Evapotranspiration Estimation Based on MODIS Products and Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land(SEBAL) Model in Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

In this study,the Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land(SEBAL) model and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) products from Terra satellite were combined with meteorological data to estimate evapotranspiration(ET) over the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China.Land cover/land use was classified by using a recursive partitioning and regression tree with MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) time series data,which were reconstructed based on the Savitzky-Golay filtering approach.The MODIS product Quality Assessment Science Data Sets(QA-SDS) was analyzed and all scenes with valid data covering more than 75% of the Sanjiang Plain were selected for the SEBAL modeling.This provided 12 overpasses during 184-day growing season from May 1st to October 31st,2006.Daily ET estimated by the SEBAL model was misestimaed at the range of-11.29% to 27.57% compared with that measured by Eddy Covariance system(10.52% on average).The validation results show that seasonal ET from the SEBAL model is comparable to that from ground observation within 8.86% of deviation.Our results reveal that the time series daily ET of different land cover/use increases from vegetation on-going until June or July and then decreases as vegetation senesced.Seasonal ET is lower in dry farmland(average(Ave):491 mm) and paddy field(Ave:522 mm) and increases in wetlands to more than 586 mm.As expected,higher seasonal ET values are observed for the Xingkai Lake in the southeastern part of the Sanjiang Plain(Ave:823 mm),broadleaf forest(Ave:666 mm) and mixed wood(Ave:622 mm) in the southern/western Sanjiang Plain.The ET estimation with SEBAL using MODIS products can provide decision support for operational water management issues.

Contrasting Characteristics of the Surface Energy Balance between the Urban and Rural Areas of Beijing

A direct comparison of urban and rural surface energy balances, as well as a variety of other variables including incoming shortwave/longwave radiation and aerosol optical depth, is conducted for the Beijing metropolitan area. The results indicate that, overall, the urban area receives a smaller amount of incoming shortwave radiation but a larger amount of incoming longwave radiation. However, comparisons in the aerosol optical depth and cloud fraction at the two locations suggest that neither aerosol optical depth nor cloud fraction alone can explain the difference in the incoming shortwave radiation. The urban–rural differences in the incoming longwave radiation are unlikely to be caused by the presence of more abundant greenhouse gases over the urban area, as suggested by some previous studies, given that water vapor is the most dominant greenhouse gas and precipitable water is found to be less in urban areas. The higher incoming longwave radiation observed over the urban area is mostly likely due to the higher temperatures of the ambient air. The urban area is also found to always produce higher sensible heat fluxes and lower latent heat fluxes in the growing season. Furthermore, the urban area is associated with a larger amount of available energy（the sum of sensible and latent heat fluxes） than the rural area, except in May and October when evapotranspiration in the rural area significantly exceeds that in the urban area. This study provides observational evidence of urban–rural contrasts in relevant energy-balance components that plausibly arise from urban–rural differences in atmospheric and land-surface conditions.

An Assessment of Storage Terms in the Surface Energy Balance of a Subalpine Meadow in Northwest China

The heat storage terms in the soil-vegetation-atmosphere system may play an important role in the surface energy budget.In this paper,we evaluate the heat storage terms of a subalpine meadow based on a ficld experiment conducted in the complex terrain of the eastern Qilian Mountains of Northwest China and their impact on the closure of the surface energy balance under such non-ideal conditions.During the night, the average sum of the storage terms was -5.5 W m,which corresponded to 10.4%of net radiation.The sum of the terms became positive at 0730 LST and negative again at about 1500 LST,with a maximum value of 19 W mobserved at approximately 0830 LST.During the day,the average of the sum of the storage terms was 6.5 W m,which corresponded to 4.0%of net radiation.According to the slopes obtained when linear regression of the net radiation and partitioned fluxes was forced through the origin,there is an imbalance of 14.0%in the subalpine meadow when the storage terms are not considered in the surface energy balance.This imbalance was improved by 3.4%by calculating the sum of the storage terms.The soil heat storage flux gave the highest contribution(1.59%),while the vegetation enthalpy change and the rest of the storage terms were responsible for improvements of 1.04%and 0.77%,respectively.

