Influence of the Channel Design on the Heat Exchange Characteristics of Pulsating Flows in the Supply System of an Engine

Heat engines based on reciprocating machines remain in demand as energy converters in a variety of industries around the world.The aim of the study was to evaluate the gas-dynamic,consumable and heat exchange characteristics of non-stationary air flows in a supply system with transverse profiling of valve channels based on experimental studies.Valve channels with cross sections in the form of a circle,square and triangle were used to control the consumable and heat exchange characteristics of the flows in the supply system of the reciprocatingengine model.The article presents data on changes in local velocity,volumetric airflow and instantaneous heat transfer coefficient of non-stationary airflow in supply systems with different valve channel designs.A spectral analysis of the pulsations of the local heat transfer coefficient was also performed.The Nusselt number was calculated for the studied supply systems.The figured valve channels lead to an increase in the volumetric airflow through the supply systemupto32%comparedwiththe basic configuration.The useof a square valve channel leads to suppression of heat transfer(drop is about 15%)compared to the basic supply system,and the use of a triangular valve channel causes an intensification of heat transfer(growth is about 17.5%).The obtained data can be useful for refining mathematical models,adjusting machine learning algorithms,and improving design methods for supply systems of reciprocating machines to improve their technical,economic,and environmental characteristics.

Experiments on Ni/γ-Al_2O_3 catalyst for improving lower heating value of biomass gasification fuel gas via methanation

Ni-based catalysts supported by γ-Al_2O_3 were prepared for improving the lower heating value( LHV) of biomass gasification fuel gas through methanation. Prior to the performance tests, the physico-chemical properties of the catalyst samples were characterized by N_2 isothermal adsorption/desorption, X-ray diffraction( XRD) and a scanning electron microscope( SEM). Afterwards, a series of experiments were carried out to investigate the catalytic performance and the results showthat catalysts with 15% and20% Ni loadings have better methanation catalytic effect than those with 5% and 10% Ni loadings in terms of elevating the LHV of biomass gasification fuel gas. M oreover, controllable influential factors such as the reaction temperature, the H_2/CO ratio and the water content occupy an important position in the methanation of biomass gasification fuel gas. 15 Ni/γ-Al_2O_3 and 20 Ni/γ-Al_2O_3 catalysts have a higher CO conversion and CH_4 selectivity at 350 ℃ and the LHV of biomass gasification fuel gas can be largely increased by 34. 3 % at 350 ℃. Higher H_2/CO ratio and a lower water content are more beneficial for improving the LHV of biomass gasification fuel gas when considering the combination of both CO conversion and CH_4 selectivity. This is due to the fact that a higher H_2/CO ratio and lower water content can increase the extent of the methanation reaction.

欧洲固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)产业化现状

固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)具有燃料适用范围广、能量转换效率高(发电效率40%~60%,综合能效≥80%)、全固态结构、模块化组装、零污染等优点,作为固定式或分布式发电可增强电网清洁供电的能力、安全性、可靠性和稳定性.SOFC具有多种不同的结构,其发电规模覆盖几十瓦至百兆瓦,可根据不同的应用场景选择不同的结构,应用场景主要包括固定式发电、分布式供电、热(冷)电联供、交通车辆辅助动力电源等领域.国内的SOFC技术发展较晚,目前已取得一定的研究进展,并且能够自主研发出十几千瓦的SOFC发电系统,但与国际领先水平还有很大的差距,主要体现在输出功率、生产成本及使用寿命等方面.欧洲的SOFC技术处于国际领先水平,具有一批成功实现产品化的公司,通过对其技术和产品的调研,可深入的了解欧洲SOFC技术现状和发展趋势,为国内SOFC技术的发展提供借鉴作用.

