Research on the longitudinal protection of a through-type cophase traction direct power supply system based on the empirical wavelet transform

This paper proposes a longitudinal protection scheme utilizing empirical wavelet transform(EWT)for a through-type cophase traction direct power supply system,where both sides of a traction network line exhibit a distinctive boundary structure.This approach capitalizes on the boundary’s capacity to attenuate the high-frequency component of fault signals,resulting in a variation in the high-frequency transient energy ratio when faults occur inside or outside the line.During internal line faults,the high-frequency transient energy at the checkpoints located at both ends surpasses that of its neighboring lines.Conversely,for faults external to the line,the energy is lower compared to adjacent lines.EWT is employed to decompose the collected fault current signals,allowing access to the high-frequency transient energy.The longitudinal protection for the traction network line is established based on disparities between both ends of the traction network line and the high-frequency transient energy on either side of the boundary.Moreover,simulation verification through experimental results demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed protection scheme across various initial fault angles,distances to faults,and fault transition resistances.

Optimal dispatch approach for rural multi-energy supply systems considering virtual energy storage

In response to the underutilization of energy and insufficient flexible operation capability of rural energy supply systems in China,this study proposes an optimal dispatch approach for a rural multi-energy supply system(RMESS)considering virtual energy storage(VES).First,to enable the flexible utilization of rural biomass resources and the thermal inertia of residential building envelopes,this study constructed VES-I and VES-II models that describe electrical-thermal and electrical-gas coupling from an electrical viewpoint.Subsequently,an RMESS model encompassing these two types of VES was formulated.This model delineates the intricate interplay of multi-energy components within the RMESS framework and facilitates the precise assessment of the adjustable potential for optimizing RMESS operations.Based on the above models,a day-ahead optimal dispatch model for an RMESS considering a VES is proposed to achieve optimal economic performance while ensuring efficient energy allocation.Comparative simulations validated the effectiveness of the VES modeling and the day-ahead optimal dispatch approach for the RMESS.

Electrical characteristics of new three-phase traction power supply system for rail transit

A novel three-phase traction power supply system is proposed to eliminate the adverse effects caused by electric phase separation in catenary and accomplish a unifying manner of traction power supply for rail transit.With the application of two-stage three-phase continuous power supply structure,the electrical characteristics exhibit new features differing from the existing traction system.In this work,the principle for voltage levels determining two-stage network is dissected in accordance with the requirements of traction network and electric locomotive.The equivalent model of three-phase traction system is built for deducing the formula of current distribution and voltage losses.Based on the chain network model of the traction network,a simulation model is established to analyze the electrical characteristics such as traction current distribution,voltage losses,system equivalent impedance,voltage distribution,voltage unbalance and regenerative energy utilization.In a few words,quite a lot traction current of about 99%is undertaken by long-section cable network.The proportion of system voltage losses is small attributed to the two-stage three-phase power supply structure,and the voltage unbal-ance caused by impedance asymmetry of traction network is less than 1‰.In addition,the utilization rate of regenerative energy for locomotive achieves a significant promotion of over 97%.

REDUNDANCY TECHNOLOGY FOR AIRCRAFT MULTI-CHANNEL DC POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM

The redundancy technology for the aircraft multi-channel DC electrical power supply system is studied. In this system, the key loads can obtain power from seven sources. The direct current bus power control unit （DC BPCU） is put forward to manage the power supply system automatically. The redundancy innovation is also applied in both hardware and software of DC BPCU. Furthermore, redundancy fault diagnosis is discussed through the existing parts. Experiments and applications show that the proposed aircraft DC power supply system possesses many advantages of high reliability, high automation and so on.

Optimal operation of water supply systems with tanks based on genetic algorithm

In view of the poor water supply system’s network properties, the system’s complicated network hydraulic equations were replaced by macroscopic nodal pressure model and the model of relationship between supply flow and water source head. By using pump-station pressure head and initial tank water levels as decision variables, the model of optimal allocation of water supply between pump-sources was developed. Genetic algorithm was introduced to deal with the model of optimal allocation of water supply. Methods for handling each constraint condition were put forward, and overcome the shortcoming such as premature convergence of genetic algorithm; a solving method was brought forward in which genetic algorithm was combined with simulated annealing technology and self-adaptive crossover and mutation probabilities were adopted. An application example showed the feasibility of this algorithm.