Surface energy balance on the Antarctic plateau as measured with an automatic weather station during 2014

AWS data during 2014 collected at PANDA-N station, on the East Antarctic Plateau, are analysed. Net Short Wave Radiation(QSWR), net Long Wave Radiation(QLWR), sensible(QH), latent(QL) and subsurface or ground(QG) heat fluxes are computed. Annual averages for QSWR, QLWR, QH, QL and QG of 19.65,-49.16, 26.40,-0.77 and 3.86 W·m-2 were derived based on an albedo value of 0.8. QSWR and QH are the major sources of heat gain to the surface and QLWR is the major component of heat loss from the surface. An i terative method is used to estimate surface temperature in this paper;surface temperature of snow/ice is gradually increased or decreased, thereby changing longwave radiation, sensible, latent and subsurface heat fluxes, so that the net energy balance becomes zero. Mass loss due to sublimation at PANDA-N station for 2014 is estimated to be 12.18 mm w.e.·a-1;and mass gain due to water vapour deposition is estimated to be 3.58 mm w.e.·a-1. Thus the net mass loss due to sublimation/deposition is 8.6 mm w.e.·a-1. This study computes surface energy fluxes using a model, instead of direct measurements. Also there are missing data especially for wind speed, though 2 m air temperature data is almost continuously available throughout the year. The uncertainties of albedo, wind speed and turbulent fluxes cause the most probable error in monthly values of QLWR, QH, QL, QG and surface temperature of about ±4%, ±20%, ±50%, ±11% and ±0.74 K respectively.

Surface energy balance of Bayi Ice Cap in the middle of Qilian Mountains,China

Energy balance at the glacier surface is important for understanding the impacts of climate change on glaciers. Here, we analyzed the characteristics of the glacier surface energy fluxes along with their contributions to glacier melt on Bayi Ice Cap in Qilian Mountains by using a point-scale energy balance model. The half-hourly meteorological data from an automatic weather station(AWS) located on the glacier was used to drive the energy balance model. The model simulated results could accurately represent the mass-balance observations from the stake near the weather station during summer 2016. Our results showed the net radiation(86%) played an important role in the surface energy balance, and the contribution of the turbulent heat fluxes(14%) to the energy budget was relatively less important. A distinct behavior of energy balance, as compared to other continental glaciers in China(e.g., two adjacent glaciers Laohugou No. 12 Glacier and Qiyi Glacier), is the fact that a sustained period of positive turbulent latent flux exists on Bayi Ice Cap during August, causing faster melt rate in the month of August. Our study also presented the effect of frequent summer snowfall in slowing down surface melt by changing the surface albedo during the beginning of the melting season.

Surface energy balance of Keqicar Glacier, Tianshan Mountains, China, during ablation period

The meteorological data of ablation season in 2005 were recorded by two automatic weather stations on Keqicar Glacier, in the southwest Tianshan Mountains of China. One is operated on the glacier near the equilibrium line with an altitude of 4,265 m （Site A） and another is operated on the glacier ablation area with an altitude of 3,700 m （Site B）. These data were used to analyze the meteorological conditions and the surface energy balance （SEB） of Keqicar Glacier. Net radiation was directly measured, and turbulent heat fluxes were calculated using the bulk aerodynamic approach, including stability correction. The ablation value of 0.68 m w.e. derived from four ablation stakes is in close correspondence to the modeled value of 0.71 m w.e. During the observation period, net radiation accounts for 81.4% of the total energy with its value of 63.3 W/m2. The rest energy source is provided by the sensible heat flux with a value of 14.4 W/m2. Energy is consumed mainly by melting and evaporation, accotmting for 69.5% and 29.7% of the total energy with their values of 54.0 and 23.0 W/m2, respectively. Radiative energy dominates energy exchanges at the glacier-atmosphere interface, governed by the variation in net shortwave radiation. Net short-wave radiation varies significantly due to the effects of cloudiness and the high albedo caused by solid precipitation. Wind speed influences the turbulent heat fluxes distinctively and sensible heat flux and latent heat flux are much larger in July with high wind speed.

