Spatial Heterogeneity of Embedded Water Consumption from the Perspective of Virtual Water Surplus and Deficit in the Yellow River Basin,China

Virtual water trade(VWT)provides a new perspective for alleviating water crisis and has thus attracted widespread attention.However,the heterogeneity of virtual water trade inside and outside the river basin and its influencing factors remains further study.In this study,for better investigating the pattern and heterogeneity of virtual water trade inside and outside provincial regions along the Yellow River Basin in 2015 using the input-output model(MRIO),we proposed two new concepts,i.e.,virtual water surplus and virtual water deficit,and then used the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index(LMDI)model to identify the inherent mechanism of the imbalance of virtual water trade between provincial regions along the Yellow River Basin and the other four regions in China.The results show that:1)in provincial regions along the Yellow River Basin,the less developed the economy was,the larger the contribution of the agricultural sector in virtual water trade,while the smaller the contribution of the industrial sector.2)Due to the large output of agricultural products,the upstream and midstream provincial regions of the Yellow River Basin had a virtual water surplus,with a net outflow of virtual water of 2.7×10^(8) m^(3) and 0.9×10^(8) m^(3),respectively.3)provincial regions along the Yellow River Basin were in a virtual water deficit with the rest of China,and the decisive factor was the active degree of trade with the outside.This study would be beneficial to illuminate the trade-related water use issues in provincial regions along the Yellow River Basin,which has farreaching practical signific-ance for alleviating water scarcity.

Capacity Optimization Configuration of Hydrogen Production System for Offshore Surplus Wind Power

To solve the problem of residual wind power in offshore wind farms,a hydrogen production system with a reasonable capacity was configured to enhance the local load of wind farms and promote the local consumption of residual wind power.By studying the mathematical model of wind power output and calculating surplus wind power,as well as considering the hydrogen production/storage characteristics of the electrolyzer and hydrogen storage tank,an innovative capacity optimization allocation model was established.The objective of the model was to achieve the lowest total net present value over the entire life cycle.The model took into account the cost-benefit breakdown of equipment end-of-life cost,replacement cost,residual value gain,wind abandonment penalty,hydrogen transportation,and environmental value.The MATLAB-based platform invoked the CPLEX commercial solver to solve the model.Combined with the analysis of the annual average wind speed data from an offshore wind farm in Guangdong Province,the optimal capacity configuration results and the actual operation of the hydrogen production system were obtained.Under the calculation scenario,this hydrogen production system could consume 3,800 MWh of residual electricity from offshore wind power each year.It could achieve complete consumption of residual electricity from wind power without incurring the penalty cost of wind power.Additionally,it could produce 66,500 kg of green hydrogen from wind power,resulting in hydrogen sales revenue of 3.63 million RMB.It would also reduce pollutant emissions from coal-based hydrogen production by 1.5 tons and realize an environmental value of 4.83 million RMB.The annual net operating income exceeded 6 million RMB and the whole life cycle NPV income exceeded 50 million RMB.These results verified the feasibility and rationality of the established capacity optimization allocation model.The model could help advance power system planning and operation research and assist offshore wind farm operators in improving economic and environmental benefits.

The fate of surplus embryos in the setting of assisted reproductive technology:A scoping review

Objective:To identify the attitudes of infertile couples toward their surplus frozen embryos.Methods:This study was according to PRISMA-ScR as the guideline for scoping review.Studies that assessed the attitudes of patients or infertile couples who had surplus embryos were included.We conducted systematic searches in English studies from April 2011-April 2021 using 7 databases:PubMed,Science Direct,EBSCO,Scopus,the Cochrane Library,Sage Journals,and Google Scholar.Data were charted based on author,year of publication,country,purpose,data collection,key findings,and research focus/domain.Results:A total of 37 research articles were included in the analysis.Their attitudes encompassed:supporting the donation of the surplus embryos for both research and reproductive purposes,continuing to store the frozen embryos,and disposing of the surplus embryos.Conclusions:Most of the infertile patients support donating their surplus embryos for research and reproductive purposes.

