IMPACTS OF THE SOUTH-TO-NORTH WATER DIVERSION PROJECTS (MIDDLE ROUTE)ON THE WATER ENVIRONMENT OF THE MIDDLE AND LOWER REACHES OF THE HANJIANG RIVER

In this paper, according to the rule of unbalanced sediment transport and the analysis of field data, different water diversion schemes were theoretically studied, including the erosion and sedimentation trend as well as their impacts on the environment of the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River. The results showed that the 95×10 8m 3 water diversion scheme will cause less erosion and water level decrease than the 15×10 8m 3 water diversion scheme. Using a water diversion scheme of 95×10 8m 3, the decrease of water quantity can impact the river hydrodynamic regime substantially and the environments of the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River will be greatly affected. It is therefore necessary to develop new water resources or build projects to meet the need of the environment and the needs for navigation.

Spatio-temporal distribution of phytoplankton in the Danjiangkou Reservoir, a water source area for the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (Middle Route), China

One of the water source areas of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is the Danjiangkou Reservoir （DJKR）. To understand seasonal variation in phytoplankton composition, abundance and distribution in the DJKR area before water diversion, as well as to estimate potential risks of water quality after water diversion, we conducted an investigation on phytoplankton in the DJKR from August 2008 to May 2009. The investigation included 10 sampling sites, each with four depths of 0.5, 5, 10, and 20 m. In this study, 117 taxa belonging to 76 genera were identified, consisting of diatoms （39 taxa）, green algae （47 taxa）, blue-green algae （19 taxa）, and others （12 taxa）. Annual average phytoplankton abundance was 2.01×10^6 ind./L, and the highest value was 14.72 ×10^6 ind/L （at site 3 in August 2008）. Phytoplankton abundance in front of the Danjiangkou Dam （DJKD） was higher than that of the Danjiang Reservoir Basin. Phytoplankton distribution showed a vertical declining trend from 0.5 m to 20 m at most sites in August 2008 （especially at sites of 1, 2, 4 and 10）, but no distinct pattern in other sampling months. In December 2008 and March 2009, Stephanodiseus sp. was the most abundant species, amounting to 55.23% and 72.34%, respectively. We propose that high abundance ofStephanodiscus sp. may have contributed greatly to the frequent occurrence of Stephanodiscus sp. blooms in middle-low reaches of the Hanjiang River during the early spring of 2009. In comparison with previous studies conducted from 1992 to 2006, annual average phytoplankton density, green algae and blue-green algae species, as well as major nutrient concentrations increased, while phytoplankton diversity indices declined. This indicates a gradual decline in water quality. More research should be conducted and countermeasures taken to prevent further deterioration of water quality in the DJKR.

Critical chain construction with multi-resource constraints based on portfolio technology in South-to-North Water Diversion Project

Recently, the critical chain study has become a hot issue in the project management research field. The construction of the critical chain with multi-resource constraints is a new research subject. According to the system analysis theory and project portfolio theory, this paper discusses the creation of project portfolios based on the similarity principle and gives the definition of priority in multi-resource allocation based on quantitative analysis. A model with multi-resource constraints, which can be applied to the critical chain construction of the A-bid section in the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, was proposed. Contrast analysis with the comprehensive treatment construction method and aggressive treatment construction method was carried out. This paper also makes suggestions for further research directions and subjects, which will be useful in improving the theories in relevant research fields.

Reliability model of organization management chain of South-to-North Water Diversion Project during construction period

In order to analyze the indispensability of the organization management chain of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project （SNWDP）, two basic forms （series connection state and mixed state of both series connection and parallel connection） of the organization management chain can be abstracted. The indispensability of each form has been studied and is described in this paper. Through analysis of the reliability of the two basic forms, reliability models of the organization management chain in the series connection state and the mixed state of both series connection and parallel connection have been set up.

