Leaf Area Calculation Model of E.urophylla and E.grandis×E.urophylla

[Objective] The aim was to build an optimal leaf area measurement model of E. urophylla and E. grandis×E.urophylla. [Method] The correlation between leaf area and leaf＇s eigenvalue of E. urophylla and E. grandis×E.urophylla were studied. [Result] There was certain difference in leaf characteristics values between the 2 species. The leaf areas of E. urophylla and E. grandis×E.urophylla both had significant correlation with leaf length,leaf width,leaf perimeter,leaf length × leaf width,the ratio of leaf length to leaf width,shape factor,etc.,so the factors could be constructed into a regression model with leaf area. Among them,the best 2 models for leaf area calculation which were built by leaf length × leaf width of E. urophylla and E. grandis×E.urophylla both had relatively high accuracy and practical applications. [Conclusion] The research provides a simple and effective leaf area measurement method for studies on the 2 tree species.

IMAGE PROFILE AREA CALCULATION BASED ON CIRCULAR SAMPLE MEASUREMENT CALIBRATION

A practical approach of measurement calibration is presented for obtaining the true area of the photographed objects projected in the 2-D image scene. The calibration is performed using three circular samples with given diameters. The process is first to obtain the ratio mm/pixel in two orthogonal directions, and then use the obtained ratios with the total number of pixels scanned within projected area of the object of interest to compute the desired area. Compared the optically measured areas with their corresponding true areas, the results show that the proposed method is quite encouraging and the relevant application also proves the approach adequately accurate.

A GIS-based method for flooded area calculation and damage evaluation

Using geographic information system to study flooded area and damage evaluation has been a hotspot in environmental disaster research for years. In this paper, a model for flooded area calculation and damage evaluation is presented. Flooding is divided into two types: ‘soruce flood’ and ‘non-source flood’. The source-flood area calculation is based on seed spread algorithm. The flood damage evaluation is calculated by overlaying the flooded ara range with thematic maps and relating the results to other social and economic data. To raise the operational efficiency of the model, a skipping approach is used to speed seed spread algorithm and all thematic maps are converted to raster format before overlay analysis. The accuracy of flooded area calculation and damage evaluation is mainly dependent upon the resolution and precision of the digital elevation model (DEM) data, upon the accuracy of registering all raster layers, and upon the quality of economic information. This model has been successfully used in the Zhejiang Province Comprehensive Water Management Information System developed by the authors. The applications show that this model is especially useful for most counties of China and other developing countries.

A CALCULATING METHOD OF THE KILL PROBABILITY ATTACK AREA FOR AAM

This paper provides a calculating method which can be used in calculation of the kill probability attack area for every AAM. At first, attack area of AAM and kill probability of every characteristic point are obtained by combining trajectory calculation with kill probability calculation. Then, coordinates of a fire point relative to standard kill probability value in terms of standardization method are found. At last, equivalent kill probability curve equations are formulated by means of curve fitting method.

Research on the area which accounting calculated

Currently, accounting practices is restrained by the concept that financial accounting is based on the transaction. It excludes some important resources, like internal generated goodwill, from the accounting calculation system. So it fails to fully reflect the enterprise resource and their operating effects. Based on the analysis on recent demand and supply of accounting information, this paper proposes the view that financial accounting should be based on the value. In the authors＇ opinion, both the internal generated goodwill and the purchased goodwill have the same essence. They should be brought into the accounting system. Accounting should put the enterprise resource as its object, and the area of calculation should include enterprise resource＇s origin and composition of valuation, such as liabilities, equity and the remained of the rights, profit and comprehensive income and so on. Accounting should provide the information about the value and comprehensive income of the enterprise.

基于Calculux Area的沙滩排球场照明设计

以某沙滩排球场体育照明设计为例,从照度、光源及灯具等方面分析探讨,制定排球场照明方案。针对Calculux Area专业应用于体育照明设计的特点进行仿真计算,结果显示通过不同的光源在不同方位、不同照射角度配合照明,可以满足体育照明照度要求。

Plotting and application of predominance area diagram of In-S-O system based on topological rules

The mathematical topological rule was proposed to plot the predominance area diagram.Based on the phase rules,the components of In-S-O system were analyzed and the coexisting points of three condensed phases were determined.Combined with the topological rules and thermody namic calculation,four relation diagrams between the coexisting points of three condensed phases,which were denoted as α,β stable plane-topological diagram and unstable plane-topological diagram,were plotted for the In-S-O system.The results show that α stable plane topological diagram is in accordance with the predominance area diagram of In-S-O system plotted by traditional methods,which indicates that the new method is feasible to plot the predominance area diagram of In-S-O system.Meanwhile,β unstable plane-topological diagram can be used to elucidate the indium production with the bath smelting process.