Operation of Off-grid Power Supply System Using IoT Monitoring Platform for Oil and Gas Pipeline Based on RESOC

An oil and gas pipeline monitoring platform uses internet of things(IoT)to ensure safe operation in remote and unattended areas,through automatic monitoring and systematic control on equipment such as the cut-off valves and cathodic protection systems.The continuity and stability of power supplies for various equipment of an oil and gas pipeline IoT monitoring platform is crucial.There is no single universal off-grid power supply method that is optimal for an oil and gas pipeline IoT monitoring platform in all different contexts.Therefore,it is necessary to select a suitable one according to the specific geographical location and meteorological conditions.This paper proposes an off-grid power supply system comprised of a reversible solid oxide fuel cell(RESOC),photovoltaic(PV)and battery.Minimum operating costs and the reliability of system operations under constraint conditions are the key determining objectives.A“PV+battery+RESOC”system operational optimization model is established.Based on the model,three types of off-grid power supply schemes are proposed,and three geographical locations with different meteorological conditions are selected as practical application scenarios.The Matlab Cplex solver is used to solve the different power supply modes of the three regions.And finally,the power supply scheme with the best reliability and economy under different geographical environments and meteorological conditions is obtained.

Fuel poverty and low carbon emissions: a comparative study of the feasibility of the hybrid renewable energy systems incorporating combined heat and power technology

Fuel poverty is most prevalent in North East England with 14.4%of fuel poor households in Newcastle upon Tyne.The aim of this paper was to identify a grid connected renewable energy system coupled with natural gas reciprocating combined heat and power unit,that is cost-effective and technically feasible with a potential to generate a profit from selling energy excess to the grid to help alleviate fuel poverty.The system was also aimed at low carbon emissions.Fourteen models were designed and optimized with the aid of the HOMER Pro software.Models were compared with respect to their economic,technical,and environmental performance.A solution was proposed where restrictions were placed on the size of renewable energy components.This configuration consists of 150 kW CHP,300 kW PV cells,and 30 kW wind turbines.The renewable fraction is 5.10%and the system yields a carbon saving of 7.9%in comparison with conventional systems.The initial capital investment is$1.24 million which enables the system to have grid sales of 582689 kWh/a.A conservative calculation determined that 40%of the sales can be used to reduce the energy cost of fuel poor households by$706 per annum.This solution has the potential to eliminate fuel poverty at the site analyzed.

Research and Experience Reference on London’s Response to Climate Change in the Twenty-first Century

London’s approaches to tackling climate change after the 21st century are multifaceted and relatively systematic.The aim of this research paper is to analyse London’s actions in response to climate change and to draw out what valuable lessons London has for the world in terms of its response to climate change.This paper provides an in-depth analysis of London’s policies and actions on climate mitigation in the areas of“greenhouse gas emissions”and“energy infrastructure”,and climate adaptation actions in the areas of“city green belt and urban afforestation”,“UHI and thermal crisis management”and“water supply infrastructure and sustainable drainage”.It then examines the positive aspects of these actions to determine what London has to say about climate change to the rest of the world and other cities.This paper also discovers that to effectively mitigate and adapt to climate change,London has not only established carbon reduction targets,but also created a large academic research network,represented by the LCCP.At the same time,London has developed a scientific climate change adaptation planning framework(P2R2)that focuses on four key areas:Economic,environmental,health,and infrastructure sectors,and three types of risks:Flooding,heat,and water supply,and emphasizes the dynamics and flexibility of each adaptation strategy.

计及热负荷柔性的户用氢能系统运行优化研究

针对风电/光伏出力的随机性和间歇性给户用氢能系统热电联供可靠性带来的挑战,提出基于热负荷柔性松弛运行约束的户用氢能系统热电联供优化策略。首先,搭建包含不同模块的户用氢能系统基础架构,并详细说明该系统的运行原理;其次,建立系统中关键环节的数学模型,确定电解槽平均氢/热比和燃料电池在不同温度下电/热比的范围;然后,为了兼顾用户的舒适度和热负荷的灵活性,根据热感觉平均标度预测指标对户用氢能系统的热负荷需求进行调整;最后,综合考虑储氢罐的容量限制、氢能设备的电/热功率和用户侧柔性热能需求等约束条件,以总投资成本最少和新能源弃电率最低为目标,建立户用氢能系统优化运行模型。仿真结果表明:引入柔性热负荷进行运行调节时,不仅增强了可再生能源的消纳能力,还显著降低了系统的运行成本。

