Lateral earth pressure of granular backfills on retaining walls with expanded polystyrene geofoam inclusions under limited surcharge loading

Existing studies have focused on the behavior of the retaining wall equipped with expanded polystyrene(EPS)geofoam inclusions under semi-infinite surcharge loading rather than limited surcharge loading.In this paper,the failure mode and the earth pressure acting on the rigid retaining wall with EPS geofoam inclusions and granular backfills(henceforth referred to as EPS-wall),under limited surcharge loading are investigated through two-and three-dimensional model tests.The testing results show that different from the sliding of almost all the backfill in the EPS-wall under semi-infinite surcharge loading,only an approximately triangular backfill slides in the wall under limited surcharge loading.The distribution of the lateral earth pressure on the EPS-wall under limited surcharge loading is non-linear,and the distribution changes from the increase of the wall depth to the decrease with the increase of the limited surcharge loading.An approach based on the force equilibrium of a differential element is developed to predict the lateral earth pressure behind the EPS-wall subjected to limited surcharge loading,and its performance was fully validated by the three-dimensional model tests.

A New Method of Combination of Electroosmosis, Vacuum and Surcharge Preloading for Soft Ground Improvement

As a rapid and effective ground improvement method is urgently required for the booming land reclamation in China＇s coastal area, this study proposes a new combined method of electroosmosis, vacuum preloading and surcharge preloading. A new type of electrical prefabricated vertical drain （ePVD） and a new electroosmotic drainage system are suggested to allow the application of the new method. This combined method is then field-tested and compared with the conventional vacuum combined with surcharge preloading method. The monitoring and foundation test results show that the new method induces a settlement 20% larger than that of the conventional vacuum combined with surcharge preloading method in the same treatment period, and saves approximately half of the treatment time compared with the vacuum combined with surcharge preloading method according to the finite element prediction of the settlement. The proposed method also increases the vane shear strength of the soil significantly. The bearing capacity of the ground improved by use of the new proposed method raises 118%. In comparison, there is only a 75% rise when using the vacuum combined with surcharge preloading method during the same reinforcement period. All results indicate that the proposed combined method is effective and suitable for reinforcing the soft clay ground. Besides, the voltage applied between the anode and cathode increases exponentially versus treatment time when the output current of power supplies is kept constant. Most of the voltage potential in electroosmosis is lost at electrodes, leaving smaller than 50% of the voltage to be effectively transmitted into the soil.

Predicting seismic permanent displacement of soil walls under surcharge based on limit analysis approach

Seismic permanent displacement of the soil walls plays an important role in design of these structures. Due to the increase in growth of urban areas and the limitations in use of flat grounds, many structures are built near slopes and retaining walls. During earthquakes, these structures can apply an additional surcharge on the wall. The intensity and location of the surcharge is of considerable importance on the seismic displacements of the soil wall. In this study, by using the limit analysis and upper bound theorem, seismic permanent displacement of the soil wall under surcharge has been analyzed. Thus, a formulation is presented for calculating the yield acceleration and seismic displacement for different surcharge conditions. The effect of seismic acceleration, surcharge intensity, its location and soil properties is investigated. A parameter called the ＂displacement coefficient＂ is proposed, and is a potential modification for Newmark’s sliding-block method.

A simplified approach for negative skin friction calculation of special-shaped pile considering pile-soil interaction under surcharge

A simplified approach was proposed to analyze the negative skin friction calculation of special-shaped pile considering pile-soil interaction under surcharge. Based on the concentric cylinder shearing theory, considering the changes of pile shape(such as, taper angle and diameters of pile base, etc.), the load-transfer of special-shaped pile was built. The accuracy of the developed simplified approach was verified by numerical simulation model with the same condition. Then, the influence factors, such as, taper angles, the diameter of pile base, surcharge, and pile-soil interface parameters were analyzed and discussed. The results show that the developed simplified approach can calculate NSF of special-shaped pile under surcharge effectively. A limited parametric study indicates that in many practical situations special-shaped piles(such as belled wedge pile shown in this work) offer a design option that is more economical than traditional uniform cross-section piles.

