Bidirectional reflectance one-dimensional rough distribution function modeling of surface in the microwave band

In this study, the bidirectional reflectance distribution function （BRDF） of a one-dimensional conducting rough surface and a dielectric rough surface are calculated with different frequencies and roughness values in the microwave band by using the method of moments, and the relationship between the bistatic scattering coefficient and the BRDF of a rough surface is expressed. From the theory of the parameters of the rough surface BRDF, the parameters of the BRDF are obtained using a genetic algorithm. The BRDF of a rough surface is calculated using the obtained parameter values. Further, the fitting values and theoretical calculations of the BRDF are compared, and the optimization results are in agreement with the theoretical calculation results. Finally, a reference for BRDF modeling of a Gaussian rough surface in the microwave band is provided by the proposed method.

Three-Component Model for Bidirectional Reflection Distribution Function of Thermal Coating Surfaces

We present a bidirectional reflection distribution function （BRDF） model for thermal coating surfaces based on a three-component reflection assumption, in which the specular reflection is given according to the microfacet theory and Snell＇s law, the multiple reflection is considered Nth cosine distributed, and the volume scattering is uniformly distributed in reflection angles according to the experimental results. This model describes the reflection characteristics of thermal coating surfaces more completely and reasonably. Simulation and measurement results of two thermal coating samples SR107 and S781 are given to validate that this three-component model significantly improves the modeling accuracy for thermal coating surfaces compared with the existing BRDF models.

Model of bidirectional reflectance distribution function for metallic materials

Based on the three-component assumption that the reflection is divided into specular reflection,directional diffuse reflection,and ideal diffuse reflection,a bidirectional reflectance distribution function（BRDF） model of metallic materials is presented.Compared with the two-component assumption that the reflection is composed of specular reflection and diffuse reflection,the three-component assumption divides the diffuse reflection into directional diffuse and ideal diffuse reflection.This model effectively resolves the problem that constant diffuse reflection leads to considerable error for metallic materials.Simulation and measurement results validate that this three-component BRDF model can improve the modeling accuracy significantly and describe the reflection properties in the hemisphere space precisely for the metallic materials.

Modeling bidirectional reflection distribution function of microscale random rough surfaces

The radiative properties of three different materials surfaces with one-dimensional microscale random roughness were obtained with the finite difference time domain method(FDTD) and near-to-far-field transformation.The surface height conforms to the Gaussian probability density function distribution.Various computational modeling issues that affect the accuracy of the predicted properties were discussed.The results show that,for perfect electric conductor(PEC) surfaces,as the surface roughness increases,the magnitude of the spike reduces and eventually the spike disappears,and also as the ratio of root mean square roughness to the surface correlation distance increases,the retroreflection becomes evident.The predicted values of FDTD solutions are in good agreement with the ray tracing and integral equation solutions.The overall trend of bidirectional reflection distribution function(BRDF) of PEC surfaces and silicon surfaces is the same,but the silicon's is much less than the former's.The BRDF difference from two polarization modes for the gold surfaces is little for smaller wavelength,but it is much larger for the longer wavelength and the FDTD simulation results agree well with the measured data.In terms of PEC surfaces,as the incident angle increases,the reflectivity becomes more specular.

Modeling of radiative properties of metallic microscale rough surface

The radiative properties of a gold surface with one-dimensional Gaussian random roughness distribution were obtained with the finite-difference time-domain （FDTD） method and the recursive convolution treatment of the Drude Model. The bi-directional reflection distribution function （BRDF） for both TM mode and TE mode were obtained and compared with the highly accurate experimental data from the earlier work. The incident wavelength varies from 1.152 μm to 3.392 μm and incident angle is at 300-70°, respectively. The results show that, the predicted values and experimental results are in good agreement. The highly specular peak in the BRDF is reproduced in the numerical simulations, and the increase of the TM mode BRDF is found to be attributed to the effect of a variation in the optical constant at the incident wavelength period.