Evaluation and optimization of secondary water supply system renovation

Due to pollution in second water supply system (SWSS),nine renovation alternative plans were proposed and com-prehensive evaluations of different plan based on Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) were presented in this paper. Comparisons of advantages and disadvantages among the plans of SWSS renovations provided solid foundation for selecting the most appro-priate plan for engineering projects. In addition,a mathematical model of the optimal combination of renovation plans has been set up and software Lingo was used to solve the model. As a case study,the paper analyzed 15 buildings in Tianjin City. After simulation of the SWSS renovation system,an optimal scheme was obtained,the result of which indicates that 10 out of those 15 buildings need be renovated in priority. The renovation plans selected for each building are the ones ranked higher in the com-prehensive analysis. The analysis revealed that the optimal scheme,compared with two other randomly calculated ones,increased the percentage of service population by 19.6% and 13.6% respectively,which significantly improved social and economical benefits.

Optimal Dispatching of Large-scale Water Supply System

This paper deals with the use of optimal control techniques in large-scale water distribution networks. According to the network characteristics and actual state of the water supply system in China, the implicit model, which may be solved by utilizing the hierarchical optimization method, is established. In special, based on the analyses of the water supply system containing variable-speed pumps, a software tool has been developed successfully. The application of this model to the city of Shenyang (China) is compared to experiential strategy. The results of this study show that the developed model is a very promising optimization method to control the large-scale water supply systems.

Method of Distinguishing Hydrologic Drought for Water Supply System

It is very common to design water supply system to adjust runoff. Thus it will not meet the practical needs if only the hydrologic drought in natural basin is studied. In practice the natural water balance and water deficits must be researched, i. e. . the adjusting effects of the water supply sys- tem such as a reservoir should be considered, and the drought event be distinguished according to the special system. The problem of drought identification under adjusted runoff was investigated in this study. By considering water transfer during different periods, a method to distinguish hydrologic drought for the water supply system was developed, and a standard drought severity index SWDSI was proposed. The method has been applied in Pan Jiakou water supply system in China. From 1953 to 1997,a total of 14 hydrologic droughts were identified in the water supply system, among which there were 3 severe droughts, 6 moderate droughts and 5 light droughts. The results are in good agreement with the historic drought records.

Reliability Analysis of Hydraulic Transmission Oil Supply System of Power-Shift Steering Transmission with GO Methodology

GO methodology is a success-oriented method for system reliability analysis. There are components with multi-fault modes in repairable systems. It is a problem to use the existing GO method to make reliability analysis of such repairable systems. A new GO method for reliability analysis of such repairable systems with multifault modes was presented. Firstly, calculation equations of reliability parameters of operators which were used to describe components with multi-fault modes in reparable systems were derived based on Markov process theory. Then, this new GO method was applied in reliability analysis of a hydraulic transmission oil supply system( HTOSS) of a power-shift steering transmission at low and high speeds. Finally,Compared with fault tree analysis( FTA) and Monte Carlo simulation,the results show that this new GO method is correct and suitable for reliability analysis of repairable system with multi-fault modes.

Influence of soil resistivity on stray current in power supply system of urban rail transit

In order to explore the influence of soil resistivity on stray current in power supply system of urban rail transit,we establish an equivalent circuit model of the rail-to-ground structure based on resistance network method first.After measuring the soil resistivity of a real subway system,a simulation model is established in Matlab to obtain the stray currents at different soil resistivities.Then the influence of soil resistivity on stray current is analyzed.Afterwards,to verify the rationality and reliability of the simulation model,we design a test circuit to measure the stray current and rail-to-ground voltage in a real subway system,and a comparison of the experimentally measured results and simulation results is presented.The results show that the stray current is the maximum when the soil resistivity is 211.57Ω·m;when the soil resistivity is 768.47Ω·m,the stray current is the minimum,that is,the smaller the soil resistivity,the greater the stray current.Therefore,the resistivity should be increased as much as possible when ramming the track foundation in urban rail transit system.