Land Cover Changes and Drivers in the Water Source Area of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China from 2000 to 2015

The Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project(MR-SNWDP)in China,with construction beginning in 2003,diverts water from Danjiangkou Reservoir to North China for residential,agriculture and industrial use.The water source area of the MR-SNWDP is the region that is most sensitive to and most affected by the construction of this water diversion project.In this study,we used Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM)and HJ-1 A/B images from 2000 to 2015 by an object-based approach with a hierarchical classification method for mapping land cover in the water source area.The changes in land cover were illuminated by transfer matrixes,single dynamic degree,slope zones and fractional vegetation cover(FVC).The results indicated that the area of cropland decreased by 31%and was replaced mainly by shrub over the past 15 years,whereas forest and settlements showed continuous increases of 29.2% and 77.7%,respectively.The changes in cropland were obvious in all slope zones and decreased most remarkably(–43.8%)in the slope zone above 25°.Compared to the FVC of forest and shrub,significant improvement was exhibited in the FVC of grassland,with a growth rate of 16.6%.We concluded that local policies,including economic development,water conservation and immigration resulting from the construction of the MR-SNWDP,were the main drivers of land cover changes;notably,they stimulated the substantial and rapid expansion of settlements,doubled the wetlands and drove the transformation from cropland to settlements in immigration areas.

Wet-Dry Runoff Correlation in Western Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project,China

The Western Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is an important trans-basin diversion project to transfer water from the upstream Yangtze River and its tributaries （water-exporting area）, to the upstream of the Yellow River （water- importing area）. The long-term hydrologieal data from 14 stream gauging stations in the Western Route area and techniques including the pre-whitening approach, non-parametric test, Bayes, law, variance analysis extrapolation, and Wavelet Analysis are applied to identify the streamflow eharacteristics and trends, streamflow time series cross-correlations, wetness-dryness encountering probability, and periodicities that occurred over the last 50 years. The results show that the water-exporting area, water- importing area, and the streteh downstream of the water-exporting have synehronization in high-low flow relationship, whereas they display non- synchronization in long-term evolution. This corresponds to the complicated and variable climate of the plateau region. There is no obvious increasing or decreasing trend in runoff at any gauging station. The best hydrological eompensation probability for rivers where water is diverted is about 25% to lO%, and those rivers influenced significantly by diversion are the Jinsha and Yalong rivers. Proper planning and design of compensation reservoirs for the water-exporting area and stretch downstream of the water- exporting area can increase the hydrological compensation possibility from water-exporting area to the water-importing area, and reduce the impact on the stretch of river downstream of the water- exporting area.

Penalty model for delay of bidding section construction period in South-to-North Water Diversion Eastern Route Project from perspective of programs

According to the multi-project and program management theory, this paper analyzes the program generation principle and establishes a program based on progress goals. On the basis of the present situation of calculation of penalty for delay of the bidding section construction period with the critical path method, we studied the effects of contractor-induced delay of the bidding section construction period in detail, including the effects on the construction period of the bidding section itself, the earliest start times of the next bidding section and other subsequent bidding sections, and the construction period of the program, and then constructed a penalty model for delay of the bidding section construction period from the perspective of programs. Using the penalty model, we conducted a practical analysis of penalty for delay of the construction period of the Baoying station program in the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. The model can help determine the amount of penalty for delay of the construction period in bidding sections scientifically and reasonably,

Water diversion and agricultural production:Evidence from China

Water diversion can alleviate water shortages caused by the uneven distribution of water resources.China’s Southto-North Water Diversion Project(SNWD)is the largest water diversion project worldwide.Based on the prefecturelevel data of China’s Huang-Huai-Hai Plain from 2000 to 2020,this study employs an empirical strategy of Differencesin-Differences(DID)to analyze the impact of SNWD on agricultural production.The results show that SNWD has significantly increased agricultural production,measured by the agricultural value added.The estimated results of the benchmark model remain robust when the contemporaneous policy is addressed,an alternative outcome is used,subsamples are estimated,and alternative estimation techniques are employed.This study argues that the potential impact mechanism may be that SNWD significantly increases the acreage for cash crops but reduces that for grain crops.Heterogeneity analysis shows that in prefectures with high temperature or land potential,SNWD’s impact on agricultural value added is relatively low.In contrast,in areas with prolonged sunshine or high slopes,SNWD’s impact on agricultural value added is relatively large.Given the low added value of grain crops,the government should consider strengthening food security by subsidizing water supply to sustain grain production.