基于单张量辐射场的数字服装重照明方法

针对现有基于三维表面重建的图像重照明方法存在纹理噪点、重照明质量不足及特征空间利用率低等问题,文章提出一种基于单张量辐射场的数字服装重照明方法。该方法首先利用球面高斯函数和多层感知机,分别模拟环境直射光和服装表面间的间接反射光,以构建一个精准的入射光场;接着通过引入梯度引导平滑策略,优化从特征空间中提取双向反射分布函数模型参数的过程。最后,利用简化的反射率方程,结合入射光场、双向反射分布模型及特征空间,成功地渲染出高质量的服装重照明图像。实验结果表明,该方法有效地减少了服装纹理噪点,显著降低了服装重照明的失真现象。相较于先进方法,该方法在生成服装新视角图像方面,各项评估指标的平均提升约9.922%;在服装重照明结果方面,各项评估指标的平均提升约4.549%。

Degree of polarization based on the three-component pBRDF model for metallic materials

An expression of degree of polarization（DOP） for metallic material is presented based on the three-component polarized bidirectional reflectance distribution function（p BRDF） model with considering specular reflection, directional diffuse reflection and ideal diffuse reflection. The three-component p BRDF model with a detailed reflection assumption is validated by comparing simulations with measurements. The DOP expression presented in this paper is related to surface roughness, which makes it more reasonable in physics. Test results for two metallic samples show that the DOP based on the three-component p BRDF model accords well with the measurement and the error of existing DOP expression is significantly reduced by introducing the diffuse reflection. It indicates that our DOP expression describes the polarized reflection properties of metallic surfaces more accurately.

Comparative Study on Polarization Spectral Parameters of Fruit in Southern Xinjiang Based on Roujean Model

Based on the study of phase angle and wavelength in pBRDF (Polarized bidirectional reflectance distribution function), roujean model was proposed to describe Orient (Polarization phase angle) quantitatively. The Roujean model was used to quantitatively describe different fruits intensity components (F00) and polarization phase angle (Orient), and the simulation results were analyzed and compared using statistical analysis and comparison methods to realize the prediction from the regular model to the outdoor fruit tree canopy to the canopy of outdoor fruit tree canopy random distribution. The experimental results showed that: 1) when the phase angle of jujube was 52.19°, 66.51° and 88.26°, the R2 and average errors of F00 parameters described by Roujean model are 0.9982, 0.9963, 0.9912 and 3.80%, 4.17%, 6.40%, respectively; and the R2 and average error of Orient parameters described by Roujean model are 0.9056, 0.9223, 0.9260 and 6.23%, 3.32%, 8.05%, respectively;It can be seen that roujean model can quantitatively describe the Orient parameter of jujube;2) When the phase angle of apricot was 70.99°, 71.28° and 67.91°, the R2 and average errors of F00 parameters described by Roujean model is 0.9862, 0.9823, 0.9792 and 3.40%, 4.82%, 5.19%, respectively; And the R2 and average error of Orient parameters described by Roujean model are 0.9382, 0.8947, 0.8849 and 7.19%, 9.28%, 9.47%, respectively. Roujean model can also quantitatively describe the Orient parameter of white apricot. In summary, the Roujean model can provide a good quantitative description of f00 and a good quantitative description of Orient, which in turn can predict the pBRDF parameter for more fruits with different incidence and detection directions. It can correct the influence of angle factor in the nondestructive testing of outdoor fruits.

便携式双向反射分布函数测量系统研究

双向反射分布函数(BRDF)是对材料表面的散射和反射特性进行描述,鉴于目前BRDF测量系统具有结构复杂、不易拆卸、光路调试困难等特点,设计了一套便携式双向反射分布函数测量系统。该测量系统主要是由光源系统、探测系统以及转角装置3个部分组成,其中对转角装置和探测部分在机械结构上进行了优化。为了验证所设计的测量系统的综合性能,利用该测量系统对典型涂层材料表面进行实验测量,分析了入射角度对物体表面反射特性的影响。实验结果表明典型涂层材料石英、氧化铝及氧化锆的表面粗糙度越大,其镜反射所占比例越小,在0°~60°的入射角之间,随着入射角度的增加,表面BRDF值也不断增加。再利用改进的Torrance-Sparrow模型所预测得测量数据与实验数据进行拟合分析,拟合结果表明测量的实验数据与理论模型预测数据拟合程度较好,最小拟合度大于96%。

强光背景下主动偏振成像方法

针对传统光电探测方法在强光背景下目标探测对比度低的问题,本文提出一种基于激光照明的主动偏振成像方法。首先构建激光入射双向反射分布模型、激光入射偏振双向反射分布模型以及激光照明的目标表面偏振度模型,并分析3种典型目标材料偏振特性与束散角之间的耦合关系。然后在暗室可控条件下开展逆光观测实验,验证目标偏振特性受激光束散角的影响。实验结果表明:强光背景下主动偏振成像目标对比度与传统被动强度成像相比提升了86.11%,不同束散角下不同目标材料的可见光偏振特性间存在差异,金属材质相对于非金属材质的线偏振度提升更高,实验结果与理论分析具有较好的一致性。最后,在室外开展太阳逆光观测实验,验证了研究方法在室外高强光、远距离下依旧具有适用性。本研究为提升强光背景下的目标精准感知能力奠定了理论基础。