基于GF-5B VIMI数据和SEBS模型的区域蒸散发遥感估算研究

蒸散发是全球水循环的关键部分,对水循环和能量平衡有显著影响。然而现有的蒸散发数据显示出其在时空分辨率上的局限性。为了解决这一问题,文章采用了结合“高分五号”B卫星全谱段光谱成像仪(GF-5B VIMI)高分辨率数据与SEBS模型的新方法。选择重庆市大渡口区作为研究区域,利用GF-5B VIMI影像数据和ERA5-land气候再分析数据集,对该区域的日蒸散发量进行估算,并分析其时空分布特征及不同下垫面的蒸散量。同时,探讨了蒸散发量与归一化植被指数NDVI之间的相关性。实验结果表明,SEBS模型估算结果与涡度相关仪观测数据具有良好的一致性,表现在决定系数R^(2)为0.764,均方根误差RMSE为0.348 mm/d。不同土地利用类型的日蒸散量中,水体蒸散量最大,裸地最小。日蒸散量与归一化植被指数之间的拟合相关系数R为0.908,决定系数R^(2)为0.824,这进一步验证了模型的有效性和适用性。该方法有效提高蒸散发的时空分辨率并为水资源的高效利用提供重要科学依据。

基于NPP VIIRS数据和SEBS模型的河南省冬小麦蒸散量估算与时空特征

农田蒸散量(evapotranspiration,ET)是农田水热交换过程的关键变量,准确估算农田ET对了解农田土壤水分变化动态,监测预测作物旱情,指导科学灌溉等具有重要作用。将Suomi NPP(National Polar-orbiting Partnership)卫星的新型遥感数据源可见光红外成像辐射仪(visible infrared imaging radiometer suite,VIIRS)数据用于ET反演,基于地表能量平衡理论,将NPP VIIRS反演的地表温度、地表反照率等参数和优化计算的VIIRS NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index)数据,与SRTM DEM数据和气象观测数据输入地表能量平衡系统(surface energy balance system,SEBS)模型,估算了2016—2018年河南省冬小麦关键生育时期——返青期至灌浆期的农田ET(VIIRS ET)。分别对比了VIIRS ET与彭曼公式(Penman-Monteith,P-M)计算的P-M ET、大型土壤蒸渗仪实测Real ET和MODIS(moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer)数据估算ET(MODIS ET)的结果,并进行了ET时空变化特征分析。结果表明,VIIRS ET与Real ET的RMSE为0.203 mm·d^(–1),且VIIRS ET与P-M ET和MODIS ET均具有较高的一致性。该方法可为利用NPP VIIRS数据和SEBS模型估算ET提供方法、技术上的支持。研究区冬小麦关键生育时期ET的时间特征表现为自返青期后逐日上升,抽穗期达到最大值,灌浆期开始下降的趋势,与冬小麦生长发育规律具有较好的一致性。综合空间特征来看,在关键生育时期河南省冬小麦ET均呈现中部和东南部较高,向西北部和西南部逐渐降低的趋势,与灌溉条件具有较强的对应性。河南省冬小麦ET时空特征可为河南省农业水资源管理、分配和高效利用等提供重要依据。

The Impact of Soil Freezing/Thawing Processes on Water and Energy Balances

A frozen soil parameterization coupling of thermal and hydrological processes is used to investigate how frozen soil processes affect water and energy balances in seasonal frozen soil. Simulation results of soil liquid water content and temperature using soil model with and without the inclusion of freezing and thawing processes are evaluated against observations at the Rosemount field station. By comparing the simulated water and heat fluxes of the two cases, the role of phase change processes in the water and energy balances is analyzed. Soil freezing induces upward water flow towards the freezing front and increases soil water content in the upper soil layer. In particular, soil ice obviously prevents and delays the infiltration during rain at Rosemount. In addition, soil freezingthawing processes alter the partitioning of surface energy fluxes and lead the soil to release more sensible heat into the atmosphere during freezing periods.

A two-dimensional energy balance climate model on Mars

A two-dimensional energy balance climate model has been built to investigate the climate on Mars.The model takes into account the balance among solar radiation,longwave radiation,and energy transmission and can be solved analytically by Legendre polynomials.With the parameters for thermal diffusion and radiation processes being properly specified,the model can simulate a reasonable surface atmospheric temperature distribution but not a very perfect vertical atmospheric temperature distribution compared with numerical results,such as those from the Mars Climate Database.With varying solar radiation in a Martian year,the model can simulate the seasonal variation of the air temperature on Mars.With increasing dust content,the Martian atmosphere gradually warms.However,the warming is insignificant in the cold and warm scenarios,in which the dust mixing ratio varies moderately,whereas the warming is significant in the storm scenario,in which the dust mixing ratio increases dramatically.With an increasing albedo value of either the polar cap or the non-ice region,Mars gradually cools.The mean surface atmospheric temperature decreases moderately with an increasing polar ice albedo,whereas it increases dramatically with an increasing non-ice albedo.This increase occurs because the planetary albedo of the ice regions is smaller than that of the non-ice region.