Critical discharge at Datong for controlling operation of South-to-North Water Transfer Project in dry seasons

Previous research shows that there is a strong correlation between saltwater intrusion in the Yangtze Estuary and discharge at Datong. In the near future, the discharge of the Yangtze River during dry seasons will decrease due to the construction and operation of large water diversion projects, including the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, which will further exacerbate saltwater intrusion in the estuary. In this paper, a nested 1D river network model and a 2D saltwater numerical model are used to associate saltwater intrusion in the Yangtze Estuary with different values of discharge at Datong. It is concluded that 13 000 m3/s is the critical discharge at Datong for preventing saltwater intrusion and controlling the volume of water transferred by the South-to-North Water Transfer Project. Furthermore, based on the analysis of river discharge from Datong to Xuliujing and in consideration of the influence of all of the water diversion projects, operation schemes are proposed for the Eastern Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project for different hydrological years.

Water-saving potential evaluation of water-receiving regions in Shandong province on the East Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project of China

Taking 13 water-receiving areas on the East Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project(ERSNWDP)in Shandong Province as the study area,and comparing it with Jiangsu Province on the ERSNWDP and the Middle Route of the South-to-North(MRSNWDP),the current water-saving potential of the water-receiving areas within the municipalities of Shandong was analyzed.Different water-saving scenarios were constructed and analyzed with key water-saving indexes in various industries.These indexes include the effective utilization coefficient of farmland irrigation water,total water consumption of industrial sectors with an added value of over 10000 RMB,average leakage rate of the urban public water supply pipe network and the penetration rate of water-saving appliances.Based on the scenarios,comprehensive water-saving potential of the 13 water-receiving area cities was calculated.The results show that the water-saving potential of the study area is at a relative high level.However,some cities still have a certain amount of water-saving potential for agriculture and industry to be elevated.Under the recommended water-saving scenario,the water-saving potential is 1.134 billion m3,accounting for 5.33%of the current total water consumption,of which 460 million m3 is in agriculture,600 million m3 in industry,is and 74.20 million m3 in urban domestic sector.Comprehensive water-saving measures for the study area were proposed from the aspects of agricultural,industrial and domestic water uses.Agricultural and industrial water saving are more significant.The major cities for agricultural water saving include Jining City,Heze City,Weifang City and Jinan City;the focus cities of industrial water saving mainly include Weihai City,Jining City and Qingdao City and etc.;the key water-saving areas for urban use mainly include Zaozhuang City,Jining City and Heze City.

On conservation and development of architecture and environment in the construction of large-scale national infrastructure——Exemplified by the Jiangsu Section of the Eastern Route South-to-North Water Diversion Project

The water-diverting route project’s characteristics,natural landscapes,and histories and humanism of the Jiangsu Section of the Eastern Route South-to-North Water Diversion Project were systemically analyzed through proposing and studying the canal culture routes,the water resources heritage corridors,the landscape and recreation corridors,and the town economic corridors.The station areas along the water-diverting route were scientifically zoned and graded through quantitative and qualitative synthetic methods.Both planning compendiums and construction controlling methods were proposed based on the project grades of points,lines,and areas.Conservation and development of architecture and environment in the large-scale national infrastructure construction were explored systemically.Theories and methods of developing harmonious water-supplying functions,ecological functions,landscape effects,and cultural effects of large-scale water resources were examined.