典型多尺度海面结构体辐射散射方向-光谱特性计算与分析

针对3级以上海况的高精度海洋场景红外仿真问题,提出一种“先拆后建”的研究思路:将含泡沫和破碎波的多尺度海面抽象为粗糙海面、泡沫、破碎波的组合,进而拆解出“粗糙海面”、“含泡沫粗糙海面”、“含破碎波粗糙海面”3类典型多尺度海面结构体,最后通过海面栅格化、结构体匹配、方向-光谱特性重构渲染等方法,由3类典型多尺度结构体方向-光谱特性组合重构大范围海面辐射散射特性,完成多尺度海面“气-面-体”耦合辐射/散射特性的计算。对拆解出的3类典型多尺度海面结构体分别开展多尺度耦合辐射、散射特性建模研究,构建3类多尺度海面结构体辐射散射方向-光谱特性计算模型,并对结构体辐射散射方向-光谱特性的影响因素进行分析,结果表明:随着海面风速的增大,海面典型结构体中的泡沫厚度及气泡浓度逐渐增大,使得结构体的散射能力增强,从而增大结构体的双向反射分布函数;随着探测波长的增大,海水的吸收性显著增强,导致不同风速条件下结构体双向反射分布函数之间的差异显著增大;对于不同的入射角,结构体双向反射分布函数最大值对应的天顶角随入射天顶角的变化逐渐发生变化。

偏振微面双向反射分布函数建模与仿真研究

偏振双向反射分布函数(p-BRDF)可以描述物体表面反射光的空间偏振特性,在许多领域得到了应用。基于微面理论,由微面和物体表面的角度关系以及微面上的菲涅耳反射,对任意偏振状态入射光和反射光的电场振动矢量进行分解与合成,得到偏振反射率pjk,将其作为菲涅耳反射项代入Cook-Torrance BRDF模型中,建立偏振微面BRDF模型。在几何光学模型中引入偏振,模型简单且有明确的物理意义。利用粒子群优化算法,结合黄铜表面的面内BRDF实验数据拟合模型中的参数,参数选取的标准均方误差为0.2820~5.7049%,最佳校正决定系数为0.9957。结果表明,偏振微面BRDF模型用于描述偏振反射特性的准确性和可行性。

多尺度非均匀背景散射中心参数化建模

多尺度非均匀背景为不同尺度和形状且在空间上分布不均匀的粗糙结构。本文针对多尺度非均匀粗糙背景散射特性快速计算问题,提出了基于散射中心方法的参数化表征模型。多尺度非均匀背景的散射场一般由地表大尺度表面所产生的镜反射分量、大尺度表面几何不连续处所产生的绕射分量和地表小尺度粗糙面引起的漫散射分量共同组成。传统雷达目标散射中心建模采用分布型、局部型和滑动型散射中心模型(scattering center model, SCM)表征目标的反射和绕射散射;但是,传统散射中心表征形式仅能描述大尺度光滑表面、几何不连续处的散射场,无法描述小尺度粗糙面的散射效应。本文结合粗糙面的相干-非相干散射理论,在大尺度地形散射中心表征模型的基础上,利用相干模型修正小尺度粗糙面对大尺度表面散射场幅度的影响;利用双向反射分布函数(bidirectional reflectance distribution function, BRDF)建立非相干散射的参数化表征形式。对两种非均匀多尺度背景的散射特性进行参数化表征,并采用商业软件高频求解器对计算结果的精度和效率进行了校验,证明了粗糙背景散射中心参数化建模方法的可行性。

改进鲸鱼优化算法的壁面红外反射特性求解

壁面的红外反射特性由双向反射分布函数(BRDF)表征和求解。目前BRDF测量需要大量实验数据,同时存在精度不高的问题。通过构建壁面反射特性测试平台,使用MR170型傅立叶红外光谱辐射计获取2~15μm波段下入射角度和各个反射角度的目标辐射亮度。针对隐身目标,应用RBF网络对3~5μm以及8~14μm波段的辐射亮度曲线进行拟合,排除大气干扰,进而求解出上述两个波段隐身目标的BRDF值。为了解决BRDF模型精度不高的问题,提出了改进的鲸鱼优化算法(IWOA),对BRDF模型参数进行反演,并设计了基于BRDF的反射率求解方法。IWOA对BRDF计算模型参数反演有良好的效果。根据反射法,应用所得到的BRDF数据求解得到的反射率为0.5496,相对误差为6.17%,满足工程需求。

