Analysis of Water Resources Supply and Demand and Security of Water Resources Development in Irrigation Regions of the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China

Based on the data for meteorology, hydrology, soil, planting, vegetation, and socio-economic development of the irrigation region in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin, Northwest China, the model of balance of water supply and demand in the region was established, and the security of water resource was assessed, from which the results that the effects of unified management of water resources in the Heihe River basin between Gansu Province and Inner Mongolia on regional hydrology are significant with a decrease in water supply diverted from Heihe River and an increase in groundwater extracted. In addition, it was found that the groundwater level has been steadily decreasing due to over pumping and decrease in recharges. In present year （2003）, the volume of potential groundwater in the irrigation districts is far small because of the groundwater overdraft; even in the particular regions, there is no availability of groundwater resources for use. By 2003, water supply is not sufficient to meet the water demand in the different irrigation districts, the sustainable development and utilization of water resources are not secured, and the water supply crisis occurs in Pingchuan irrigation district. Achieving water security for the sustainable development of society, agriculture, economy, industry, and livelihoods while maintaining or improving the abilities of the management and planning of water resources, determining of the reasonable percentage between water supply and groundwater utilization and water saving in agricultural irrigation are taken into account. If this does not occur, it is feared that the present performance of water development and planning may further aggravate the problem of scarcities of water resources and further damage the fragile ecological system.

Difficulties and Countermeasures of Developing Irrigation and Water Conservancy in New Era

This paper expounds the great significance of irrigation and water conservancy for the agricultural development. Vigorously developing irrigation and water conservancy can promote high yield and stable yield of grain, effectively increase farmers' income, alleviate the impact of drought on agricultural production, be conducive to the adjustment of agricultural production structure, and promote county economic development. The difficulties of developing irrigation and water conservancy in new era are analyzed as follows: the subject of liabilities defaults seriously; it lacks effective input security system; the quality of project degenerates badly; the agricultural technological development is slow. Corresponding policy suggestions are put forward as follows: make the input subject of irrigation and water conservancy clear; form stable investment channels; strengthen the organizing and guiding functions of grass-roots government; reinforce the coordination and management of capital; strengthen the promotion of agricultural technology; quicken the pace of reform of irrigation and water conservancy.

Design of Farmland Water Conservancy and Irrigation Management System Based on GIS

The farmland irrigation project is an important part of China's water conservancy project. To keep abreast of the farmland water conservancy and various related environmental parameters,we can use the external sensors to acquire real-time data,employ the computer technology,networking and communication technology,database technology,geographic information system( GIS) technology,component technology and other advanced modern information technologies combined with the automated water conservancy technology,in order to build an accurate,efficient,fast,comprehensive,standardized decision support system integrating farmland water conservancy and irrigation information collection,transmission,storage,management and analysis. In this paper,we give details about the overall framework design of farmland water conservancy and irrigation management system based on GIS,information collection and data input,and information processing and data output,to provide a reference for the digital water conservancy construction in China.

Energy and Water Conservation Technology Analysis of Water Supply and Drainage of the Building

At present,China’s social and economic development is faster and faster.At the same time,people pay more and more attention to the construction concept of energy and water conservation.We can see the popularization and development of the concept of energy saving and water saving in every major field of our country,the same is true in the construction field.In order to effectively protect the ecological environment and maximize the use of limited resources,the energysaving and water-saving technology of the building,as well as water supply and drainage technology should be actively used.Based on this,this paper first analyzes the application significance of water supplydrainage and energy-water conservation technology in the construction field,analyzes the current situation of water supply and drainage in China,and proposes the application of water supply-drainage and energy-water conservation technology of the building for reference.