Opportunity and shift of nitrogen use in China

It is never an easy task for China to feed 1.4 billion people with only 7%of the world's arable land.With nearly 30%of the world's nitrogen(N)fertilizer applied,China achieves high crop yields while facing N pollution result-ing from excessive N input.Here,we calculate the farmland N budget on the national and regional scales.The N use efficiency(NUE)in China increased by 28.0%during 2005-2018.This improvement is due to the reduction in fertilization and the improvement of crop management.The fragmented farmland is changing to large-scale farmland with the increase in cultivated land area per rural population and the development of agricultural mech-anization.This opportunity brings more possibilities for precision farmland management,thus further improving NUE.The goal of an NUE of 0.6 may be achieved in the 2040s based on the current development trend.This striking N use shift in China has important implications for other developing countries.

Local Transfer of Surplus Labors and Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritages in Fenghuang County of West Hunan Province,China

The significance of local transfer of surplus rural labors in regions of minorities for the protection of intangible cultural heritages was discussed from 3 perspectives:definition of intangible cultural heritages,significance of protecting and inheriting intangible cultural heritages,and the role of local transfer of surplus rural labors in protecting and inheriting intangible cultural heritages.By taking Fenghuang County(Phoenix County)in west Hunan Province for an example,local transfer of surplus rural labor forces was proposed,and it was suggested that such a transfer could be realized from the following aspects:promoting industrialization of agriculture,developing tourism industry in rural regions of minorities,supporting rural labors to start their own business,attracting university graduates to return to their hometowns for founding their own undertakings.Moreover,relevant strategies were elaborated to increase income of rural residents,guarantee the efficient inheritance and protection of intangible cultural heritages in regions of minorities.

Challenges of Vietnamese Agricultural Cooperatives in the 21st Century:The Link Between Efficiency and Legality

The article shows that the situation of agricultural cooperatives in the world in general and agricultural cooperatives in Vietnam in particular are facing certain challenges in the context of globalization in the 21st century.The article points out limitations on:the nature,principles of democratic member control and principles of surplus distribution of the International Cooperative Alliance,as well as Vietnamese law in cooperative management.

Surplus Space Method: A New Numerical Model for Prediction of Shallow-seated Magmatic Bodies

Based on the data of field measurement and drilling in the Tongling area, a series of numerical simulations are carried out by using the 'Surplus Space Method' (SSM), which is first put forward in this paper and applied to predict the shallow-seated magmatic bodies. The results of the numerical simulations show the existence and the 3-D shape of a conical magmatic structure at a depth of-1000 m beneath the center of the area: its top offsets southwards and bifurcates to several branches, while its lower part stretches northeastwards and contracts rapidly to a point at about -1000 m depth. This point is reckoned to be a 'sink' of magma system, transferring ore materials and heat energy from the deep magma chamber to the sub-surface apophyses. The preliminary application of the SSM proves that it may be developed as a new detection means for determining the existence of shallow-seated magmatic bodies and analyzing their three-dimensional features.

Optimal dynamic dispatch of surplus gas among buffer boilers in steel plant

As valuable energy in iron-and steel-making process,by-product gas is widely used in heating and technical processes in steel plant.After being used according to the technical requirements,the surplus by-product gas is usually used for buffer boilers to produce steam.With the rapid development of energy conservation technology and energy consumption level,surplus gas in steel plant continues to get larger.Therefore,it is significant to organize surplus gas among buffer boilers.A dynamic programming model of that issue was established in this work,considering the ramp rate constraint of boilers and the influences of setting gasholders.Then a case study was done.It is shown that dynamic programming dispatch gets more steam generation and less specific gas consumption compared with current proportionate dispatch depending on nominal capacities of boilers.The ignored boiler ramp rate constraint was considered and its contribution to the result validity was pointed out.Finally,the significance of setting gasholders was studied.

