Effect of Rapid Cold Hardening on the Cold Tolerance of the Larvae of the Rice Stem Borer,Chilo suppressalis(Walker)

The effects of rapid cold hardening （RCH） on the cold tolerance of the last instar larvae of Chilo suppressalis （Walker） were evaluated for the first time. The discriminating temperature, induction, detection, duration and extent of RCH of the larvae in the laboratory were tested, and the supercooling points （SCPs） and the contents of water and lipid of the larvae after RCH treatment were determined, respectively. The results showed that the discriminating temperature of the larvae was about -21℃. Mean survival rates of the larvae which exposed to either 0 or 5℃ for 2 and 4 h before exposure to the discriminating temperature for 2 h were significantly higher than those of the control groups （P 〈 0.05）. Moreover, the highest survival rate appeared in the larvae after 0℃ for 4 h treatment. The protection against low temperature gained by RCH at 0℃ for 4 h was rapidly lost on return to 28℃. Mean survival rates of RCH larvae were significantly higher than those of non-acclimated （NACC） larvae and acclimation （ACC） larvae when they were exposed to the discriminating temperature for 2 or 4 h （P〈 0.05）. Moreover, the rates of NACC, ACC, RCH and ACC ＋ RCH larvae from 2 to 6 h to the discriminating temperature resulted in a significant decline. The values of SCPs and the contents of lipid of the larvae which exposed to either 0 or 5℃ for 2 and 4 h showed no significant difference at 0.05 level compared to those of the control groups. But the contents of water in the larvae were obviously decreased. Therefore, it could be concluded that RCH could enhance cold tolerance and affect partly physiological and biochemical components of the larvae of C. suppressalis, but the underlying mechanisms needs to be further explored.

Causes of Recurrence of Rice Chilo suppressalis( Walker) in Longyou County and Prevention and Control Measures

In recent years,the occurrence of rice Chilo suppressalis( Walker) in Longyou County of Zhejiang Province has increased year by year and has become aggravated. This poses a great threat to the safety of rice production. In order to curb the recurrence momentum of rice C. suppressalis,according to the dynamic monitoring and field system survey of rice C. suppressalis in Longyou County since 2015,the causes of the annual increase of rice C. suppressalis in recent years were analyzed,and the recurrence area of C. suppressalis was introduced,and finally some prevention and control measures were put forward.

Application of vetiver grass Vetiveria zizanioides: Poaceae(L.) as a trap plant for rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis: Crambidae(Walker) in the paddy fields

Rice is an important staple food in China and it is at risk of attack by rice striped stem borer Chilo suppressalis, which occurs in most rice growing areas. In recent years, severe C. suppressalis outbreaks have been observed in China mainly due to changes in the rice cultivation systems, wide adoption of hybrid varieties and resistance to the dominant insecticides. Management relies primarily on chemical insecticides and resistance is an important contributing factor in these outbreaks. As a result, food safety of agricultural produce is reduced and the ecological and environmental integrities are threatened as well. Recently, environmentally friendly pest management measures, such as trap plants have been introduced for C. suppressalis management and this method can greatly reduce insecticide use. Our previous results indicated that the vetiver grass(Vetiveria zizanioides) is a dead-end trap plant that can effectively attract the adult females of C. suppressalis to lay eggs on it but where larvae are unable to complete their life cycle. This paper further explored the application of vetiver grass as a trap plant to manage C. suppressalis in the paddy fields. This environment-friendly tool can not only reduce C. suppressalis populations, it can also increase the diversity and abundance of natural enemies that can provide better environmental conditions for rice production.

Effects of High-Quality Aromatic Rice Varieties on the Fitness of the Striped Stem Borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker) in Central China

The striped stem borer （SSB）, Chilo suppressalis （Walker） （Lepidoptera： Pyralidae）, is a major pest of rice in China. Variation in host-plant quality may affect the body size of herbivorous insects, which in turn, can determine their life-history parameters such as survival, fecundity and fitness. In this study, we tested the effects of high-quality aromatic rice varieties on the fitness of SSB in China. Results showed that 1st instar larvae had higher penetrating rates and survival rates on the high-quality aromatic rice varieties （EX-1 and WX-988） than that on the non-aromatic rice varieties （EZ-5 and LYP-9）. In addition, shorter developmental periods, greater female pupal weights and higher of other life-history parameters （hatching rate, pupation rate, eclosion rate and increase index） were found on the high-quality aromatic rice varieties, although only female pupal weight showed a significant difference between the two varieties. The highest dead heart rate was found on the aromatic rice variety of EX-1. These results indicate that SSB sustains a lower fitness cost when consuming the high-quality aromatic rice varieties （EX-1 and WX-988） than on the non-aromatic rice varieties （EZ-5 and LYP-9） in Central China.