Extending the Economic Life of the Ogallala Aquifer with Water Conservation Policies in the Texas Panhandle

The continued decline in the availability of water from the Ogallala Aquifer in the Texas Panhandle has led to an increased interest in conservation policies designed to extend the life of the aquifer and sustain rural economies. Four counties were chosen for evaluation. This study evaluates the effectiveness of five policies in terms of changes in the saturated thickness, crop mix, water use per acre, and the net present value of farm profits over a 60-year planning horizon. The dynamic optimization models were developed using GAMS for the baseline as well as one for all five of the policy alternatives for each county. Results indicate that the policy scenarios of biotechnology adoption and a water use restriction will conserve the most water among the policies analyzed. In terms of economic returns, the biotechnology adoption policy by far provides the greatest benefit to producers due to yield increases that are estimated with current annual growth rates in new seed varieties. The water use restriction policy, on the other hand, has the lowest net present value of returns, indicating that conservation is accompanied with significant costs to producers. The irrigation adoption technology scenario is the next best policy in terms of net present value of returns (following biotechnology);however, it ranks last in terms of reducing aquifer depletion. It is important to note that while the models do not perfectly predict the factors being evaluated, it is the basis for comparison between the policy scenarios which are important. These comparisons will aid policy makers in determining the most effective strategy to conserve water while simultaneously considering the economic costs to producers. In addition, the results of this study can be applied to other areas facing similar conditions, either currently or in the future, throughout the Texas Panhandle.

Determination of Irrigation Supply Efficiency in Challenging Environment Case Study of Bal’ad District, Middle Shabelle Region in Somalia

The paper aims to determine the irrigation water supply efficiency of different irrigation methods used in the challenging environment of Bal’ad district in Somalia. Data was collected from the literature, field visits using field records and scheduled interviews, GPS coordinates and from ancillary information, such as remote sensing images and existing national maps. A comparison was done by use of secondary sources, such as academic journals using information from authorities on irrigation and water loss. Sampling was done by use of Snow balling. The results highlighted response rate for farmers being 80% while that of NGO employees is 75.76%. According to the results, the main ways through which irrigation water is lost is through: evaporation;seepage through the canal bunds;overtopping the bunds;overflow losses and overwatering with the average field application efficiency of 25% and conveyance efficiency of 30%. These generated a scheme irrigation efficiency of 7.5% which is poor for surface irrigation prevalent in the study area. The loss of irrigation water was found to be reduced by the following: daily supervision;proper maintenance;water allocation to farmers;good management;lining of canals;management of irrigation methods;ongoing evaluation;good land preparation;and training farmers.

Climate change and village adaptation impact on reliability of irrigation wells in China

This paper builds a water supply reliability econometric model to analyze climate changes and adaptation impact factors on water supply reliability of irrigation wells by using 100 villages' three-year(2010-2012) field survey data of five middle and eastern provinces of China.The results show that long-run climate change factors,adaptation measures,village-level organizations of irrigation management,as well as extreme climate factors affect the water supply reliability of irrigation wells significantly.Meanwhile,there are significant differences impacting different crops and provinces.This paper suggests that agriculture meteorological disaster monitoring and warning systems should be strengthened by increasing irrigation facilities construction and maintenance,promoting reform of agricultural irrigation water management system,and developing various forms of peasant cooperation organization in order to improve agricultural production capacity to adapt to climate change.

Optimization of Irrigation Water Allocation Framework Based on Genetic Algorithm Approach

In a world where excessive use and degradation of water resources are threatening the sustainability of livelihoods dependent on water and agriculture, increased food production will have to be done in the face of a changing climate and climate variability. There is a need to make optimal use of the available water resource to maximize productivity. Climate-smart irrigation is aimed at increasing per unit production and income from irrigated cropping systems without having negative impacts on the environment or other water users and uses. This paper developed a water allocation model using Genetic Algorithm to equitably allocation available water to the various sectors in Kano River Irrigation Scheme yielding an optimal as well as equitable water release with a 96.44% demand met. An average relative supply of 0.94 was obtained indicating the there was even supply of water to all the sectors. The model is robust and relatively easy to apply and can be employed by farm managers to achieve equity and optimal use of the available water resource.

Moisture Movement and Transformation Law under Soil Moisture Conserving Irrigation in Winter Wheat Field

[Objective] The aim was to provide theoretical basis for field moisture conserving irrigation.[Method] With Xiaoyan No.6 as tested material,three different kinds of mulching irrigation treatments were carried out （straw mulching;plastic mulching;PAM control adjustment mulching）.With non-mulching treatment as control,moisture conserving effect of different treatments were compared.[Result] The results showed that the water consumption of winter wheat under different soil moisture conservation treatments was low at earlier stage and later stage,but high at mid-stage,which was consistent with the water consumption law of control.There were some differences in terms of consumption intensity because of irrigation schedule and growth condition;soil moisture conservation treatments could restrain ineffective evaporation of soil moisture before anthesis.We also found that the variation of soil moisture at depth of 0-20 cm in PAM and control treatment was dramatic.The soil moisture of the former was lower than the latter at the depth of 0-20 cm,but higher at the depth of 20-50 cm.The difference of soil moisture at the depth of 0-50 cm was significant.[Conclusion] Plastic mulching and straw mulching could restrain evaporation effectively.