基于BRDF可见光偏振成像技术的海面溢油油种识别研究

海上溢油事件发生后需要及时判断溢油种类,为溢油事故处置提供及时有效的应对措施。本文利用BRDF多角度测量装置和可见光偏振相机对不同油种和清洁海水进行观测,基于可见光偏振特征筛选出最佳观测Stokes参量和对应观测几何,构建了清洁海水和不同油种数据集,并建立了基于BRDF偏振特征的DBN溢油油种识别模型。研究发现,在实验室可控条件下,相对方位角–60°、0°、–30°组合时油种识别效果较好,光源天顶角和相机观测角二者在接近±50°时识别效果较好;多次重复实验显示,海水、原油、重油、汽油、柴油、棕榈油的最优识别率分别为90%、86.27%、84%、80.44%、82.08%和82%;基于可见光偏振特征所建立的油种识别模型,对于海面溢油种类区分具有较好的效果。

空间特性光谱反演及对户外光谱修正的可行性研究

户外高光谱探测可以快速获取样品的光谱信息,但受环境光线和样品二向反射特性的影响,采集到的光谱并不能准确反映样品的真实信息,对户外探测精度有一定影响。为了提高户外高光谱探测精度,提出了一种使用空间特性光谱对户外光谱进行修正的方法,以冬枣、红提、小白杏为研究对象,使用Walthall、Shibayama、Ross-li、Roujean与Rahman这5种BRDF模型反演3种果品的空间特性光谱,利用反演的空间特性光谱对户外光谱进行修正,之后分别建立暗室光谱、户外光谱与修正光谱的品质预测模型。反演结果表明:3种果品的空间特性光谱均有较好的反演效果,反演误差从低到高依次为冬枣、小白杏、红提,平均决定系数R2分别为0.957、0.947、0.927,平均误差分别为3.56%、4.90%、8.23%;5种BRDF模型中,Walthall模型的反演效果最佳,平均决定系数R2与误差分别为0.949、5.33%,Ross-li模型的反演效果最差,平均决定系数与误差分别为0.934、6.05%。户外光谱修正结果表明:户外光谱经过修正后噪声减少,光谱更为平滑,且光谱趋势与暗室光谱一致,受反演效果影响,冬枣光谱的修正效果最佳,而红提与小白杏的修正光谱中噪声较多。品质预测模型结果表明:3种果品的品质预测模型预测效果差异较大,从高到低依次为冬枣、小白杏、红提,可能与3种果品的品质不同有关;5种BRDF模型得到的修正光谱所建立的模型预测效果不同,但无显著差异;预测模型中,使用暗室光谱建立的预测模型最优,修正光谱建立的模型预测能力优于户外光谱建立的模型,表明户外光谱经过修正后模型预测能力得到提升。BRDF模型能够较好地反演果品的空间特性光谱,修正后的光谱与暗室光谱较为接近,修正光谱建立的模型优于户外光谱建立的模型,表明使用空间特性光谱对户外光谱进行修正的方法是可行的,可为提高户外无损检测的精度提供一种新的思路。

Visible characteristics of space-based targets based on bidirectional reflection distribution function

A precise modeling method of visible characteristics of the space-based target was presented based on bidirectional reflection distribution function (BRDF). The background characteristics of the space-based target were represented to build models of direct solar radiation and reflected radiation of the Earth based on blackbody radiation theory. The geometry characteristics of the target were analyzed to establish a surface equation of each surface based on its body coordinate system. The material characteristics of the target surface were described by introducing a BRDF model which considers the character of surface Gauss statistics and self-shadow and is obtained by measurement and modeling in advance. The relative positions of the space-based target, the background radiation sources and the observation platform were determined based on coordinate con- version to judge contributing surface of the target to observation system. Then a mathematical model on visible characteristics of the space target for the given optical system was built by summing reflection components of all the surfaces. Simulation of visible characteristics of the space-based target in orbit was achieved according to its given geometrical dimensions, physical parameters and orbital parameters. The results show that the method is effective for analysis on visible characteristics of the space-based target when single reflection is considered and its surface is regularly described in a surface equation, which provides a way to real-time calculation of visible characteristics of the space-based target.