特大断面导流隧洞施工技术在水利枢纽工程中的应用

该文以某水利枢纽工程为例,探究特大断面导流隧洞施工中爆破开挖与锚喷挂网联合支护技术的应用。经前期地质勘察可知,隧洞围岩为Ⅱ~Ⅲ级,围岩稳定性较好,采取先进行光面爆破再进行洞身开挖的作业方案。在清运碴石、清除危石后,在开挖面上初喷混凝土形成稳定工作面。然后打入锚杆、挂钢筋网并进行二次衬砌,对导流隧洞支护,营造安全的施工环境。拱顶沉降监测数据表明,在导流隧洞开挖后的30 d内,每日平均沉降速率为2.09 mm,在允许范围之内,本次特大断面导流隧洞施工效果符合预期。

新乡市“四县一区”南水北调配套工程水土保持措施设计与落实

我国水资源空间分布不均衡,南多北少,供需矛盾突出,加快构建国家水网是解决南北水资源空间失衡的有效途径。新时代水土保持对调水工程的绿色建造提出了更高的要求。以在设计理念、技术体系、措施布局等方面极具典型代表性的新乡市“四县一区”南水北调配套工程东线项目为例,阐释其水土保持设计理念、措施布局,辨析水土保持措施落实情况及存在的不足,以期为调水工程的水土保持工作提供参考。

Application of SEDEA to evaluation of degree of harmony between water resources and economic development

This paper introduces the method of data envelopment analysis （DEA） for evaluation of the degree of harmony between water resources and economic development of the water conservancy area of China＇s South-to-North Water Diversion Project （SNWDP）. For this evaluation, a super-efficiency DEA （SEDEA） model was developed based on the super-efficiency method. To verify the applicability of the SEDEA model, both the SEDEA model and a normal-efficiency DEA （NEDEA） model were used to evaluate the degree of harmony between water resources and economic development of typical cities in the SNWDP water conservancy area. The results show that the SEDEA model ranks the degree of harmony of typical cities more efficiently than the NEDEA model, and thus can better evaluate the degree of harmony between water resources and economic development of different cities than the NEDEA model. Furthermore, the SEDEA model can be applied as an operational research tool in regional water resources management.

引汉济渭工程秦岭引水隧洞岩爆三维NPR支护技术

针对引汉济渭工程秦岭引水隧洞岭北段频繁产生岩爆灾害、原支护结构破坏等问题,对秦岭引水隧洞岭北段进行地质勘测调查,分析隧道围岩岩爆破坏特征及破坏模式,开展超深隧洞岩爆三维负泊松比(negative Poisson’s ration,NPR)高应力补偿支护体系研究工作。采用现场勘查等方法,对隧道地质条件及岩爆破坏成因进行分析,并采用对比试验的思想设计出秦岭引水隧洞岭北段岩爆监测预警试验方案,提出以微观NPR锚杆为核心的三维NPR高应力补偿支护体系;通过现场试验分析新支护体系下围岩岩爆控制程度及其支护效果。结果表明:以微观NPR锚杆为核心的三维NPR高应力补偿支护体系能有效控制隧道围岩岩爆灾害发生,新支护体系试验段微震能量、频次均明显降低,爆坑深度、钢拱架受力和变形量明显减小。研究成果可为超深隧道岩爆灾害的防治提供参考。

深埋软岩隧洞让位支护原理及应用技术框架

软岩大变形问题是深埋软岩隧洞面临的重大工程挑战和核心关键技术问题.本文总结了从采取刚性支护硬顶的方法发展到采用柔性支护利用围岩自承能力的让压方法的历程,通过分析国内外软岩大变形案例,以滇中引水工程为例,总结滇中软岩变形特征,认为滇中深埋软岩隧洞大变形问题,如采用以防止冲击地压和解决不均压问题的让压锚杆支护,将有一定的局限性,甚至无效.滇中深埋软岩隧洞软岩大变形问题往往还与赋存地质物理环境高外水压力作用有关.文中提出复杂地质条件下深埋软岩隧洞让位支护理论与技术方法,让位支护理论与让压支护理论基础和原理不同,其不是让抵抗冲击地压为目标,而是让变形位移为核心,软岩隧洞施工中“持续变形、边支边让”为核心思想,在保证水工隧洞安全稳定的条件下充分释放岩体的主体变形能,保障软岩隧洞支护、衬砌的安全稳定.该理论方法可在变形力学机理上解决软岩大变形和高外水压力强作用的关键核心技术问题.文中给出了软岩隧洞让位支护系统技术方法,包括系统让位锚杆、让位锚索、约束混凝土、可缩动钢拱架结构及其让位支护体系技术.

