Health and sanitary status in 1970 of Tubu nomads dwelling in Northeastern Niger

Background: The Tubu are nomadic people who live in remote parts of the central Sahara, primarily in the Tibesti massif(Chad), and in both Northeastern Niger and Southern Libya. All of these areas are close to become conflict zones. However, no data about the Tubu's health and sanitary status are currently available, which would be of major concern if humanitarian interventions would become required.Methods: In 1970, the "Mission Anthropologique Belge au Niger"(MABN) investigated a Tubu tribe named Broaya that lived at Seguedine and Djado on the northeastern rim of the Tenere desert. One hundred fifty-one adult volunteers answered an oral questionnaire and underwent a medical examination, followed by the collection of blood thin films and samples of urine and stool. The environmental fauna of medical importance was also studied.Results: Albeit 43 year-old, these results have not been previously published. The estimated age of death for fathers was approximately 56 years, and that for mothers was 60 years. On average, each married woman had had 4.7 children. The overall perinatal mortality rate was 232 ‰, the overall infant mortality rate was 153 ‰, and the overall child mortality rate was 99 ‰. The mean height was 164.1 cm and 157.4 cm, the mean weight was 50.1 kg and 47.9kg, and the mean blood pressure was 131/78 mm Hg and 127/75 mm Hg for males and females, respectively. The physical examination found 6 cases of blindness(4.0%). Five subjects presented with an elevated blood pressure(3.3%), and 5(3.3%) displayed an abnormal thoracic auscultation evocative of tuberculosis or of an acute lung infection. The abdominal examination and renal palpation found 5 large masses(3.3%), and 2 subjects had a palpable enlarged spleen(1.3%). The blood thin films were fixed in methanol and subsequently examined in Toulouse. The search for blood parasites was negative. The urine samples were centrifuged and then microscopically examined in the field. No blood-fluke eggs were found. The stool samples were mixed with a preservative MIF solution and then stored to be examined later in Toulouse. Three subjects(2%) passed E. histolytica/E. dispar cysts in stools, 16(10.6%) were parasitized with Giardia sp. and 4(2.65%) were parasitized with Hymelepis nana. Two specimens of scorpions captured in the camp were subsequently identified as belonging to the harmful genus Androctonus or Leiurus. An investigation into the freshwater fauna was conducted in the marshy ponds surrounding the ghost city of Djado, and no intermediate snail hosts for schistosomiasis haematobium were found. Numerous nymphs of Ceratopogonidae, which are possible vectors for arboviruses of veterinarian importance, were collected, as were larvae and nymphs from two anopheline species, Anopheles hispaniola and An. multicolor, which are not efficient vectors for malaria.Conclusions: Infection-related blindness and trachoma, along with acute pulmonary infections and probably tuberculosis were the major health burden in this tribe. The harsh dry and hot climate may explain the low prevalence of soil-transmitted protozoan diseases or helminthiases.

The CPC’s Century-Old Ecological Civilization and Its View on People

The Communist Party of China(CPC)has in the people its roots,its lifeblood,and its source of strength.Ecological civilization is an integral part of the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan and the Five-Sphere Advancement of Socialism.Ecological civilization is a new form of human civilization written into Constitution of the People’s Republic of China and protected by the fundamental law,with the pursuit of the harmonious coexistence of human and nature as its core,and with its underlying value orientation adhering to a people-oriented development.Learning from the CPC’s century-old ecological civilization,including its germination,exploration,development,perfection,and maturity,especially in the new era,for the first time in the CPC’s century-old history,Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization is established,which specifically guides the theory and practice of ecological civilization.It is not only the inheritance and development of Marxist thoughts on the relationship between human and nature,but also fundamentally manifests its value of the supremacy of the people.The establishment of the people’s supremacy in the pursuit of ecological civilization under the leadership of the CPC differs from Western anthropocentrism or ecocentrism.It develops keen insights into important documents of people’s supremacy in the history of the CPC’s ecological civilization for the 20th century,which is of great theoretical and practical value to understand the spiritual genealogy of the CPC more completely,accurately,and systematically,to clarify the underlying value orientation of ecological civilization,to better learn and practice Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization in the new era,and to build a modernized society of harmonious coexistence between human and nature.

论教育的灵魂:“立人性”

文章由4大部分组成。第一部分先回答3个问题。即什么是教育的灵魂，“教育的灵魂：‘立人性”’是如何提出的，为什么说“立人性”是教育的灵魂。第二部分讨论“立人性”的正向涵义。认为“立人性”就是培养人的生性、塑造人的心性、发展人的习性。第三部分分析对“立人性”的负向理解。强调“立人性”不是以人为本，不是人格教育，不是培养人才。第四部分论述如何进行“立人性”教育。提出4点看法，即宣传“人贵”，实践“人本“，规划“人生”，培养“人格”。

习近平“以人民为中心”思想的内在价值与逻辑

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