复杂场景散射特性的参数化仿真模型

针对复杂场景电磁散射特性的实时仿真需求,提出了一种基于散射中心的散射特性参数化仿真模型。首先基于数字高程数据,利用蒙特卡罗法补充粗糙度信息,构建复杂地形网格模型;再利用双向反射分布函数修正的属性散射中心(bidirectional reflection distribution function modified attribute scattering center,BRDF-ASC)模型建立参数化仿真模型。数值实验结果表明:所提算法仿真的典型山峰和沙丘地形的雷达散射截面积(radar cross section,RCS)与物理光学(physical optics,PO)法仿真的RCS的均值误差低于3.6 dBsm;与大型海港的实测合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)图像进行对比,其参数化散射模型仿真SAR图像的变更检出率为0.1097,验证了所提算法的可行性。

全球长时序植被聚集指数的年际周期变化研究

植被聚集指数(clumping index,CI)是表征植被冠层叶片空间聚集程度的结构参数.基于作者所在研究团队研发生产的全球长时序(2001−2019年)、逐月的植被聚集指数(CI)遥感产品,使用傅里叶分解的方法逐像元地对CI的年际周期变化规律进行探究.步骤如下:1)预处理去除数据缺失较多的像元并填补部分缺失较少的像元,以产生相对完整的年际时间序列,预处理筛选出有效研究区占全球植被区面积的75.58%;2)假设CI年际变化可以分解为由多组余弦波信号与随机噪声构成的序列,使用离散傅里叶变换提取时间序列中振幅最大的余弦波(主波),发展了表征CI年际周期(1 a 1周期)变化参数指标体系;3)基于模拟数据和部分高质量数据检验了该方法的抗噪性,并将提取结果与MODIS物候产品(MCD12Q2)的1 a物候周期数(NumCycles,NC)及峰值时间(Peak_1)进行对比验证.结果表明:主波周期12(月)像元占比显著大于其他周期像元,占研究区的76.22%,表明CI最显著、最普遍的年周期性变化特征是周期长度12个月的年际变化;在研究区中主波周期等于12(月)区域与物候产品的1 a物候周期数(NC=1)高度重合,精度达到96%;对主波周期12月的像元,主波低峰值月与物候产品peak值较接近,全球平均差异为1.37月,且CI低峰值月(植被最聚集月份)普遍提前于peak值,说明年周期植被叶片的最聚集状态(CI的季节变化低峰值)要普遍早于该周期植被叶片的绿度峰值(物候产品的peak最大值).该研究为理解植被聚集效应的年际周期变化提供了证据.

大气湍流对LIF探测海面溢油影响的BRRDF仿真研究

及时定位海面溢油事故发生地并监测海面溢油信息对海洋污染治理和海洋生态环境保护有重要意义。激光诱导荧光(LIF)可搭载于无人机构建LIF雷达系统并应用于海洋环境监测。LIF雷达系统以大气为传输信道,大气湍流会导致信号衰落。双向反射再辐射分布函数(BRRDF)利用受激辐射荧光光子的权重、位置和方向描述物质的荧光特性,为LIF探测海面溢油提供理论指导。基于大气湍流理论和蒙特卡罗方法模拟海面溢油的受激辐射荧光过程,建立光子传输模型进行海面溢油BRRDF的仿真研究。仿真分析不同湍流强度下,光强闪烁、光束漂移、光束扩展效应对海面溢油BRRDF的影响。仿真结果表明,海面溢油受激辐射荧光信号具有各向同性,其强度与激发光的强度成正比。光束漂移效应对荧光漂移范围影响微弱,可以忽略;在弱大气湍流下(湍流强度参数σ_(R)^(2)<1),BRRDF所表征的荧光信号强度集中在2×10^(-5)~5×10^(-5)范围内,荧光光斑半径由1mm扩展至5mm,LIF雷达系统可以正常进行探测工作;大气湍流强度到达中等后(σ_(R)^(2)≈1),荧光信号强度在10^(-5)~10^(-4)范围内波动,荧光光斑半径扩展至15mm,此时大气湍流的不利影响无法忽视,LIF雷达系统探测到的荧光信号不够稳定,最终导致光谱不理想。在实际探测中,可通过适当提高探测器性能参数来增强系统的抗湍流能力。强大气湍流下(σ_(R)^(2)=25),出现光斑破裂现象,荧光信号分散并衰落至某一阈值之下,LIF雷达系统无法探测到荧光信号。文中的分析与提出的可行的研究建议,为LIF探测海面溢油相关研究提供参考依据,对LIF雷达系统设计具有一定的参考价值。