The Relationship between the Area of Aquaculture Pond and Purification Pond in Water Circulation Aquaculture System

The establishment of water circulation aquaculture system realized the hi- erarchical use of nitrogen, phosphorus and other eutrophic substances in aquaculture wastewater and the recirculation use of water resource. However, no research has been reported on the detailed calculation of the relationship between the area of aquaculture pond and purification pond. In this study, referring to the absorption ability of aquatic plants to pollutants in aquaculture wastewater and pollutant generation and discharge coefficient in aquaculture pond, based on the general rules of water quality management in freshwater aquaculture system, a calculation mode was es- tablished to investigate the relationship between the area of aquaculture pond and purification pond in freshwater recirculation aquaculture system, which was feasible to explain related cases and would provide theoretical basis to reduce the economic costs in the construction of water circulation aquaculture system and realize the bal- ance between the ecological benefits and the economic benefits.

Thermodynamic Equilibrium of the Saturated Fluid with a Free Surface Area and the Internal Energy as a Function of the Phase-Specific Volumes and Vapor Pressure

This study is concerned with describing the thermodynamic equilibrium of the saturated fluid with and without a free surface area A. Discussion of the role of A as system variable of the interface phase and an estimate of the ratio of the respective free energies of systems with and without A show that the system variables given by Gibbs suffice to describe the volumetric properties of the fluid. The well-known Gibbsian expressions for the internal energies of the two-phase fluid, namely for the vapor and for the condensate (liquid or solid), only differ with respect to the phase-specific volumes and . The saturation temperature T, vapor presssure p, and chemical potential are intensive parameters, each of which has the same value everywhere within the fluid, and hence are phase-independent quantities. If one succeeds in representing as a function of and , then the internal energies can also be described by expressions that only differ from one another with respect to their dependence on and . Here it is shown that can be uniquely expressed by the volume function . Therefore, the internal energies can be represented explicitly as functions of the vapor pressure and volumes of the saturated vapor and condensate and are absolutely determined. The hitherto existing problem of applied thermodynamics, calculating the internal energy from the measurable quantities T, p, , and , is thus solved. The same method applies to the calculation of the entropy, chemical potential, and heat capacity.

Fast-solving method for air-to-surface guided bombs' allowable attack area

A new method called local accurate search is put forward to calculate the allowable area for air-to-surface missiles based on the conventional methods. Comparing with traditional methods, the local accurate search method can search the area online and reduce the time of search with the required precision. Combining the traditional flight range table with a model calculation method, the new method employs the local search to fred an accurate result, which will meet the fast-calculation requirements for attacking moving targets. In this way, the missiles are adapted for the complex warfare situation.

Plotting and application of predominance area diagram of Me-S-O system based on topological rules

The mathematical topological rule was applied to plot the predominance area diagram.Based on the analysis of the mutually conjugated,only two diagrams were the best topological embryonic graphs to build the predominance area diagram of Me-S-O system.Combined with topological rules and thermodynamic calculation,four relation-diagrams were denoted asαandβstable and unstable plane-topological diagrams,which were plotted for the Pb-S-O system and Zn-S-O system.The results show thatβstable plane-topological diagram of Pb-S-O system andαstable one of Zn-S-O system are in accordance with the traditional predominance area diagram,which indicates that it is feasible to plot the predominance area diagram based on mathematical topological rules.Meanwhile,αunstable plane-topological diagram of Pb-S-O system can elucidate the phenomenon that metallic lead exists in higher oxygen and sulfur pressure area in modern bath smelting furnace.The mathematical topological rules broaden the application scope of the predominance area diagram and enrich the practice of its plotting.

Analysis of Damage Pattern of Road Bridge Landslide in Mountainous Area

Through on-site defect investigation,special inspection,and finite element simulation calculation of a high-speed upper-span(30+32+30)m prestressed concrete box girder bridge,the overall sliding force of the bridge on the right side of platform 0#is analyzed.In this situation,typical defects such as overall girder slippage,support dislocation,pier column deviation,and pier bottom side cracks have occurred in the overpass.At the same time,combined with simulation calculation analysis,it is interpreted that the 0#and 1#foundation has been damaged at a certain position below the ground line.The occurrence of broken piles has provided a reliable basis for the later reinforcement and maintenance of the bridge and ideas for emergency inspection and analysis of bridges damaged by the same type of landslides.