Crisis of Water Resources on the Ulan Buh Desert Oases, Inner Mongolia, China-A Case Study of Dengkou County

Hetao Plain, composed of hundreds of oases, is one of the most important grain-producing areas in China. Most crops, especially wheat and corn, depend on irrigation, thus water availability is a key issue for grain productivity on this land. The Yellow River is the main water source for irrigation and a crisis of water resources for agricultural use occurs because of increasingly reduced river flows and water-using competition with industry and human residential use. In order to understand the current situation and distribution of water resources on these oases, we collected 20-yr＇s data of river runoff, irrigation volumes, infiltration and precipitation to examine the relationships between water resources distribution and its agricultural use. We found that the oasis in Dengkou county was short of water resources with a water deficit rate of 5.14% in 2010. Based on the trend of the data, water deficit will continue to increase as the population grows in the future. Water resource is a limiting factor to agricultural development in this region and proper management of water use and strategies for water resource conservation are urgently needed. Especially, based on our results we suggest that current irrigation methods need to be greatly improved to save the water that was lost from evaporation.

Agricultural Water Conservation in the High Plains Aquifer and Arikaree River Basin

Yuma County is the top crop producing County in Colorado that is dependent on groundwater supplies from the High Plains aquifer for irrigation. The Arikaree River, a tributary of the Republican River in eastern Colorado, is supplied with water from the High Plains aquifer. The Arikaree River alluvium is also a habitat for many terrestrial invertebrates and the threatened Hybognathus hankinsoni (Brassy Minnow). The constant demand on the High Plains aquifer has created declining water levels at the linear rate of 0.183 m/year with the deepest pool in the Arikaree River drying up in 8 to 12 years. In addition to the demands for habitats, the surrounding irrigated agricultural lands require water for crop production. These challenges are currently confronting farmers in eastern Colorado and this research presents possible alternatives to meet these demands. This research presents a combination water balance model, water conservation model, and water conservation survey results from farmers in eastern Colorado to identify alternatives to extend the life of the Arikaree River. The first alternative was to examine the reduction in irrigation water from removing the 18 alluvial irrigation wells that could extend the Arikaree River pools from drying up for 30 years. The other scenario found that water conservation practices with participation of 43%, 57%, and 62% of farmers would extend the drying time to 20, 30, and 40 years, respectively. The final alternative studied was the required participation in conservation practices to stop the decline of the High Plains Aquifer. The analysis found that 77% participation of farmers in all conservation alternatives or reducing pumping by 62.9% would be necessary to stabilize the High Plains Aquifer.

Modeling demand/supply of water resources in the arid region of northwestern China during the late 1980s to 2010

Water demand increases continuously with an increasing population and economic development. As a result, the difference between water supply and demand becomes a sig- nificant issue, especially in arid regions. To figure out the utilization of water resources in the arid region of northwestern China （ARNWC）, and also to provide methodologies to predict the water use in future, three models were established in this study to calculate agricultural irri- gation, industrial and domestic water use in the ARNWC from the late 1980s to 2010. Based on river discharges in the region, the supply and demand of water resources at the river basin level were analyzed. The results indicated that agricultural irrigation demand occupies more than 90% of the total water use in the ARNWC. Total water demand increased from 31.97 km3 in the late 1980s to 48.19 km3 in 2010. Most river basins in this arid region were under me- dium and high water stress. Severe-risk river basins, such as the Shiyang river basin and the eastern part of the northern piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains, were found in this region. It was revealed that the water supply became critical from April to May, which was the season of the lowest water supply as determined by comparing monthly water consumption.