新疆奎屯河引水工程隧洞涌泥塌方综合处置技术

在新疆奎屯河引水工程3标隧洞段施工过程中出现大规模的涌水突泥性的塌方。本文针对涌水突泥性的塌方事故,采用超前小导管法注浆+型钢拱架支护的方法,向塌方段渣体用超前小导管进行灌浆,起到固结松动围岩和断面支撑作用,将塌方段隧洞顶部开挖成拱形,利用其成拱效应承受上部松动体的荷载,便于洞内清淤工作的开展,确保隧洞的安全贯通。

引汉济渭长距离湿陷性黄土输水隧洞支护措施研究

对于穿越湿陷性黄土地层的输水隧洞,其围岩的湿陷性变形会破坏隧洞围岩的稳定性。为了分析黄土隧洞湿陷性变形对隧洞不同支护方式的影响机制,本文以引汉济渭二期咸阳塬隧洞工程为例,选取典型湿陷性黄土隧洞断面,建立三维有限元模型,通过计算并分析应力云图,得出不同支护方法对顶拱中心、底板中心、侧墙的最大位移值,找出适合湿陷性黄土隧洞的支护方式。研究结果表明:与单独的混凝土衬砌支护相比,混凝土衬砌+型钢拱架、混凝土衬砌+格栅拱架、混凝土衬砌+型钢拱架+格栅拱架三种支护方式均可起到较好的效果,混凝土衬砌与锚杆共同支护的效果一般,甚至拱脚部位破坏更为明显;不同数量的超前管棚支护效果不同,超前管棚数量越多,围岩稳定性越好。

不同支护方式下大坡度斜井钢拱架与喷锚支护联合受力分析

目前,对于纵向坡度较大的大坡度斜井,两种不同支护方式(钢拱架铅直向下和垂直洞轴线)对钢拱架与喷锚支护联合受力特性影响的研究较少。结合云南省滇中引水工程香炉山隧洞某斜井工程实际,针对钢拱架铅直向下和垂直洞轴线两种布置型式分别与喷锚支护结构的联合受力,采用三维有限元法对斜井开挖过程中围岩位移、应力和喷层、锚杆及钢拱架的应力进行了计算分析。结果表明:两种钢拱架布置型式下,围岩变形和应力分布规律基本相同,垂直洞轴线布置钢拱架更有利于抑制围岩纵向位移和竖向位移,并使支护结构应力显著减小,对斜井围岩稳定和支护结构受力状态更加有利。围岩条件越差,支护效果越明显。建议大坡度斜井中采用垂直洞轴线的型式布置钢拱架。

充填型溶洞TBM掘进卡机过程特征与脱困措施研究

为应对敞开式TBM掘进穿越大型充填型溶腔面临的较大施工风险,分析总结了滇中引水工程香炉山隧洞“云岭号”TBM遭遇溶腔段的卡机过程特征、原因及采取的脱困措施。结果表明:①溶腔段TBM卡机的直接原因主要为刀盘扭矩过大,难以持续维持在高位而发生刀盘停转被卡。在穿越充填型溶洞过程中,TBM可能面临反复卡机问题,并因拱底软弱破碎、承载力不足而发生“栽头”现象,导致TBM掘进竖向偏差过大;②采用拱顶超前注浆管棚、拱底超前管桥、掌子面玻璃纤维锚管超前注浆等超前处置措施,能够较好地限制溶腔段TBM刀盘扭矩过大、机头下沉等问题,为使TBM顺利通过不良地质洞段,需从“超前支护、初期支护加强、掘进控制”等方面进行综合处置;③在岩溶地层中,溶洞前后可能并无明显过渡洞段,TBM掘进施工过程中应进行有效的超前地质预报,做到先探后掘、提前发现、提前处置。