Volume, Side-Area, and Force Direction of Berkovich and Cubecorner Indenters, Novel Important Insights

The iteration-free physical description of pyramidal indentations with closed mathematical equations is comprehensively described and extended for creating new insights in this important field of research and applications. All calculations are easily repeatable and should be programmed by instrument builders for even easier general use. Formulas for the volumes and side-areas of Berkovich and cubecorner as a function of depth are deduced and provided, as are the resulting forces and force directions. All of these allow for the detailed comparison of the different indenters on the mathematical reality. The pyramidal values differ remarkably from the ones of so-called “equivalent cones”. The worldwide use of such pseudo-cones is in severe error. The earlier claimed and used 3 times higher displaced volume with cube corner than with Berkovich is disproved. Both displace the same amount at the same applied force. The unprecedented mathematical results are experimentally confirmed for the physical indentation hardness and for the sharp-onset phase-transi- tions with calculated transition energy. The comparison of both indenters provides novel basic insights. Isotropic materials exhibit the same phase transition onset force, but the transition energy is larger with the cube corner, due to higher force and flatter force direction. This qualifies the cube corner for fracture toughness studies. Pile-up is not from the claimed “friction with the indenter”. Anisotropic materials with cleavage planes and channels undergo sliding along these under pressure, both to the surface and internally. Their volumes add to the depression volume. These volumes are essential for the exemplified pile-up management. Phase-transitions produce polymorph interfaces that are nucleation sites for cracks. Technical materials must be developed with onset forces higher than the highest thinkable stresses (at airliners, bridges, etc.). This requires urgent revision of ISO 14577-ASTM standards.

煤层底板含水层区域注浆改造浆液扩散范围现场示踪试验

近年来,为解放底板高承压灰岩水上煤炭资源,华北煤田普遍采用地面定向钻技术,对太原组薄层灰岩进行区域性注浆加固改造(习称“底板区域治理”),以全面封堵灰岩岩溶裂隙并阻断垂向导水通道。该技术中,与浆液扩散范围(半径)密切相关的“水平分支孔”孔间距设计问题,一直备受学界和业界的广泛关注。皖北矿区底板区域注浆工程量大,特别是深部资源开采,将有数十亿元的注浆工程,有必要查清浆液扩散范围真实数据。为此,以皖北矿区恒源煤矿为研究基地,依托Ⅱ63采区底板区域治理工程,设计并实施浆液扩散范围示踪试验,在中间的水平分支孔(Z8-7)投放荧光剂(示踪剂),在两侧的水平分支孔(Z8-6、Z8-8)以及交叉分支检测孔(Z8JC)取岩屑样鉴别荧光水泥,以获得浆液扩散范围,进而在浆液扩散影响因素分析基础上,构建恒源煤矿底板区域注浆治理浆液扩散范围计算公式。结果表明:①综合岩屑现场及室内鉴别结果分析,获得恒源煤矿Ⅱ63采区底板区域注浆浆液扩散范围为38.3~44.0 m,且水泥分布密集区在水平分支孔浆液扩散范围30 m以内,该区域内注浆效果最佳。②通过现场岩屑快速鉴别与室内岩屑精准鉴别,取得的浆液扩散范围基本一致,证明了荧光示踪浆液扩散范围的有效性。③通过对比分析,认为在计算参数、边界约束等符合实际注浆工况条件下,浆液扩散范围理论计算和数值模拟结果,与现场示踪试验实测结果较为接近。④利用示踪试验过程中的压水试验及注浆参数、钻遇构造及水文地质响应等数据,考虑重力、构造、地下水径流等因素影响,借助SPSS非线性拟合软件,得到恒源煤矿Ⅱ63采区底板区域注浆浆液扩散范围计算公式。⑤基于恒源煤矿受注层实际地质、水文地质条件,利用拟合的浆液扩散范围计算公式得出Ⅱ63采区Z8场地浆液扩散范围为37.8~42.9 m,与浆液扩散范围示踪试验实测结果相近,计算公式可在类似条件下推广应用。本次煤矿底板区域注浆浆液扩散范围现场示踪工程试验,不仅取得了浆液扩散范围的真实数据,而且阐明了浆液扩散与多种地质、水文地质因素之间的内在联系,揭示了超深、超长定向钻注浆浆液扩散机理,构建了浆液扩散范围计算公式,为类似条件下底板区域治理工程水平分支孔孔间距的合理设计提供了参考依据。

利用向量叉积计算与二叉树追踪快速搜索封闭区域

目的自动填充等值线图的难点是自动搜索出值域相同的各个封闭区域,常用的扫描线填充和区域填充方式存在计算量大、效率不高等问题。方法针对此问题,提出利用多边形特征点的向量叉积计算结果与多边形的绘制顺逆方向之间的相关性,判定等值图中断层多边形的走向,基于构成封闭等值区域的等值线及其属性值具有的规律性性质,即等值线属性值是等值或等间距,追踪区域时利用填充边界或断层上的等值线端点创建追踪二叉树。追踪相邻的两个等值线端点所在的封闭区域时,将其中一个端点作为二叉树的根节点,沿边界查找左右相邻的下一条等值线端点,并将找到的端点作为左右子节点,从而实现封闭区域的快速追踪;通过封闭区域面积排序确定不同区域之间相互包含关系,据此构建拓扑相邻关系树,实现封闭区域的顺序覆盖填充,设计出更加简单、快速区分不同封闭区域的区域填充颜色选取方法。结果该方法简化了复杂的等值连通区域搜索算法,等值图的颜色变化趋势能保持一致,数据测试对比证明了所提算法的正确性。结论该算法通过一系列等值线能一次性得到组成封闭区域边界的点集合,因此,可以实现等值线和等值区域边界的完全吻合,当某些等值线发生变化时,只需更新相关的等值区域即可,提高了等值图件的编辑效率。