Molecular cloning and expression patterns of two small heat shock proteins from Chilo suppressalis(Walker)

Small heat shock protei ns(sHSPs)are a very complex protei n superfamily that increase in sect temperature tolera nee.In order to deeply understand the function and role of sHSPs in Chilo suppressalis(Walker),this study isolated and identified two CsHSP genes lacking introns from C.suppressalis,Cshsp23.9 and Cshsp27.3.The cDNA full-length of Cshsp23.9 and Cshsp27.3 were 909 and 1036 bp encoding 220 and 242 amino acids,respectively.Alignment with homologs and phylogenetic analysis indicated Cshsp23.9 and Cshsp27.3 were two new types of Cshsps in C.suppressalis.Real-time quantitative PCR(qPCR)revealed that Cshsp23.9 had the highest relative expression in hindgut compared with other tissues(head,epidermis,foregut,midgut,fat body,Malpighian tubules,and hemocytes),while Cs/?sp27.3 expressed the highest in fat body con tent.Whe n exposed to thermal stress from-11 to 43°C for 2 h,two genes showed differe nt expression patterns.Cshsp23.9 did not respond to low temperature,but could be up-regulated by high temperature and the highest expression temperature was at 36°C.Cshsp27.3 could only be induced by mild temperature,with the highest expression at 15 and 30°C.In conclusion,Cshsp23.9 and Cshsp27.3 existed in different tissues/organs of C.suppressalis,and played different important roles in C.suppressalis to resist temperature stress and regulate physiological activities.

胎儿脑积水诊断Walker-Warburg综合征一例

报道1例二次胎儿脑积水妊娠史的家系,采用单核苷酸多态性微阵列(single nucleotide polymorphism array,SNP array)分析及全外显子组测序(whole-exome sequencing,WES)分析其遗传学病因。SNP array未见胎儿染色体致病性及可能致病性拷贝数变异。WES结果示胎儿POMT2基因的2号外显子存在一个遗传自父亲的可能致病性变异c.287A>G,POMT2基因的13号外显子存在一个遗传自母亲的致病性变异c.1362G>A。基因检测结果提示胎儿为POMT2基因复合杂合变异所致的Walker-Warburg综合征(Walker-Warburg syndrome,WWS)。对于反复胎儿脑积水且染色体未见致病性及可能致病性拷贝数变异的患者,可行家系WES检查以期找到遗传学病因,为再生育的遗传咨询及生育方式的选择提供依据。

The insecticide resistance in stripped stem borer,Chilo suppressalis(Walker)

The stripped stem borer (SSB),Chilo suppressalis (Walker) is one ofthe major insect pests of rice in Chi-na. Chemical control has been acommon practice in SSB managementsince 1950s. Insecticides used in-cluded BHC before 1983; organophos-

不同季节印度洋Walker环流年代际变化的海温驱动因素研究

基于观测资料,本文研究了1900—2015年北半球不同季节影响印度洋沃克(Walker)环流年代际变化的关键海温异常和物理过程,发现在北半球冬季,热带东太平洋海温与热带北大西洋海温均对印度洋Walker环流的年代际变化有影响;在北半球夏季,印度洋Walker环流的年代际变化仅与热带北大西洋海温相关。进一步研究发现,冬季与夏季影响印度洋Walker环流年代际变化的物理机制存在差异。在冬季,太平洋Walker环流与印度洋Walker环流紧密耦合,热带东太平洋海温负异常以及热带北大西洋海温正异常会通过调制大气对流异常,进而增强太平洋Walker环流,并通过跨海盆的“齿轮”效应加强印度洋Walker环流;而在夏季,太平洋Walker环流与印度洋Walker环流的耦合关系消失,取而代之的是热带北大西洋海温正异常通过加强其上空以及北非的对流活动,激发大气开尔文(Kelvin)波而削弱印度洋Walker环流。值得注意的是,冬季和夏季热带北大西洋都对印度洋Walker环流有影响,但效应刚好相反:冬季热带北大西洋增暖有利于印度洋Walker环流的增强,而夏季热带北大西洋增暖使印度洋Walker环流减弱。本文的研究结果为气候长期变化预测提供了理论参考。