Rigorous Axially Symmetric Consolidation Solution of Vacuum Combined Linear Loading Surcharge Preloading

Vacuum combined surcharge preloading is an effective method which has been used in ground treatment. This study presents the analytical solution of vertical drains with vacuum combined surcharge preloading. The surcharge was considered to be time-dependent preloading due to its reflection of the real situation.Moreover,the free strain,instead of equal strain hypothesis of the surface,was adopted for the mathematical rigor. Both vertical and horizontal drainages,along with the well resistance were considered.Besides,the time-dependent surcharge preloading was resolved with the impulse theorem which has been presented in the study,and the solutions for pore water pressure and degree of consolidation were derived by applying the approach of separation of variables.Furthermore,the solution is compared with previous solutions and numerical solutions,and the results verify the correctness of the proposed model.

Effect of surcharge loading on horseshoe-shaped tunnels excavated in saturated soft rocks

Underground facilities are usually constructed under existing buildings,or buildings are constructed over existing underground structures.It is then imperative to account for the current overburden loads and future surface loadings in the design of tunnels.In addition,tunnels are often constructed beneath the groundwater level,such as cross-river tunnels.Therefore,it is also important to consider the water pressure impact on the tunnel lining behaviour.Tunnels excavated by a conventional tunnelling method are considered in this paper.The hyperstatic reaction method(HRM)is adopted in this study to investigate the effect of surcharge loading on a horseshoe-shaped tunnel behaviour excavated in saturated soft rocks.The results obtained from the HRM and numerical modelling are in good agreement.Parametric studies were then performed to show the effects of the water pressure,surcharge loading value and its width,and groundwater level on the behaviour of the horseshoe-shaped tunnel lining,in terms of internal forces and displacements.It displays that the bending moment,normal forces and radial displacements are more sensitive to the water pressure,surcharge loading and groundwater level.

Effect of heating-rate on failure temperature of pre-loaded magnesium alloy

The response and failure of magnesium alloy AZ31 specimens subjected to different pre-loaded-stress levels and heating rates were investigated with a Gleeble-1500 thermo-mechanical material testing system.It is found that the increases of either pre-loaded stresses or heating-rates decrease the failure temperatures of the specimens.The metallographs of the tested specimens were also observed.It is shown that the high heating-rate may cause stronger local thermal inconsistency,which remarkably increases the microdefects and reduces the macroscopic mechanical properties of the material.

Finite Element Analysis on the Pre-load Structures of the Central Solenoid for the HT-7U Device

The central solenoid is an important part of the HT-7U device. In this paper， the computational analysis of the stress and the displacement on the pre-load structures of the central solenoid have been made by the finite element analysis system COSMOS/M2.0 under room and/or operating temperature. According to the analytical results, the clip aprons and compression plates are all satisfied with safety design criteria.

局部超挖或超载作用下桩锚支护基坑连续垮塌试验研究

超挖或超载导致的基坑垮塌事故时有发生,然而局部超挖超载情况下基坑连续垮塌的全过程演化机理仍缺乏深入研究,限制了对此类基坑事故的针对性预防和控制。依托两起基坑垮塌案例,设计了桩锚支护基坑连续破坏模型试验,研究了局部超挖或超载对单道锚杆支护结构变形、土压力、锚杆轴力、支护桩及冠梁内力等的影响。结果表明,基坑局部超挖后,基坑外产生的土拱效应和冠梁荷载传递效应将导致邻近区域支护桩和锚杆内力大幅上升,此情况下超挖区内锚杆局部失效将进一步加剧这两个效应,引发邻近未失效锚杆连续破坏。支护桩嵌固深度较小时,锚杆失效后桩身弯矩始终减小,最终由于桩顶缺少约束而发生倾覆破坏;相反,当嵌固深度较大时,被动区土体对支护桩约束作用较强,最终支护桩的弯矩绝对值将显著提高,更可能发生弯曲破坏导致基坑垮塌。基坑正常开挖深度越大,超挖及锚杆失效产生的土拱效应越强,触发锚杆连续破坏所需的初始破坏锚杆越少,抗连续破坏能力越弱,应考虑局部加强锚杆,将局部破坏限制在一定范围。基坑顶部超载量过大将导致锚杆自超载范围中心向远端依次失效,进而引发基坑垮塌。锚杆设置高度不同,触发锚杆连续破坏的超载量不同,连续破坏路径和为应对潜在的超载风险需重点验算的构件也可能不同。锚杆设置在腰梁上时,超载情况下,锚杆的荷载传递系数大于支护桩,需优先考虑对锚杆进行局部加强设计;锚杆设置冠梁上时,触发锚杆连续破坏所需的超载量较腰梁工况更大,超载情况下,支护桩的荷载传递系数大于锚杆,应优先对支护桩考虑附加荷载作用进行设计。