基于MODIS产品影像及陆面能量平衡系统(SEBS)的河北平原区域蒸散估算(英文)

地表蒸散是区域水文循环的重要组成部分之一,传统的地表蒸散估算一般基于点上的气象观测数据,当用于区域地表蒸散评价时,具有一定的局限性。随着遥感技术的发展,利用遥感影像能够对大区域进行观测的优势进行区域地表蒸散估算已成为可能。地表能量平衡系统(SEBS)是根据地表能量平衡估算地表蒸散量的一种方法,该方法由于提出了地表能量传输过程中关键制约因素热传导粗糙度的估算模型而在遥感蒸散计算方面具有较高的精度。本文在SEBS模型的基础上,以河北平原为例,采取中分辨率成像光谱辐射仪(MODIS)产品影像,根据研究区下垫面的实际情况进行了参数估算,进行了区域实际蒸发蒸腾量计算及模型精确度评价,并在SEBS模型的基础上,提出了新的"标准化温度差-反照率"特征空间分析方法,对研究区内地表土壤水分现状进行了评价;最后,对河北平原地表蒸散时空分布进行了分析。计算结果表明,在所选取的晴空乌云条件下,根据SEBS模型计算所得的地表蒸散与研究区内利用大型承重式蒸渗仪所测量的地表实际蒸散量具有很好的一致性,说明SEBS模型在遥感蒸散计算方面据有较高的可信度。然而,由于地表蒸散的遥感估算是以所获取的遥感影像单元为基础,计算误差不可避免,尤其是使用低分辨率遥感影像的时候,每个影像单元所反映的地表蒸散为单元内各种地表覆盖的综合反映,当与只反映一种地表覆盖蒸散的大型承重式蒸渗仪测量结果进行比较时,误差是显而易见的,因此,若着重考虑模型精度验证,尚需在以后的研究中考虑使用高分辨率的遥感影像。地表土壤水分或湿度状况是地表能量交换及蒸散发生的主要控制因素。利用地表温度与植被指数的关系对区域地表湿度状况进行监测在实践中被广泛利用,然而,由于不用地区地表属性的千差万别,当利用这种方法进行区域地表湿度评价时,"地表温度-植被指数"特征空间的边界很难确定。本文在SEBS模型的基础上,提出新的"标准化温度差-反照率"特征空间分析方法,对研究区内地表土壤水分现状进行评价,结果显示,由于在SEBS模型中考虑了干限和湿限两种极端情况下的能量平衡,"标准化温度差-反照率"特征空间的边界问题很容易被确定,利用修正的特征空间,可以对区域土壤水分或湿度状况进行客观的评价。下垫面的几何特征参数的精确反演是进行地表能量平衡模拟的基础,目前多根据有关经验公式利用遥感影像进行下垫面几何特征参数估算,由于已有的经验公式多基于不同研究区域获得,当应用到新的研究区时,其具体参数需要进一步调整,以获得对下垫面的几何特征的精确描述。由于缺乏相关实测资料,本研究中利用经验公式进行下垫面几何特征参数,误差不可避免,需要在以后的研究中进行深入探索。另外,地表蒸散的计算只是进行区域水资源评价、农业节水措施评价以及全球变化等研究的一个中间环节,需要在以后的研究中根据具体研究目的进行进一步研究。

SEBS模型在黄淮海地区地表能量通量估算中的应用

在对SEBS模型的有关参数进行订正的基础上,利用MODIS遥感数据结合地表气象观测数据,对黄淮海地区地表能量通量进行了估算。将SEBS估算结果先与北京顺义定量遥感综合试验(QRSLSP/Shunyi)实测结果进行对比分析,然后与郑州的大孔径闪烁仪(LAS)观测的感热通量进行对比分析。结果表明,SEBS估算的通量与二者的实测结果相当一致。因此,利用改进后的SEBS模型估算的黄淮海地区地表能量通量具有一定的精度,可满足区域日蒸散量计算等的需求。