燃料电池分布式供能技术发展现状及分析

燃料电池发电技术具有高效率、低污染、低噪声等特点,且易与碳捕集技术结合实现CO_(2)近零排放,已成为分布式供能领域的关键技术与重要方向。该文介绍燃料电池分布式供能技术的特点、种类及应用,总结国内外燃料电池分布式供能技术的政策规划和技术发展现状,探讨我国在燃料电池分布式供能领域技术发展趋势。预期未来我国以氢气和天然气为主要燃料类型的质子交换膜燃料电池(proton exchange membrane fuel cell,PEMFC)和固体氧化物燃料电池(solid oxide fuel cell,SOFC)技术将得到广泛应用,而应用于社区、医院、学校等大型公共场所的热电联供系统将是近期更易实现商业化的方向。最后,针对我国燃料电池分布式供能技术的开发推广,指出我国未来发展需综合考虑经济性和安全性,重点突破燃料电池关键技术的国产化,并完善燃料电池分布式供能的补贴政策和技术标准,进一步推动其产业化应用。

基于双燃料原动机的天然气分布式能源方案设计

常规天然气分布式能源多选用以天然气为单燃料的陆用燃气轮机或燃气内燃机为原动机,常规应急电站多选用以柴油为单燃料的内燃机作为原动机。选取双燃料发动机为原动机,以天然气为能源开展相应的天然气分布式能源系统方案设计,从用户端各类能源的用能需求分析入手,以发电量最大化为原则,选取合适的余热转换技术,实现为客户提供最优化的供电、供冷和供热方案,能源综合利用率达到70%以上。验证了双燃料发动机作为天然气分布式能源的原动机,可以兼顾柴油机应急电站和天然气分布式能源的综合功能,为一种比较高效的能源利用方案,可以为后续实际工程应用提供指导。

双燃料船燃气供气系统风机智能化控制研究

为了保障双燃料船燃料供给系统(Fuel Gas Supply System,FGSS)通风风机安全稳定运行,基于船舶FGSS内通风系统涉及的双璧管风机和燃气准备间风机,对其控制逻辑进行分析,并将控制方式、安全连锁及信号输出输入接口进行标准化配置。结果表明:智能化控制增加了船员操作的便利性,也增加了系统运行的智能化和安全可靠性。研究成果可为FGSS风机控制设计提供一定参考。

基于氢气储能的热电联供微电网容量优化配置

以光伏系统、氢燃料电池、电解槽、储氢罐构建的热电联供微电网为研究对象,制定初始投资成本等年值以及年运行成本最小的优化目标,提出热电联供微电网热负荷满足率评价指标,针对系统运行的基本约束设计微电网控制综合策略,并以某地历史源荷数据为参考,建立满足工程应用的数学模型,采用粒子群优化算法进行求解,得到氢气储能的孤岛型微电网热电需求基本方案。从应用层面论证氢气储能替代电池储能的可行性,并进行微电网系统容量优化配置,可满足居民负荷供能需求,提高系统运行经济性,预期具有较好的应用前景。

供热机组负荷指令多尺度前馈协调控制方案

利用热网储能能够动态改变供热机组发电和供热负荷的比例,从而提高机组快速变负荷能力。根据燃料量和热网储能两者调节速度不同的特点,选择速率限制多尺度分解方法,将负荷指令分为慢变信号和快变信号,将两种信号分别叠加在燃料量指令和汽轮机供热调节蝶阀开度指令上,形成供热侧闭环多尺度前馈协调控制方案。仿真试验结果表明:机组快速变负荷时,相较于带动态前馈的炉跟机控制方案(基本方案),本文方案能够有效减小燃料量波动,从而提高机组变负荷速率;在供热抽汽压力允许变化范围内,本文方案中分解速率越小,越有利于机组稳定运行。

200MW高背压循环水供热机组热力特性研究

通过对200MW机组高背压循环水供热改造后的系统进行热力计算分析发现:热网循环水流量及采暖抽汽流量的变化对机组热耗率、出力、对外热负荷、循环水出水温度等参数的影响相对较小,各种运行工况下燃料利用系数均可达到90%左右,能源综合利用效果好;但对机组背压的影响较大,机组运行调整灵活性差,改造工作量大,改造后需把握好更换转子时机,对外供热热负荷较小的机组不宜实施改造;200MW机组改造后低压缸做功量小,建议采用低压缸解列方案,以缩小改造范围和难度。