Response of upland rice agronomic parameters to variable water supply

Rice response to water application is necessary for increased productivity;hence,this study was aimed at establishing the agronomic responses of rice crop to differential water supplies.A two-year dry season experiment was conducted on the research farm of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture(IITA),Ibadan,Nigeria.Two upland rice varieties(NERICA 2 and NERICA 4)were planted on a 5 m×5 m plot in a randomized complete block design with four treatments and two replicates based on different water application.Irrigation scheduling was designed as 100%ET,75%ET,50%ET and 25%ET for the treatments weekly.Agronomic parameters such as plant height,root depth,canopy shading(CS),leaf area index(LAI),panicle and tiller configuration,biomass and grain yield in relation to crop water use were obtained and the results were subjected to statistical analysis.Average values of highest plant height(89.0 and 100.3 cm),deepest root depth(22.1 and 23.8 cm),panicle diameter(3.9 and 4.5 cm),panicle length(26.1 and 25.7 cm),LAI,3.27 and 3.95,CS,0.22 and 0.99 were obtained for both NERICA 2 and NERICA 4 respectively.Leaf width(1.3 and 1.4 cm),total tillers(14 and 12)and leaf length(36.9 and 38 cm)were also observed for the two varieties respectively.The highest total grain and biomass yields of 1.94 t/ha and 1.95 t/ha were observed in 100%ET treatment for NERICA 2 while the least values of 0.29 t/ha and 1.09 t/ha were observed in 25%ET treatment.As for NERICA 4,the highest values(1.90 t/ha and 2.27 t/ha)were from 100%ET and the least(0.38 t/ha and 2.29 t/ha)in 25%ET.The result of ANOVA showed significant differences in biomass and grain yield,LAI,CS,plant height and root depth among treatments(P<0.05)stressing the domineering influence of water in agronomic response of rice.

Sustainable Tourism:Best Practice in Water Management

On the occasion of“World Water Day 2007”,“Water,the challenge of the century”was said by Jaques Diouf,director general of Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)of the United Nations,spoke of the critical issues related to water management that man will face in the 21st century.The importance of water derives from its being an indispensable but limited resource.We are not able to produce more than Earth offers,nor can we exploit water resources outside the planet.Nevertheless,water remains a fundamental asset whose demand is expected to grow considerably in the coming years:It is estimated that,by 2050,almost half of the world’s population will be exposed to potential conditions of water stress.The aim of this work is to analyse the role of tourism in the consumption of water resources,in particular,the volumes of water“indirectly”spent to meet the needs of tourists.We will explain in detail what these“indirect consumption”consist of and we will deepen the characteristics of the tourism sector in order to understand the mechanisms that bind it to water resources.

智慧水利理论体系与数字孪生流域虚拟模型研究成果述要

智慧水利是水利高质量发展的显著标志之一。围绕智慧水利理论体系不完善、流域映射精准度不高、模型精度不高、决策支撑程度低等问题,建立了由智慧流域基础理论、数字孪生流域基础理论和智能水网理论框架组成的智慧水利理论体系,研究了由数字孪生感知节点模型、数字孪生降水遥感模型、数字孪生蒸散发遥感模型、数字孪生土壤水遥感模型、数字孪生水体遥感模型、数字孪生地下水遥感模型、数字孪生水质遥感模型组成的数字孪生流域感知模型,构建了由数字孪生流域水文模型、数字孪生水动力水质模型、数字孪生动态调控模型、数字孪生虚拟仿真模型、数字孪生协同决策模型、数字孪生并行组合模型等组成的数字孪生流域虚拟模型。研究成果可为我国智慧水利建设提供理论基础和技术支撑。

水利高质量发展政策供给体系回顾与展望

近年来,水利部大力加强水利智库建设,围绕贯彻落实习近平总书记“节水优先、空间均衡、系统治理、两手发力”治水思路和治水重要论述精神、推动新阶段水利高质量发展,组织开展水利政策研究,加大水利政策供给力度,取得显著成效。展望今后一个时期,水利肩负新使命、面临新形势、承担新任务,亟需研究推动一批打基础、管长远、促发展的政策措施,以高质量水利政策研究助推水利高质量发展。