基于SEBS-METRIC方法的黑河流域中游地区农田蒸散

使用涡度相关蒸散数据验证表明SEBS-METRIC方法可以用来估算黑河流域中游地区作物农田蒸散.结果显示：黑河流域中游地区作物生长季内ET 总量空间差异大（398～709 mm,平均567 mm）.在作物不同生长阶段, ET 在时间和空间上变化剧烈.在区域平均水平上,生长初期、生长中期1、生长中期2和生长后期的ET 占全生长季ET 总量的比例分别为10.24%,29.44%,47.11%,13.21%,各生长阶段区域平均日ET 依次为1.45,3.28,3.52,2.08 mm/d. ET 月份变化明显,3月最小,4,5月迅速增大,6月达到生长季的蒸散高峰,7,8月有所降低,维持在一定水平,9月作物进入生长末期,迅速降低.

基于SEBS模型的干旱区流域蒸散发估算探究

水资源在干旱区的经济社会发展中占据着举足轻重的地位,被利用的水资源通过蒸散发进入大气,定量估算区域的蒸散发对区域的水资源分配管理、旱情监测等具有一定的指导意义。应用SEBS模型估算了2015年5～9月艾比湖流域的蒸散发,按照流域的分水岭划分研究区范围,根据土地覆被类型将研究区划分为乔木林地、灌木林地、牧草地、耕地、水域及其他6大类,分析了流域内蒸散发的时间与空间变化以及不同土地覆被的蒸散发情况。结果表明:(1)整体而言,流域范围内日均蒸散量在生长季内呈单峰型分布,7月中旬达到顶峰,平均值为4.35 mm·d-1,最大值为5.63 mm·d-1,对气温的变化最敏感。(2)研究区蒸散发的高低分布与土地覆被类型分布存在高度一致性,日均蒸散量大小依次为:水域>耕地>牧草地>乔木林>其他>灌木林。(3)蒸散发在不同土地覆被具有不同的峰值分布,乔木林的峰值分别出现在1.20 mm和6.80 mm左右,灌木林的峰值分别出现在3.5 mm和6.00 mm左右,牧草地分别出现在4.00 mm和6.80 mm左右。耕地、水域的峰值分别在6.60 mm、7.20 mm左右。(4)SEBS模型在干旱区流域具有较高应用价值。

基于SEBS模型和Landsat 8数据的黑河下游蒸散发时空特性分析

对黑河下游地区蒸散发量的估算及其时空特性的研究,有助于进一步了解流域水循环,合理利用水资源,防止生态环境进一步恶化。利用SEBS模型估算了黑河下游额济纳绿洲2014年15天的日蒸散量,将SEBS估算的日蒸散与不同下垫面5个站点的EC实测值进行对比,其均方根误差和确定性系数分别为1.2 mm、0.85(5个站点),0.5 mm、0.96(2个站点),表明SEBS模型的结果是合理的,可以适用于黑河下游额济纳绿洲地区的地表蒸散量的估算。同时分析了黑河下游蒸散发的时空变化规律,结果表明,黑河下游额济纳绿洲地区,蒸散发在时间上存在明显的季节变化规律:夏季>春季>秋季>冬季;空间上呈现明显的沿河分布的趋势。不同土地覆被类型蒸散发有相似的季节变化特征,但其季节变化幅度并不相同,规律为:水体>耕地>灌丛地>草地>裸土地>沙地。

Estimations of Land Surface Characteristic Parameters and Turbulent Heat Fluxes over the Tibetan Plateau Based on FY-4A/AGRI Data