软土区堆载对桥梁桩基偏位影响及纠偏措施

软土区过大堆载将造成邻近桥梁桩基产生明显偏位,对桥梁安全服役极为不利。结合某堆载致软土区桥墩偏移工程案例,考虑软土侧向变形时效性特征,开发软土固结-蠕变材料模型子程序,建立堆载-桩基-桥墩有限元模型,研究堆载作用下软土区桥墩-承台-桩基结构的时效性偏移特性,揭示桥墩-承台-桩基结构横向偏移机理,并针对现场条件提出有效合理纠偏措施。结果表明:随着堆载时间的延长,桩身响应沿深度分布发生显著变化,且堆载引发的软土时效性横向变形致使作用于桩侧的横向附加压力逐渐增大,但其沿深度的分布范围基本不变,并且主要分布在软弱土层深度范围内;基于桩身截面承载极限弯矩的评估,所研究桥墩各桩基仍处于安全状态,但应注意承台与桩基连接处以及软弱层与硬土层界面处的弯矩;提出的卸载+高压旋喷桩加固纠偏措施可以达到预期纠偏效果。

大面积分级堆载预压工况下软土地基的沉降预测分析

准确预测软土地基的沉降是保障软土地基工程安全的重要前提。文章首先通过理论分析将预测单级荷载作用下地基沉降的指数曲线法模型(简称单级模型)拓展为预测多级荷载作用下地基沉降的指数曲线法模型(简称多级模型),其次收集了某机场分级堆载预压联合排水板处理软土地基的沉降观测数据。最后对比分析了最小一乘法(least absolute deviation method,LADM)和目前广泛采用的最小二乘法(ordinary least square method,OLSM)拟合单级模型和多级模型对软土地基后期沉降的预测效果。研究结果表明:相对于OLSM,LADM拟合单级模型或多级模型时不仅能更好地反映拟合段沉降监测数据的变化规律,还能更精确地预测单级荷载或多级荷载作用下软土地基后期的沉降,并且预测误差也更加稳定。基于OLSM拟合时,相对于单级模型,多级模型预测地基后期沉降误差的稳定性较高。此外,相对于基于LADM和传统广泛采用的OLSM拟合单级模型对软土地基后期沉降进行预测的方法,文章所提出的基于LADM拟合多级模型对软土地基后期沉降进行预测的方法不仅能真实反映实际分级加载工况下软土地基沉降发展的全过程,还能更精确地预测软土地基后期的沉降,并且预测误差也更加稳定。

考虑蠕变影响的堆载作用下被动排桩受力变形分析

为分析堆载作用下被动桩受力变形的时间效应,首先引入分数阶Merchant模型描述土体的蠕变特性,然后根据对应性原理和Laplace变换推导Boussinesq黏弹性解,计算堆载引发水平附加应力,并通过Terzaghi土拱模型将附加应力传递到桩上,得到堆载作用在桩上的被动荷载.其次,将桩简化为黏弹性Pasternak地基上的欧拉梁,建立桩身挠曲微分方程,并采用有限差分法及Laplace逆变换求解,随后通过与已有试验结果的对比分析,验证了本文方法的可行性.最后,对分数阶Merchant模型参数(虎克体的弹性模量Eh、Kelvin体的弹性模量Ek及黏滞系数η、分数阶阶次α)、堆载-桩身水平距离以及堆载荷载对桩身水平位移的影响进行了分析,分析结果表明:Eh越大,桩身初始水平位移越小;Ek越大,桩身水平位移随时间的增量越小;η越大,桩身到达最终变形量的时间越长;α越大,Kelvin体的黏滞性越大;堆载-桩身水平距离越小、堆载荷载越大,桩身水平位移越大;且随时间的增加,桩身水平位移对Eh的敏感度降低,对堆载-桩身水平距离和堆载荷载的敏感度会增大.