A Study on the Strength Surplus Coefficient of Cement

This study considers P.O42.5 cement from different sources and evaluates the related surplus coefficient(defined as the proportionality factor linking the measured compressive strength value of the cement after 28 days to the“standard”value of cement strength).The needed tests have been conducted using a mixer,a pressure testing machine,a flexural testing machine,a vibrating table a ramming rod,a feeder and a metal ruler.The average value of the measured cement strength surplus coefficient of cement produced by five distinct cement manufacturers has been found to be 1.16.These results can be used as the basis to reduce the production cost and improve the performance of commercial concrete.

DURATION OF NEGATIVE SURPLUS FOR A TWO STATE MARKOV-MODULATED RISK MODEL

We consider a continuous time risk model based on a two state Markov process, in which after an exponentially distributed time, the claim frequency changes to a different level and can change back again in the same way. We derive the Laplace transform for the first passage time to surplus zero from a given negative surplus and for the duration of negative surplus. Closed-form expressions are given in the case of exponential individual claim. Finally, numerical results are provided to show how to estimate the moments of duration of negative surplus.

The Estimation Methods for Agricultural Surplus Labor Based on Stochastic Frontier Production Function

The existing calculation methods for the number of agricultural surplus labor have a common flaw,that is,they can not reflect the impact of technical efficiency changes in agricultural production on the surplus labor. Based on the basic principle of stochastic frontier production function,this paper calculates the agricultural production technical efficiency of various provinces,and selects the province with the highest technical efficiency to assume that its agricultural labor is fully utilized,and there is no agricultural surplus labor. With the ratio of agricultural labor number to agricultural output value in this province as a reference,this paper calculates the number of agricultural surplus labor in other provinces. This calculation method makes up for the shortcomings of the existing calculation methods; it reflects the relationship between the number of agricultural surplus labor and production technical efficiency.

Empirical Analysis of Factors Influencing Surplus Labor Transfer in Poverty-stricken Areas: A Case Study of Yimatu Town in Fuxin City

From the microscopic point of view,taking the surplus labor transfer in the Yimatu Town area as study object,we conduct survey of characteristics and transfer of rural surplus labor in Yimatu Town,through questionnaires and field interviews.Then we analyze the main factors influencing surplus labor transfer in rural areas from the personal characteristics of labor forces and family factor of labor forces.The results show that gender,age,educational level,farmland management days and other factors pertaining to the labor forces all affect the transfer of surplus labor, but the size and extent of the impact vary.In accordance with various influencing factors,we put forward recommendations for promoting the effective transfer of surplus labor in rural areas as follows:first,paying equal attention to macroscopic factors and microscopic factors influencing the transfer of surplus labor;second,focusing on the factors concerning the rural households and individual farmers,to find out the factors influencing the rational transfer;third,shifting the employment concept of surplus labor in rural areas;fourth,speeding up the construction of small towns and developing the secondary and tertiary industries.

Removal of lead(II) from aqueous solutions by activated carbon developed from surplus sludge

Activated carbon(AC) was prepared from surplus sludge using chemical activation method with the assistance of ZnCl2. The influences of process parameters on the AC's specific surface area and adsorption capacity for Pb2+ were examined to optimize these parameters. The optimal conditions for the preparation of AC were determined to be activation temperature of 500 °C, activation time of 1 h, impregnation ratio of 1:1(solid-to-liquid volume) with the 30% ZnCl2 solution(mass fraction), giving the BET surface area of 393.85 m2/g and yield of 30.14% with 33.45% ash. Also, the pyrolysis temperature was found to be the most important parameter in chemical activation. FTIR spectra provided the evidence of some surface structures such as C=C and C—O—C. In the adsorption studies, a rise in solution pH led to a significant increase in adsorption capacity when the pH value varied from 3.0 to 7.0, and the optimal pH for removal of Pb2+ was 7.0. It was observed that the pseudo-second-order equation provided better correlation for the adsorption rate than the pseudo-first-order and the Langmuir model fitted better than the Freundlich model for adsorption isotherm. The adsorption capacity of AC to Pb2+ was 11.75 mg/L at solution pH 7.0, the equilibrium time 480 min and 25 °C. Moreover, the adsorption process is endothermic according to the value of enthalpy change.