循环冷却水余热回收供热节能分析

分别采用低温循环冷却水和水源热泵供热技术,对某660MW机组热力系统排汽凝结热回收利用,消除凝汽器冷源损失。分析表明:原热力系统的主要热损失发生在凝汽器,占燃料输入热量的47.1%,机组燃料利用系数仅为40.1%,回收利用循环冷却水余热可以大幅度提高电厂能源利用率;采用低温循环冷却水供热技术,机组燃料利用系数为87.2%,发电功率减少了31MW,系统火用效率为53.9%;采用水源热泵供热技术,电厂燃料利用系数为87.1%,发电功率增加了23MW,系统火用效率为42.6%。

PM2.5问题与热电联产行业

由于我国大气污染形势严峻,国务院在2013年9月发布《大气污染防治行动计划》,各地方政府纷纷采取多项措施治理大气污染。总体上看,这些治理措施将对热电联产行业产生正面的影响,但也将不可避免地出现某些负面影响。本文将对此进行探讨,并提出5项具体的研究项目供本行业的行政管理人员和技术人员参考。

热泵直供采暖两相流毛细管网性能研究

通过在用户自定义程序增加两相流动中质量源项和能量源项的方法,建立了毛细管网内气-液转化的CFD计算模型,对小管径光滑铜管内R22的冷凝性能进行研究。根据CFD模型,计算了不同气相进口流速下R22蒸汽的冷凝过程。得到了压力损失、冷凝系数和流速的关联曲线。对小管径毛细管网辐射末端的设计提供了理论依据,对制冷剂流速选择有一定指导意义。

燃料电池分布式供能技术研究及应用

燃料电池技术因其效率高、排放量小的优点而成为发电和供能行业的研究重点。介绍了3种燃料电池分布式供能方式:热电联供、冷热电联供、联合循环发电,并给出了各种方式的应用范围。分析了燃料电池供能的理论效率和实际效率,并与其他供能方式进行了比较,介绍了燃料电池分布式供能技术的应用现状及国内外的研究进展。

适合分布式冷热电联供系统的中小型发电装置

分布式冷热电联供(combined cooling,heating and power,CCHP)系统是一种小型、临近用户的新型供能方式,可避免能量长距离传输过程损失,同时具有灵活、高效、环保特点,成为大规模、集中式供能方式的重要补充。中小型发电装置是分布式冷热电联供系统的核心,制冷和制热也都围绕发电装置余热展开。对适合分布式冷热电联供系统的2类中小型发电装置的基本工作原理、热力性能和相关研究进展进行综述。一类是以化石燃料为能源输入的中小型发电装置,包括微型燃气轮机、燃气内燃机、小型燃气轮机和燃料电池;另一类是以发电装置余热或太阳能集热等其他热源为能源输入的中小型发电装置,包括有机朗肯循环、正逆耦合循环、热声发电机等。最后,对2类中小型发电装置的优缺点进行对比分析,为分布式供能系统的发电装置选型、系统方案设计等提供参考。

高速热气流试验系统燃油流量控制实验研究

介绍了高速热气流试验系统的供油原理,针对燃油供给系统存在的纯滞后、多扰动、参数时变等问题,分别采用模糊PID预测(LevFuzzyPID)和滑膜预测(SDMC)两种控制策略对燃油流量的精确控制进行实验研究。实验结果表明:在燃油流量控制性能方面,设计的模糊PID预测算法和滑膜预测算法最好,动态矩阵算法(DMC)次之,FuzzyPID算法再次之,PID控制效果最差。

供油提前角对发动机冷却液传热量的影响研究

为了研究发动机供油提前角对冷却液传热量的影响,对某型号发动机进行了试验研究,揭示了供油提前角对冷却液传热量的关系,为发动机提高排放等级后,发动机的冷却系统及与发动机匹配的主机的冷却系统的改进提供技术支持。