地面堆载下盾构隧道结构韧性演化规律研究

韧性理论的提出和发展为盾构隧道结构性能评估提供了新思路。在提出考虑历史最大变形的衬砌性能指标基础上,建立包含管片、接头和非线性土弹簧的精细化三维有限元分析模型,研究了地面堆卸载作用下,不同埋深盾构隧道结构响应特征和韧性演化规律。结果表明:地面堆载下拱顶、拱底内弧面受拉,拱腰外弧面受拉,受错缝拼装影响,结构内力和损伤集中于边环纵缝相邻的中环管片处;卸载阶段隧道水平收敛减小,完全卸载后的残余变形随堆载量增加而增大,相同水平收敛情况下浅埋隧道卸载后变形恢复率大;隧道结构韧性随着水平收敛的增大快速降低,而缩短响应时间、提高修复措施效率可以提升隧道结构韧性;将隧道结构韧性分为4个等级,当结构进入极低韧性阶段时,应采取更加高效快速的综合修复方案,同时避免造成结构的二次损伤。

地表堆卸载对浅覆土盾构隧道影响试验研究

地铁沿线开发利用过程中不可避免地造成紧邻地铁隧道的地表临时堆载,堆载清除后依然会对隧道结构造成不可恢复变形,影响地铁安全运营。现有的研究主要集中在堆载过程引起的盾构隧道变形,缺少堆载−卸载这一完整过程的研究。为探究地表堆−卸载引起的浅覆土隧道变形特性,以错缝无榫槽盾构隧道为原型,使用3D打印技术制作的盾构隧道模型开展砂土地层盾构隧道的浅覆土堆−卸载试验和常覆土堆载试验,分析浅覆土隧道堆−卸载过程受力及变形情况,并对比堆载过程浅覆土隧道与常覆土隧道受力及变形结果。实验结果表明:地表堆−卸载过程引起隧道管环变形由整体沉降和径向收敛2个部分组成。地表临时堆载引起隧道的部分变形是不可逆的,且浅覆土隧道的卸载回弹变形具有一定的滞后性,卸载后,隧道环的不可恢复位移偏移量:拱底>拱顶>拱腰。距离荷载中心越近,截面椭圆化越明显,且拱顶、拱底和拱腰是产生弯矩的峰值处。浅覆土隧道对地表荷载变化更敏感,在地表堆载下产生明显的沉降区,且隧道两端发生翘起现象;常覆土隧道差异沉降相对较小,沉降曲线较平滑。浅覆土隧道受到附加应力更大,但受影响范围要小于常覆土隧道。研究可为地表突发堆载中既有盾构隧道的保护提供理论依据。

卵石地层偏压深基坑支护结构力学特性及影响因素分析

依托洛阳市周山大道下穿开元大道项目,对卵石地层偏压深基坑支护结构力学特性及影响因素进行研究。采用MIDAS GTS NX建立二维有限元模型,对比不同条件下支护结构侧向位移、弯矩和轴力,探讨深基坑旁偏压荷载位置、大小、分布宽度及基坑开挖深度对基坑支护体系变形的作用,得出桩身随条件变化方程式及相关系数。结果表明:当堆载达到60 kPa,左侧桩体位移变幅为56.80%,右侧桩体位移小于左侧且向远离基坑方向移动,坑边荷载≥105 kPa时桩体变形将达到本项目规定预警值;堆载与坑边距离的大小和围护桩侧移量呈极高相关,基坑至堆载距离大于1.5倍设计开挖深度时,支护结构受力变形趋于稳定;基坑开挖深度达到1.8倍设计开挖深度时,基坑灌注桩受到荷载分布宽度影响几近于零。工程实测值与模拟计算值对比分析,验证了本文方法的准确性,可为偏压深基坑工程提供借鉴。

邻近堆载引起下卧隧道受力变形解析解

邻近堆载导致的土体应力应变重分布,会对下卧既有隧道产生不利影响。鉴于此,本文将既有隧道简化成无限长梁搁置在三参数Kerr地基模型上,基于隧道的边界条件采用解方程的方法获得下卧既有隧道纵向变形解析解。将既有工程参数代入该方法计算,发现该方法计算结果符合现场监测数据,且比该方法退化解析更贴近监测值。随后展开参数分析:增大隧道直径和堆载会引起隧道变形及其弯矩增大;增大隧道刚度会致使隧道变形减小及弯矩增大。