A Tri-mode of Mock-Walker Cells

This work uses cloud-resolving simulations to study mock-Walker cells driven by a specified sea surface temperature(SST).The associated precipitation in the mock-Walker cells exhibits three different modes,including a single peak of precipitation over the SST maximum(mode 1),symmetric double peaks of precipitation straddling the SST maximum(mode 2),and a single peak of precipitation on one side of the SST maximum(mode 3).The three modes are caused by three distinct convective activity center migration traits.Analyses indicate that the virtual effect of water vapor plays an important role in differentiating the three modes.When the SST gradient is large,the virtual effect may be strong enough to overcome the temperature effect,generating a low-level low-pressure anomaly below the ascending branch of the Walker cell off the center.The results here highlight the importance of the virtual effect of water vapor and its interaction with convection and large-scale circulation in the Walker circulation.

The Effect and Benefit of Rice Chilo suppressalis Walker Chemical Control Test of Chlorantraniliprole etc.

In this paper, the first generation and second generation of Chilo suppressalis Walker were conducted as the test objects to investigate control of a new pesticide(chlorantraniliprole) with preparation of chlorantraniliprole 20% SC,abamectin 1.8% EC and chlorpyrifos 40% EC to Chilo suppressalis Walker. The results showed that chlorantraniliprole 20% SC, abamectin 1.8% EC and chlorpyrifos40% EC had effective control to Chilo suppressalis Walker for its excellent control efficacy and long persistence period. Seedling protection efficacies were between84.2%-100%, 90.1% and 92.1%, and insecticidal efficacies were between 84.6%-100%,90.7% and 93.8% 36 days after application of chlorantraniliprole 20% SC in treatments with abamectin 1.8% EC and chlorpyrifos 40% EC for first generation Chilo suppressalis Walker control. The dead panicles were between 0.2%-1.4%, 0.8%and 0.7%, pest plant rate control in 0.4%-2.2%, 1.1% and 0.9%, and the rates of damaged rice plants were between 82.4%-97.6%, 90.2%-91.2% and 91.4%-92.8%,30 days after application of chlorantraniliprole 20% SC, abamectin 1.8% EC and chlorpyrifos 40% EC for the second generation Chilo suppressalis Walker control. It can effectively protect seedlings, protect spike, increase grain number and grain weight, which promoting the increase production income effect. The real estate increased by 9.7%-12.3%, 10.9% and 11.2% than water treatment(CK) with a very significant level, while the incomes were higher than 1 719.19-1 998.22, 1 956.52 and 2 057.83 yuan.

水稻二化螟［Chilo suppressalis（Walker）］发生期预测模型的探讨

本文利用福建省永安市１９７８－１９８８年诱虫灯下二化螟蛾发生期资料和气象资料，通过影响因子与预测对象的相关分析来选择初选因子．再应用逐步判别分析方法建立第一代二化螟蛾发生期的预测模型。经对历史资料的回报检验，该模型的判别率达９０．１－１００％；经１９８９和１９９０年实报，预报等级符合实际发生等级。

Cloning and Sequence of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor α Subunit from Chilo suppressalis

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) play a significant role in excitatory synaptic transmission in insects and are the target for chloronicotinyl and nereistoxin insecticides.In recent years,Chilo suppressalis,an economically important pest of rice,developed high resistance against monosultap,a nereistoxin insecticide acting on nAChR.In order to reveal the hypothesized target insensitive mechanism,studies on the molecular property of nAChR from Chilo suppressalis are required.In this study,the full length cDNA of nAChR α subunit from this pest was cloned by RT-PCR.Sequence analysis shows that it is a novel nAChR α subunit,which was named as Cs α 1(Genbank accession No.AF418987).It contains 1?997?bp nucleotides and involves an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a mature protein of 509 amino acids excluding a signal peptide of 24 amino acids.The deduced amino acid sequence was 52%-94% identical to the reported insect nAChR genes.