Distributed Order-Up-To Inventory Control in Networked Supply Systems With Delay

In this work, the dynamics of networked goods distribution systems subject to the control of a continuous-review order-up-to inventory policy are investigated. In the analytical study, as opposed to the earlier models constrained to the serial and arborescent interconnection structures, an arbitrary multiechelon topology is considered. This external, uncertain demand,following any distribution, may be imposed on all network nodes,not just conveniently selected contact points. As in the physical systems, stock relocation to refill the reserves is subject to nonnegligible delay, which poses a severe stability threat and may lead to cost-inefficient decisions. A state-space model is created and used as the framework for analyzing system properties. In particular, it is formally demonstrated that despite unpredictable demand fluctuations, a feasible(nonnegative and bounded)reserves replenishment signal is generated at all times, and the stock gathered at the nodes does not surpass a finite, precisely determined level. The theoretical content is illustrated with a case study of the Chinese oil supply system.

A preventive opportunistic maintenance method for railway traction power supply system based on equipment reliability

Conventional maintenance mode for the traction power supply system(TPSS)is to perform scheduled regular maintenance activities for power supply equipment,while such maintenance mode may result in undue maintenance tasks and low efficiency due to different degradation processes of different sorts of equipment.To address this problem,this paper introduces a preventive opportunistic maintenance(POM)method for TPSS based on equipment reliability.Firstly,a POM model is established by considering the equipment reliability degradation process based on Weibull distribution.Then,by considering the total power outage time in the planned operation cycle of TPSS as the optimization objective,the optimal maintenance scheme of TPSS is formulated by iterative method of maintenance strategies.The proposed method is verified by introducing practical maintenance strategies and fault record data of the traction transformer,circuit breaker and disconnector in an actual TPSS of a railway administration.Results show that the presented method can make full use of the existing fault data to develop a POM scheme for TPSS.It can improve maintenance efficiency and reduce power outage time,providing guidance to formulate scientific maintenance strategies for TPSS.

Reactive Power Compensation and Harmonic Suppression for Power Supply System of HT-7U Superconductive Tokamak

In this paper, a strategy for the reactive power compensation and harmonic suppression of the power supply system in HT-7U superconductive Tokamak is proposed. The optimized approach is given in the parameters design for passive filter. Also a controlling method with fast response time and good accuracy is put forward for the compensator, which is more suitable for the dynamic load.

Draft sensation distribution of air jet supply system in large space building in summer

To study the draft sensation distribution of an air jet supply system in a large space building in summer,experiments are conducted in a large laboratory.The temperature,velocity and draft sensation distributions at a nozzle height of 4 m in the occupied zone are obtained.Then,the numerical simulation under the test condition is carried out by the computational fluid dynamics（CFD）method.The calculation results of the indoor vertical temperature and the draft sensation distribution are validated by the test data.Simulations with different nozzle heights are conducted.The satisfactory air supply condition is determined by analyzing the draft sensations and the temperatures in the occupied zone under three conditions.The simulation results show that the optimal draft sensation distribution and the uniform temperature and velocity fields can be obtained at a nozzle height of 5 m.

Nitrogen Gas Heating and Supply System for SST-1 Tokamak

Steady State Tokamak （SST-1） vacuum vessel baking as well as baking of the first wall components of SST-1 are essential to plasma physics experiments. Under a refurbishment spectrum of SST-1, the nitrogen gas heating and supply system has been fully refurbished. The SST-1 vacuum vessel consists of ultra-high vacuum （UHV） compatible eight modules and eight sectors. Rectangular baking channels are embedded on each of them. Similarly, the SST-1 plasma facing components （PFC） are comprised of modular graphite diverters and movable graphite based limiters. The nitrogen gas heating and supply system would bake the plasma facing components at 350 ~C and the SST-1 vacuum vessel at 150 ~C over an extended duration so as to remove water vapour and other absorbed gases. An efficient PLC based baking facility has been developed and implemented for monitoring and control purposes. This paper presents functional and operational aspects of a SST-1 nitrogen gas heating and supply system. Some of the experimental results obtained during the baking of SST-1 vacuum modules and sectors are also presented here.