塑料排水板地基侧向变形的模型试验与仿真分析

为探明不同预压模式下塑料排水板(prefabricated vertical drains,PVD)处理软土地基的侧向变形特性,以指导软土地区相关工程的设计与施工,通过室内大比例模型试验对比分析堆载预压和真空联合堆载预压下PVD地基的侧向变形特性。此外,结合有限元仿真分析,系统研究真空联合堆载预压下堆载速率(LR)、堆载大小(p_(s))和真空压力大小(|p_(v)|)对PVD地基侧向变形的影响规律。研究表明:真空联合堆载预压相较堆载预压可以匹配更快的堆载速率和更大的堆载,且达到最大堆载后的后续固结阶段,PVD地基的向外侧向变形并无明显增长,反观堆载预压工况,地基的最大向外侧向变形仍可增长达10%,局部深度位置侧向变形可增长超30%。真空联合堆载预压下PVD地基的侧向变形轮廓整体随p_(s)与LR的增加及|p_(v)|的减小而向预压区外侧移动,且地基的侧向变形速率及最大向外侧向变形(δ_(om))深度随之增加。此外,堆载施加过程中PVD地基的向外侧向变形呈阶梯型规律增加,其最大值δ_(om)近似随p_(s)增加而线性增大,随LR增加及|p_(v)|减小而非线性增长。同等荷载改变量下,|p_(v)|的改变相较于ps改变对地基侧向变形的影响更为显著。研究结果可为真空联合堆载预压处理软土地基的分析与设计提供参考。

深埋冰水堆积地层高压大型潜蚀试验研究

冰水堆积体粒径跨度大、级配不连续,在渗流作用下易发生潜蚀现象。采用自行研发的大型粗粒土压缩渗透试验仪,对某水电工程深埋冰水堆积体开展了高竖向压力下的潜蚀试验,得到了试样的细粒流失率、渗透系数和体积变形随水力梯度的变化过程。试验结果表明,不同缩尺方法对试样的潜蚀特性影响显著,剔除法和相似级配法不仅会低估试样的渗透性,还会高估试样的内部稳定性。等量替代法级配和缺乏中间粒径的危险级配试样在较低的水力梯度下即会发生显著的细粒流失,导致渗透系数突变和体积变形。竖向压力对临界和破坏水力梯度、渗透系数、细粒流失率和体变的发展过程均有影响,影响程度与颗粒级配有关。即使在2MPa的高竖向压力下,等量替代法级配和危险级配仍具有较高的细粒流失率,表明该深埋覆盖层具有较高的潜蚀风险。

邻近堆载作用下桥梁桩基内力与变形数值分析

采用数值分析方法,研究堆载对邻近桥梁桩基内力与变形的影响。使用耦合欧拉-拉格朗日法建立了堆载作用下某特大桥654#桥墩桩基三维有限元模型,以桥墩轨道顶面横向位移实测值与计算值对比验证了模型的有效性。据此模型计算结果分析了邻近大量堆土情况下桩基的内力和变形特性:各桩水平位移都在1/2L附近的淤泥质粉质黏土层达到最大值;各桩1/6L~2/3L范围内桩身产生附加弯矩的最大值为210 kN·m;且在距堆载较近的桩基上部引起了负摩擦力,进而产生了581~1368 kN的附加轴力。结果表明堆载严重劣化了桩基的工作性能。可为主动防控堆载引发的墩台偏移等病害研究提供一种可行的方法。

Time-dependent longitudinal responses of a shield tunnel induced by surcharge load:Theoretical prediction and analysis

The surcharge load at the ground surface inevitably breaks the original equilibrium state between the underneath tunnel and the surrounding soil,which will impact the service performance of a subway tunnel.This paper presents a novel semi-analytical approach for assessing the time-dependent,longitudinal responses of a subway tunnel in soft soil strata induced by the surcharge load.The solution is developed based on the framework of the classical"two-stage method"but innovatively incorporates the effects of ground stratification,the consolidation process,and the longitudinal stiffness reduction of the lining.Biot’s poroelastic theory in conjunction with the Laplace-Fourier transform technique is selected to model the deformation of the stratified ground,while the Timoshenko beam on a Pasternak foundation is employed to model the mechanical responses of the tunnel.The proposed semi-analytical solution is validated not only by comparison with benchmark solutions and a finite element model,but also by predicting a well-documented field measurement.Parametric analyses are conducted to investigate the effects of the elastic modulus and the permeability coefficient of the stratified ground on the longitudinal responses of the tunnel.It is expected that the proposed solution can serve as a useful tool for evaluating the effects of the surcharge load on the longitudinal responses of a subway tunnel.