辽河流域栽培稻对二化螟(Chilo suppressalis)的抗性

采用活体成株鉴定法测定了辽河流域主栽水稻品种对二化螟发育和为害的影响,同时测定了不同品种的主要形态特性、硅细胞数量和主要生化特性,评价这些品种对二化螟的抗性、分析其发生的可能机制。盐丰47对二化螟幼虫表现出较好的抗性,在沈农265上二化螟幼虫体重最小。在所测定的特性中,螟害株率与不同品种倒二叶叶角的自然对数之间具有显著的正相关关系,与稻茎Si含量之间具有显著的负线性相关关系;二化螟幼虫体重只与不同品种稻茎直径之间具有显著的正线性相关关系。研究结果对水稻品种抗性利用和未来水稻抗性育种的意义。

Cloning,Sequencing and Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of the Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase Ⅰ Gene of Chilo suppressalis

[Objective] The research aimed at cloning and analyzing mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene（cox 1）of C.suppressalis.[Method] The mitochondrial cox 1 gene of C.suppressalis was cloned with PCR method and sequenced.Then,cox1 sequences of other 21 Lepidopteran species were obtained by blasting the GenBank with cox 1 gene sequence of C.suppressalis.Finally,homology comparison and molecular phylogenitic analysis among the 22 Lepidopteran species were conducted.[Result] The open reading frame of cox 1 gene from C.suppressalis contained 1 531 nucleotides encoding a putative protein of 510 amino acids.The cox1 gene used a start codon CGA,and an incomplete termination codon composed of only T.Based on the amino acid sequences of cox 1,the molecular phylogenetic tree of Lepidoptera was reconstructed using the maximum likelihood（ML）method.The molecular phylogenetic tree was similar to the morphological phylogenetic tree mainly,but also showed some differences.[Conclusion] The result will provide reference for further research on expression and application of cox 1 gene.

成人变异型Dandy-Walker综合征合并原发性脑膜黑色素瘤病的临床特点(附1例报告)

目的探讨成人变异型Dandy-Walker综合征(DWS)合并原发性脑膜黑色素瘤病的临床特点。方法回顾性分析1例成人变异型DWS合并有原发性脑膜黑色素瘤病的患者的临床资料。结果本例为19岁男性,出生后智能发育较同龄人迟缓,2018年开始反复出现头痛、恶心、呕吐,1年后症状加重,行头颅MRI平扫示DWS变异型,行脑室腹腔分流术。术后1年出现精神行为异常,复查头颅MRI示软脑膜广泛伴脑内多个结节样异常信号,MRI增强示软脑膜广泛高信号伴结节样异常信号,腰穿CSF细胞学发现黑色素细胞。结论DWS与原发性脑膜黑色素瘤病可存在共病关系,二者之间的发病机制是否存在重叠目前尚缺乏相关证据。对于这两种疾病的治疗,目前国内外尚无规范化的治疗方案。

Evaluation of Lethal Effects of Chlorantraniliprole on Chilo suppressalis and Its Larval Parasitoid, Cotesia chilonis

Chlorantraniliprole was introduced into China from 2008 as a novel insecticide to control the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis （Walker）. Cotesia chilonis （Matsumura） is the major parasitoid of C. suppressalis. We collected seven populations of C. suppressalis and two populations of C. chilonis in different locations in China in 2009 to investigate the lethal effects of chlorantraniliprole on them. The populations of C. suppressalis from different regions showed various LD50 values ranging from 2.00 to 18.70 ng per larva. Chlorantraniliprole has negligible acute contact toxicity （LC50500 mg L-1） to C. chilonis and its oral toxicity is also much lower than that of fipronil （2 800-fold difference in LC50）. The results indicated that chlorantraniliprole is a good alterative in rice integrated pest management （IPM） programs. The susceptibility data of C. suppressalis will be useful for monitoring resistance levels in future.

Electrophysiological responses of the rice striped stem borer Chilo suppressalis to volatiles of the trap plant vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.)

Vetiver grass （Vetiveria zizanioides L.） was previously found to effectively attract female adults of Chilo suppressalis （Walker）, an important pest of rice. To determine the volatile compounds involved in this attraction, electroantennography （EAG） responses to seven synthetic volatiles released from vetiver plants were examined. Our results indicated that the responses of C. suppressalis adult antennae to the different compounds varied widely. The compounds elicited strong EAG responses in female antennae were subsequently selected for further EAG response tests, namely, caryophyllene, β-ocimene, linalool and a-pinene. EAG responses to a combination of these four compounds did not differ significantly from the individual compounds. However, pair combination tests indicated that 0.01μg μL-1linalool and 50 μg μL-1 α-pinene, 50 μgμL-1 caryophyllene and 0.01μg μL-1 linalool, 0.01 μg μL-1 13-ocimene and 0.01 μg μL-1 linalool, and 0.01μg μL-1 β-ocimene and 50 μg μL-1 caryophyllene elicited significantly greater EAG responses in 3-day female moths compared to the 1-day female. These compound combinations and the corresponding ratios are probably playing an important role in attracting female adults of C. suppressalis to the vetiver grass.