基于水库旱限水位的大型灌区水资源空间均衡优化调控

由于自然地理特征和经济社会活动的差异,大型灌区水资源分布和利用在时空上是不平衡的,尤其是受水文气象波动影响的农业灌溉供水,需要借助水利工程进行水资源空间均衡调控。目前按典型水平年制订的常规调配水方案无法展现水资源空间均衡状态在年内的变化响应过程,也无法考虑水资源在年际间调配的需求。鉴此,本文基于灌区水资源系统空间均衡评价模型和半分布式水资源系统模拟模型,以干旱年缺水时段平均水资源系统空间均衡度最大为目标,以骨干水库分期分级旱限水位和灌区分单元分用水户限供比例为调控变量,运用遗传算法开展大型灌区水资源系统空间均衡优化调控研究。淠河灌区应用结果显示:骨干水库的分级分期旱限水位能够实现水资源在年内和年际时间上的均衡调节,而分单元分用水户的限制供水措施能够使水资源在空间上得到合理配置。二者共同作用能更好地协调灌区供需水在时程分布和空间均衡间的关系,相较于运行现状能大幅提升水资源系统空间均衡度,增强灌区的可持续发展能力,为基于旱限水位的复杂水资源系统管理和应用提供新的思路。

基于时序Sentinel-2影像的引黄灌区作物结构提取和供需水分析

在黄河流域用水指标严格控制的背景下,以山东省东营市垦利区引黄灌区为例,利用2022年时序Sentinel-2遥感影像构建作物生育期的NDVI时间序列,采用决策树分类方法提取灌区作物种植结构,基于垦利站气象资料和Penman-Monteith公式,分析了1973—2022年各作物的需水特性,利用遥感影像解译的各作物种植面积,计算了2022年灌区作物在不同降水保证率(5%、25%、50%、75%、95%)条件下的灌溉总需水量,结合2023年分配给灌区作物的灌溉水指标探究了灌溉水资源供需之间的平衡。结果表明:基于NDVI时间序列构建决策树分类方法可有效提取作物的种植结构,总体分类精度为85.07%,Kappa系数为0.819,能够满足作物灌溉需水量的研究。作物净灌溉需水量年际波动较大,水稻和冬小麦补充灌溉水量在所有作物中位列前两位,均值分别为913 mm和410 mm;处于雨季生长的夏玉米、夏大豆补充灌溉水量较小且灌溉需求均值较小。研究区2023年分配的灌溉水指标在降水保证率为50%时研究区灌溉水亏缺量为235.5万m^(3),在降水保证率为75%和95%时灌溉水亏缺量分别为1 754.5万m^(3)和2 261.5万m^(3)。

基于产权视角的政府投资农村水利设施可持续供给研究

随着乡村振兴的不断推进,农村水利设施的重要性愈发凸显。为探究如何提高设施的可持续供给水平、实现政府投资农村水利设施持续性高质量供给,基于案例分析,梳理总结出产权明晰度、运行秩序合理性和农民管护积极性是政府投资农村水利设施供给可持续性的主要影响因素,并结合产权理论、交易费用理论、集体行动理论、制度分析与发展框架等理论,构建了产权明晰度、运行秩序合理性、农民管护积极性对政府投资农村水利设施供给可持续性影响机理的理论模型。基于对华东地区多个省份农民的问卷调查,运用SPSS 26.0和Amos 24.0软件进行分析,结果表明:(1)产权明晰度、运行秩序合理性、农民管护积极性分别与政府投资农村水利设施供给可持续性正相关;(2)运行秩序合理性、农民管护积极性在产权明晰度与政府投资农村水利设施供给可持续性之间存在中介作用,农民管护积极性在运行秩序合理性与供给可持续性之间存在中介作用。

滴灌节水技术应用机理及热点研究进展

滴灌是一种用水效率高的节水灌溉技术,具有少量多次、节水增产的特点。它能有效减少土壤蒸发和深层渗漏,提高灌溉水利用效率,同时其自动化程度高,可减少劳动力和运行管理成本。滴灌已成为国内外缺水地区的重要灌溉技术之一。目前,我国农业现代化发展过程中广泛使用滴灌技术,但也存在一些问题。从多个层面对滴灌技术的发展现状、适应作物类型、滴灌节水技术应用的研究热点、滴灌节水节肥机理以及存在的问题进行了梳理和分析,并提出了滴灌技术未来发展的建议,旨在为智慧滴灌技术的应用与研究提供借鉴和参考,为有效缓解我国农业用水紧缺,实现农田科学用水,提高作物的水分利用效率和农业生产的可持续性提供理论依据。