Design and Analysis of a Small Sewage Source Heat Pump Triple Supply System

Based on the characteristics of sewage from beauty salons,a simulation model of a small sewage source heat pump triple supply system that can be applied to such places is established to optimize the operating conditions of the system.The results show that with the increase of sewage temperature and flow,the performance of the system also increases.In summer conditions,the system provides cooling,recovers waste heat and condensed heat from sewage,with a COP value of 8.97;in winter conditions,the system heats and produces hot water,with a COP value of 2.44;in transitional seasons,only hot water is produced.The COP value is 2.75.Compared with the traditional systems which refers to the air source heat pump and hot water boiler system currently used in beauty salons,this system can save energy by 50.9%.

A Study of High-Power Thyristor Switch of Poloidal-Field Power Supply System in HT-7U Super-Conductive Tokamak

Through theoretical analysis of thyristor switch, criterion of turn-off was derived for the design of thyristor switch. The expression of parameter design and its math model during the turn-off were deduced. The simulation and experiment have been accomplished to validate the analysis.

Geostatistical Studies of Space-Temporal Variation in Selected Quality Parameters in Klodzko Water Supply System （SW Part of Poland）

Selected results of research connected with the development of a （3D） geostatistical hydrogeocbemical model of the Klodzko city area, dedicated to the spatial and time variation in the quality parameters in the Klodzko water supply system （SW part of Poland） have been presented. The research covers the period 2007-2011. Spatial analyses of the variation in three quality parameters, i.e. Fe iron （g/m3） content, Mn manganese （g/m3） content and NI-I4＋ ammonium ion （g/m3） content, were carried out. Spatial and time variation in the parameters was analyzed on the basis of the data （2007-2011）. The input for the studies was the chemical determinations of the quality parameters of water samples taken in the Klodzko water supply system area （also treated water） in different periods of time. These data were subjected to spatial analyses using geostatistical methods. The parameters of the assumed theoretical models of directional semivariograms functions of the studied regionalized variables, were used in the ordinary （block） kriging estimation. Generally, the behaviour of the quality parameters in the Klodzko water supply system has been found to vary in space and time. Thanks to the multivariate spatial analyses some regularities in the variation in the water supply system in the Klodzko city area have been identified. In the considered time interval, the shapes of the directional Fe iron content semivariogram show a tendency to vary periodically. The courses of the directional semivariograms of Mn manganese content and NI-I4＋ ammonium ion content show some tendencies towards directional variation over the passing years. There are visible distinct increasing trends of variability for Mn content and stronger variation are observed for NH4＋ ion content. The kriging estimation results were used to determine the levels of elevated values 2＊ of the water quality parameters in the years 2007-2011 and to forecast these values for the years 2012-2014. The maximum values Z＊ of the quality parameters were stated for the years： 2007, 2008-2009 and 2012 （the decreasing trend in Fe iron content averages Z＊ variation towards the year 2012, the increasing trend in Mn content averages Z＊ variation towards the year 2012 and the increasing trend in NH4＋ ion content averages Z＊ variation towards the years 2008-2009 and then the decreasing trend towards the year 2012）.

The Demand Investigation and Suggestions of the Supply System of Preschool Education in Western Areas of China

Nowadays, preschool education has become the weak part of eduction. Thus, the supply system of preschool education has been heatedly discussed accordingly.This thesis makes some suggestions for the supply system innovation of preschool education in western areas, based on the sampling surveys in Yibin.

A Proposal to Set Up a Stable Supply System for Potassic Fertilizer in China

Agriculture is an important foundation of China’s socio-economic development. To secure the sound development of modern agriculture in the 21st century, the supply of fertilizers such as potassium is a key factor. Owing to the limited arable land in China, a vital measure to feed the country’s increasing population is the augmentation of fertilizers so as to gain higher per unit area grain yields. At present, for a fairly long time to come, additional fertilizer resources will mainly come from nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. But there is a severe application disproportion between nitroge-