Preliminary Study on Resistance of the Rice Stem Borer (Chilo Suppressalis) to Fipronil

By means of topical application, fipronil resistance was surveyed in the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis, from 12 diferent areas in east China from 2001 to 2004. The rice stem borers in most regions of Jiangsu and Anhui were still susceptible to fipronil. But in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province and Cixi, Zhejiang Province, their sensitivity became decreased （resistance ratios were 3.1 and 3.6, respectively）, and the medium level of resistance （resistance ratio was 21.2） was found in Cangnan, Zhejiang Province. So, it was still at the early stage for fipronil resistance development in this pest. Synergism experiments showed that piperonyl butoxide（PBO） had a little effect on both susceptible and resistant borers （synergism ratios were 1.1-1.2）. Though triphenyl phosphate （TPP） and diethyl meleate （DEM） had no effect on the susceptible borers, they had significant synergism on fipronil in the resistant population to fipronil （synergism ratios were 1.8 and 1.6, respectively）, indicating esterase and glutathion S-transferase may be involved in the resistance mechanism. Bioassay with currently used insecticides indicated that triazophos （because of high resistance）, trichlorphon and acephate had very low toxicity to resistant borers. But diazinon, pyridaphenthion, decamethrin and avermeatin showed high toxicity and had no cross resistance to fipronil, which could be considered as substitute insecticides in the resistance managment.

Suppression of Rice Stem Borer, Chilo suppressalis by Mass Trapping Using Synthetic Sex Pheromone in Paddy Field

Suppressing effects of mass trapping using synthetic sex pheromone with main active ingredients of Z-11-hexadecenal, Z-13-octadecenal and Z-9-hexadecenal on the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis were investigated during the flight periods of the overwintering and 1st generation in the paddy area of 60 ha in 1999. Population density of C. suppressalis in the pheromone-treated fields was lower than that in control. The egg masses decreased by 74.39% and population size of adult males of the 1st generation decreased by 61.64% in the treated fields as compared to control. Meanwhile, the damage by C. suppressalis larvae was significantly lower in the treated fields than control (t-test, P=0.05). Percentages of brownish leaf sheath, dead heart, and white head in the treated fields were decreased by 70.90%, 57.01% and 44.30%, respectively in contrast to control. The present study demonstrated that mass trapping to C. suppressalis using synthetic sex pheromone shows great potential as an alternative measure in an environment-friendly pest management and at the same challenging the insecticide use that has some environment impacts.

Population Genetic Analysis of the Rice Stem Borer, Chilo suppressalis, in the South China

Genetic variation and patterns of genetic differentiation of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis （Lepidoptera： Pyralidae）, from the South China were analyzed using 6 microsatellite markers and two partial mtDNA （cox1 and cox2） regions. All of the 6 microsatellite loci were polymorphic in the studied seven populations. The allelic richness per population ranged between 5.67 and 14.00, and average H E and H O values were 0.6246-0.8329 and 0.2634-0.6061, respectively. As the mitochondrial genome is a single genetic locus, we only present results for the concatenated data set （cox1 plus cox2 gene sequences, 513 bp）. The concatenated data showed high level of genetic diversity and there are 23 variable polymorphic sites among the 513 sites in concatenated data. Nearly all of （20 of 21） pairwise F ST comparisons among populations showed genetic differentiation with moderate to high pairwise F ST values based on microsatellite markers. However, for the mtDNA data, most of the seven populations did not show significant differentiation with other populations. The differences of population differentiation obtained with the two different genetic markers could be mainly attributed to the different mutation rates of microsatellite and mtDNA. There was not genetic structure existed in these studied populations based on microsatellite loci and mtDNA data. The analysis based on network, mismatch distribution, Tajima＇s D and F S indicated that the studied populations were from the recent same ancestor or the same refuge and followed by a sudden demographic expansion condition.