Fishery stock assessment of Kiddi shrimp (Parapenaeopsis stylifera) in the Northern Arabian Sea Coast of Pakistan by using surplus production models

Pakistani marine waters are under an open access regime. Due to poor management and policy implications, blind fishing is continued which may result in ecological as well as economic losses. Thus, it is of utmost importance to estimate fishery resources before harvesting. In this study, catch and effort data, 1996-2009, of Kiddi shrimp Parapenaeopsis stylifera fishery from Pakistani marine waters was analyzed by using specialized fishery software in order to know fishery stock status of this commercially important shrimp. Maximum, minimum and average capture production ofP. stylifera was observed as 15 912 metric tons （mr） （1997）, 9 438 mt （2009） and 11 667 mt/a. Two stock assessment tools viz. CEDA （catch and effort data analysis） and ASPIC （a stock production model incorporating covariates） were used to compute MSY （maximum sustainable yield） of this organism. In CEDA, three surplus production models, Fox, Schaefer and Pella-Tomlinson, along with three error assumptions, log, log normal and gamma, were used. For initial proportion （IP） 0.8, the Fox model computed MSY as 6 858 nat （CV=0.204, R^2=0.709） and 7 384 mt （CV=0.149, R^2=0.72） for log and log normal error assumption respectively. Here, gamma error produced minimization failure. Estimated MSY by using Schaefer and Pella-Tomlinson models remained the same for log, log normal and gamma error assumptions i.e. 7 083 mt, 8 209 mt and 7 242 mt correspondingly. The Schafer results showed highest goodness of fit R2 （0.712） values. ASPIC computed MSY, CV, R2, FMsv and BMsv parameters for the Fox model as 7 219 nat, 0.142, 0.872, 0.111 and 65 280, while for the Logistic model the computed values remained 7 720 mt, 0.148, 0.868, 0.107 and 72 110 correspondingly. Results obtained have shown that P. stylifera has been overexploited. Immediate steps are needed to conserve this fishery resource for the future and research on other species of commercial importance is urgently needed.

Stabilization effects of surplus soft clay with cement and GBF slag

Utilization of industrial waste and surplus construction soft clay as construction material was recommended, and many attempts at geotechnical waste utilization were undertaken. This study aimed at the application of cement and a kind of industrial wastes, i.e. granulated blast furnace slag, on stabilization of surplus soft clay. The results showed that the cement and slag can successfully stabilize Ariake clays even though this high organic clay fails to be stabilized by lime and cement. Addition of slag in cement for stabilization induces higher strength than cement alone for longer curing time. The application of the cement with slag is more suitable than cement alone for stabilization because of economical consideration.

Assessing the Fishery Resource Status of China’s Coastal Waters Using Surplus Production Models

Surplus production models(SPMs)are among the simplest and most widely used fishery stock assessment models.The catch-effort data analysis(CEDA)and a surplus production model incorporating covariates(ASPIC)are softwares for analyzing fishery catch and fishing effort data using nonequilibrium SPMs.In China Fishery Statistical Yearbook,annual fishery production and fishing effort data of the Yellow Sea,Bohai Sea,East China Sea,and South China Sea have been published from 1979 till present.Using its catch and fishing effort data from 1980 to 2018,we apply the CEDA and ASPIC to evaluate fishery resources in Chinese coastal waters.The results show that the total maximum sustainable yield(MSY)estimate of the four China seas is 10.05-10.83 million tons,approximately equal to the marine fishery catch(10.44 million tons)reported in 2018.It can be concluded that China’s coastal fishery resources are currently fully exploited and must be protected with a precautionary approach.Both softwares produced similar results;however,the CEDA had a much higher R2 value(above 0.9)than ASPIC(about 0.2),indicating that CEDA can better fit the data and therefore is more suitable for analyzing the fishery resources in the coastal waters of China.