某高速公路深厚软基路桥过渡段跳车病害处治研究

结合某在役高速公路路堤深厚软基桥头跳车实测累计沉降量40.60 cm病害处治工程,开展室内土工试验、理论计算及GEO5模型计算分析。结果表明:15年内的累计剩余沉降量均超规范中桥头路基容许工后剩余沉降量不大于10.00 cm要求;提出“CFG桩+路面重铺”等处治方案,进行检算校核,计算得剩余总沉降量9.76cm,表明处治设计方案较为可靠。结合工点需保通及基底存在前期已施工CFG桩特点,制定通车条件下的施工顺序及工艺,确保方案可行。

沙戈荒基地外送全环节经济性测算及市场竞争力分析

在风光火储打捆基地外送价格形成机制尚不明确且暂无可借鉴成熟经验的背景下,对沙戈荒基地外送经济性测算展开分析与讨论。首先考虑以系统运行成本最小为目标搭建了生产运行模拟模型,并基于经营期法和按发电量比例分配原则搭建打捆送电成本电价测算模型。以沙戈荒基地外送某典型工程为例,对基地发电、送电等外送全环节经济性进行了测算。进一步从打捆电源配置、标准煤单价、增配储能、考虑调峰收益、单位造价等几方面分析影响沙戈荒基地发电成本电价的主要因素,并通过比较受端区域燃煤发电基准价与测算的落地成本电价对市场竞争力进行分析讨论。案例的分析结果从经济成本与市场竞争力角度对沙戈荒基地外送工程规划、建设及定价机制设计具有借鉴作用,对全面贯彻落实碳达峰碳中和战略决策,服务能源转型和清洁绿色低碳发展具有重大意义。

Rainfall Threshold Calculation Method for Debris Flow Pre-Warning in Data-Poor Areas

Debris flows are the one type of natural disaster that is most closely associated with hu- man activities. Debris flows are characterized as being widely distributed and frequently activated. Rainfall is an important component of debris flows and is the most active factor when debris flows oc- cur. Rainfall also determines the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the hazards. A reasonable rainfall threshold target is essential to ensuring the accuracy of debris flow pre-warning. Such a threshold is important for the study of the mechanisms of debris flow formation, predicting the characteristics of future activities and the design of prevention and engineering control measures. Most mountainous areas have little data regarding rainfall and hazards, especially in debris flow forming re- gions. Therefore, both the traditional demonstration method and frequency calculated method cannot satisfy the debris flow pre-warning requirements. This study presents the characteristics of pre-warning regions, included the rainfall, hydrologic and topographic conditions. An analogous area with abundant data and the same conditions as the pre-warning region was selected, and the rainfall threshold was calculated by proxy. This method resolved the problem of debris flow pre-warning in ar- eas lacking data and provided a new approach for debris flow pre-warning in mountainous areas.

夏热冬冷地区动态传热保温设计室外典型气象参数确定方法

GB50176-2016《民用建筑热工设计规范》中围护结构外墙保温设计采用稳态方法,但夏热冬冷地区由于特有的建筑运行模式,使外墙传热方向发生逆转,故稳态方法难以满足冬季室内热环境水平提升的实际需求。提出一种基于动态传热的冬季外墙保温设计室外计算温度确定方法,探究室外干球温度和太阳辐射逐时波动的最不利组合,将保温设计的目标由“日”提升到“时”。基于典型城市2007-2017年逐时气象数据,以外墙内表面温度的累计不保证天数作为热工设计指标,将累计不保证天数恰好不为0(指各朝向外墙内表面温度低于室内基本热舒适条件下所能允许温差的天数)时作为典型日挑选的依据,并将典型日出现频率最高的日期作为室外计算温度选取的依据,获得冬季保温设计典型日,并获得了典型日计算时长的影响。可为夏热冬冷地区围护结构外墙保温设计室外计算参数的挑选提供理论支撑。

房产面积测算成果质检程序设计

房产面积测算成果不仅是确立产权的重要基础资料,更广泛应用于财政税收和城市规划等各项社会生产活动,传统的人工质检对作业人员要求较高,且工作量极大,如果出错将可能引起法律纠纷,后果将非常严重。基于C#,本文编写了对测算成果进行自动化或交互式质检的程序,不但可有效减轻作业人员劳动强度,更能提高作业效率和质检效果。