黑松(Pinus thunbergii Parl.)、马尾松(P.massoniana Lamb.)、火炬松(P.teada L.)的一年生和二年生枝条作为供试(松墨天牛取食)对象进行研究。结果表明:(1)按松墨天牛对供试树种的选择顺序是:在一年生枝中,黑松>马尾松>火炬松,但差异不显著(F=1.11,P=0.343 9);在二年生枝中,黑松>火炬松>马尾松,在5%的水平上有显著性差异(F=3.86,P=0.034 1);(2)黑松、马尾松、火炬松取食面积一年生枝均大于两年生枝,其中黑松(F=0.04,P=0.846 7)、火炬松(F=4.02,P=0.060 1)差异不显著,马尾松差异达到显著水平(F=6.21,P=0.021 6)。结合本试验及前人研究结果,笔者认为导致不同树种不同枝龄松墨天牛取食面积的不同可能与各树种所含化学成分不同有关。

补充微量营养素对儿童健康状况影响的研究

为研究复合微量营养素补充剂对儿童营养状况的影响 ,将 2 2 0名 8～ 12岁小学生随机分为 2组 ,一组补充多种微量营养素 ,另一组服安慰剂 ,实验采用双盲设计 ,观察期为 6个月。试验前后分别测量身高、体重、生化及工作能力等指标。用t检验和卡方检验 ,统计两组各项指标的差异。结果显示 ,补充组儿童的负荷尿中维生素B2 、维生素C的排出量 ,晨尿羟脯氨酸含量以及羟脯氨酸与肌酐比值都显著高于对照组 ;补充组儿童的血清 2 5 OH D3水平 ,尺骨中点处的骨矿物质含量和骨密度也显著高于对照组 ;补充组儿童的阅读速度、学习能力及数学考试成绩均显著优于对照组。结论

玉米固态发酵产红曲红色素补加营养物的优化

为了优化玉米固态发酵生产红曲红色素的主要补加营养物,采用析因试验设计确定了紫红曲霉M144固态发酵红曲红色素的主要影响因子为葡萄糖、硫酸镁和酵母膏添加量,采用Box-Behnken试验设计和响应面优化分析确定了补加营养物的最佳添加量分别为葡萄糖0.26%(w/w),硫酸镁0.43%(w/w),酵母膏0.25%(w/w),在此条件下红曲红色素红色价为2335.17U/g,色调为1.69,比未补加营养物时分别提高了55.67%和64.08%。通过对玉米固态发酵过程中补加营养物质的系统研究,提高了红曲红色素的产量和质量,可为玉米固态发酵红曲红色素的生产提供技术支持。

微胶囊技术及其在食品添加剂中的应用与展望

微胶囊技术是21世纪重点研究开发的高新技术之一,正逐步在食品工业中得到广泛应用。它的出现解决了食品工业中的许多难题,尤其在食品添加剂工业中,许多由于技术障碍而不能得到开发的产品,通过微胶囊技术都得以实现。文章综述微胶囊的主要制备技术,阐述微胶囊技术在营养强化剂、防腐剂、香精、香料、色素等食品添加剂中的应用情况,并对微胶囊技术在食品工业中的应用前景进行展望。

持续供氮对长白落叶松播种苗生长及抗寒性的影响

养分加载是调控苗木质量的重要措施。在7月份常规施肥的基础上,8、9、10月份对长白落叶松播种苗分别进行持续追肥,研究不同的氮加载量对苗木形态指标、养分浓度、抗寒性的影响。结果表明:持续施氮后,长白落叶松播种苗苗高、地径分别比未施肥的苗木高出35.4%～52.4%和11.3%～19.0%;与常规施肥相比,持续供氮对苗高、地径均无显著影响。随氮加载量的增加,茎氮浓度无显著变化,而根氮浓度持续增大,根对氮加载比茎敏感;氮加载后苗木生物量增加显著,但处理间无明显差异。在1.5～-50℃整个降温过程中,施用氮肥苗木的相对电导率均显著小于未施氮肥的苗木;在1.5～-20℃间,施氮的苗木相对电导率未出现显著差异,相对电导率值为13.57%～23.12%;但温度由-30℃降至-50℃时,相对电导率值均急剧上升至23.28%～35.59%;360、420 kg/hm2施氮处理的苗木相对电导率显著低于常规施肥的苗木,表明对长白落叶松播种苗进行氮加载可能有利于提高苗木抗寒性。

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法对高钙营养强化剂中痕量铅的测定

通过选择基本改进剂种类和石墨管类型,优化了灰化和原子化参数以及使标准系列与样品基体相匹配等一系列条件的测定,从而克服了石墨炉原子吸收法测定高钙营养强化剂中痕量铅时高含量钙对其的负干扰。实验结果表明:使用5%NH4H2PO4作为基体改进剂,普通石墨管,选择灰化温度1 000℃并保持30 s,原子化温度1 400℃并保持3 s,使用标准加入法使标准系列与样品基体相匹配,钙的干扰大大降低,同时高钙营养强化剂样品铅测定的回收率达到92%。使用标准物质(茶叶GBW 10016)对该方法进行了检验,结果表明铅的测定值在标准样品的保证值范围内。

200例0～2岁宫内发育迟缓儿的生长方式分析

目的 通过分析200例宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)儿童的生长方式,研究对 IUGF儿童的提前干预。方法 分析200例IUGF儿童的资料,在出生后0、6、12、18和24个月随访测量其身高发育指标。结果 剔除出生时有室息史、严重先天性疾病,遗传性疾病和失访者共 10 例。男 88 例,女 102 例,平均出生体重为(2270±390) g,其中103例(54.2%)出生体重≤2500 g。早产儿 46 例(24.2%)。本组 163 例(85.8%)IUGR儿童在 2岁前有生长追赶现象,女童生长追赶早于男童。结论 IUGR儿童有明显生长追赶现象。若在 2 岁前不能制订个体化的营养处方及时纠正营养偏离,部分 IUGR儿童最终的生长将落后于正常儿童。

新型食品营养强化剂-共轭亚油酸

共轭亚油酸 (Conjgatedlinoleicacid ,CLA)是一类含有共轭双键的亚油酸的异构体 ,由于具有特殊的脂肪链结构使得其具有多种生理功能。c9t11和t10cl2异构体是共轭亚油酸的主要活性异构体。本文对共轭亚油酸的生理功能、代谢、安全性等进行综述。

龙爪槐花对异色瓢虫成虫寿命的影响

本文研究了龙爪槐花和其所含的主要糖类对异色瓢虫成虫寿命的影响。室内用龙爪槐花饲养的异色瓢虫雌、雄成虫平均寿命分别为10.96和10.83 d,显著长于龙爪槐叶上成虫寿命(雌:3.98 d,雄:3.65 d);室外龙爪槐花序上生长的异色瓢虫成虫平均寿命(雌性:14.72 d,雄性:15.46 d)也显著高于枝条上的个体(雌:3.90 d,雄:3.82 d)。补充葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖和麦芽糖4种糖液,能显著延长异色瓢虫成虫寿命。龙爪槐花含糖量较高的花粉与花蜜是异色瓢虫成虫的适宜食物、能维持其种群发生,是花期龙爪槐上虽没有蚜虫发生、但仍有高密度异色瓢虫成虫的主要原因。