Problems in the Transfer of Rural Surplus Labor Force in Chengdu Plain——A Empirical Analysis of Xiyu Village,Gexianshan Town,China

Under the new situation of the coordination of rural and urban development,the employment and transfer of surplus labor force have become the major social problems in China.Based on the field investigation on Xiyu Village of Gexianshan Town in Pengzhou City,the surplus labor force and the absorptive capacity of non-agricultural industries are estimated by using per capita cultivated method and output value absorption method.Based on this,the transfer pattern of surplus labor force is generalized and the corresponding suggestions for transfer are put forward.

Field water surplus and deficit of major crops in dryland of northern China

The definition and classification of field evapotranspiration was discussed, based on which the calculation model for field evapotranspiration was established. Based on crop, soil measurements and mean climatic data in 1950-1980, mean field water surplus or deficit on climatic, crop and cropland basis in dryland of northern China was calculated, and the pattern of field water surplus or deficit was analyzed and discussed in this paper.

Low N apparent surplus with higher rice yield under long-term fertilizer postponing in the rice-wheat cropping system

Nitrogen(N)fertilization increases rice yield,but inappropriate N fertilizer application increases N loss and the risk of environmental pollution.Short-term fertilizer postponing(FP)generally reduces N apparent surplus and increases rice yields,but the effects of long-term FP on N surplus and rice yields remain unknown.Our study was the first to investigate the impacts of long-term FP(11 years)on N apparent surplus and rice yields.FP effects in the short term(≤6 years)did not affect rice yields,whereas FP effects in the long term(>6 years)increased rice yields by 13.9%compared with conventional fertilization(CF).FP did not affect panicles per unit area,1000-kernel weight,and filled-kernel rate,but spikelets per panicle increased over time due to spikelet formation stimulation.FP also reduced the N apparent surplus over time more strongly than CF owing to higher N accumulation and N utilization efficiency.FP effects in the long term also significantly increased soil organic matter,total N,and NH4_(+)^(-)N content.Our results were supported by a pot experiment,showing that rice yields in soils with a history of FP were significantly higher than those for soils without a history of FP,indicating that FP increased rice yields more strongly in later years mainly because of soil quality improvement.Our findings suggest that longterm FP can reduce N loss while increasing rice yields by improving soil quality.

From "Migrant Workers Boom" to "Migrant Workers Scarcity"——Analysis of Institutional Bottleneck of Rural Surplus Labors Transfer in China

Through description of three-steps characteristic of dual economic theory and its practical significance to the process of industrialization and urbanization in China,and making comparative analysis between important criterion of "Lewis turning point" and current situation of rural surplus labors market in China,we can find that there exists a great deal of surplus labors in rural areas in our country,improvement of peasant income is the result of external interference of government,and demographic dividend in our country hasn't finished.These phenomena go against the theory of "Lewis turning point".So it can prove that "Lewis turning point" in China hasn't come yet.The paper points out the major factors of coexistence of "migrant workers scarcity" and labors redundancy in our country.The first one is structure contradiction of labors market;the second one is law of supply-demand of labors market;the third one is institutional barrier which hinders labors in free flow of census register and social guarantee.Therefore,if we want to realize successful transfer of rural surplus labors and the goal of industrialization and urbanization,we must promote upgrading of industrial structure,change the style of economic growth and realize harmonious development of regional economy in macrocosmic level;And in microcosmic level,we should eliminate institutional barrier which hinders transfer of rural surplus labors.