Accurate estimates of land surface characteristic parameters and turbulent heat fluxes play an important role in the understanding of land-atmosphere interaction. In this study, Fengyun-4A (FY-4A) Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager (AGRI) satellite data and the China Land Data Assimilation System (CLDAS) meteorological forcing dataset CLDAS-V2.0 were applied for the retrieval of broadband albedo, land surface temperature (LST), radiation flux components, and turbulent heat fluxes over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The FY-4A/AGRI and CLDAS-V2.0 data from 12 March 2018 to 30 April 2018 were first used to estimate the hourly turbulent heat fluxes over the TP. The time series data of in-situ measurements from the Tibetan Observation and Research Platform were divided into two halves-one for developing retrieval algorithms for broadband albedo and LST based on FY-4A, and the other for the cross validation. Results show the root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) of the FY-4A retrieved broadband albedo and LST were 0.0309 and 3.85 K, respectively, which verifies the applicability of the retrieval method. The RMSEs of the downwelling/upwelling shortwave radiation flux and downwelling/upwelling longwave radiation flux were 138.87/32.78 W m^(−2) and 51.55/17.92 W m^(−2), respectively, and the RMSEs of net radiation flux, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux were 58.88 W m^(−2), 82.56 W m^(−2) and 72.46 W m^(−2), respectively. The spatial distributions and diurnal variations of LST and turbulent heat fluxes were further analyzed in detail.

青藏高原降雨增加和气温升高对多年冻土水热动态贡献研究

在人类活动和全球气候变化驱动下,青藏高原气候整体呈现暖湿化变化趋势,由此引发的多年冻土活动层水热变化对寒区生态环境和寒区工程稳定性产生显著影响。目前,温度升高对多年冻土的影响机制较为明确,但降雨增加、降雨增加与气温升高共同作用下的多年冻土水热响应过程和机制尚不明确。在考虑雨水感热作用的地表能水平衡-冻土水热耦合模型的基础上,对比研究气温升高、降雨增加单一作用及其共同作用对活动层水热影响机制。结果表明:相比气温升高和降雨增加单一作用,暖湿化复合作用导致地表净辐射通量和蒸发潜热通量增长显著,地表感热降低更加明显,雨水感热影响较小,地表土壤热通量呈增加趋势;暖湿化复合作用下温度梯度液态水通量增长显著,基质势梯度液态水通量在浅层增幅也大于单独升温作用,但小于单一降雨增加作用,暖湿化导致暖季土壤含水率增幅小于单独降雨作用;暖湿化作用下活动层热传导通量在冷季增加显著且增幅小于单独升温作用,而液态水对流传热在暖季增加明显且增幅小于单独湿化作用;降雨增加促使土体暖季降温显著,暖湿化与单一气温升高均导致土体在冷季升温效果高于暖季;气温升高1.0℃引起多年冻土上限下移10cm,降雨增加100 mm促使上限抬升8 cm,暖湿化共同作用导致冻土上限下移6 cm;在暖湿化作用下,降雨增加对冻土降温作用较小,气温升高对冻土的升温效应仍占据主导。

Analysis of observations on the urban surface energy balance in Beijing

The 1-year（2009-2010） measurements are analyzed of the urban surface energy balance（SEB） obtained from the sensors located at three vertical layers of a 325-m tower in downtown Beijing.Results show that：（1） The measurements from the 325-m tower represent the SEB characteristics of the cities located in semi-humid warm-temperate continental monsoon climate zone.In a typical hot and rainy summer,cold and dry winter,the measured Bowen ratio is minimum in summer and maximum in winter.The Bowen ratio measured at 140 m for spring,summer,autumn,and winter are 2.86,0.82,1.17,and 4.16 respectively.（2） At the height of 140-m（in the constant flux layer）,the noontime albedo is ~0.10 for summer,~0.12 for spring and autumn,and ~0.14 for winter.The ratios of daytime sensible heat flux,latent heat flux,and storage heat flux to net radiation are 0.25,0.16,and 0.59 for clear-sky days,and 0.33,0.19,and 0.48 for cloudy days respectively.（3） Under clear-sky days,the nighttime sensible heat flux is almost zero,but the latent heat flux is greater than zero.For cloudy days,the nighttime sensible heat flux is slightly greater than the latent heat flux in winter.The nighttime upward heat flux is presumably due to the anthropogenic release（mainly latent heat for summer,while latent and sensible heat for winter）.

Effects of the Soil Heat Flux Estimates on Surface Energy Balance Closure over a Semi-Arid Grassland

Soil heat flux is important for surface energy balance （SEB）, and inaccurate estimation of soil heat flux often leads to surface energy imbalance. In this paper, by using observations of surface radiation fluxes and soil temperature gradients at a semi-arid grassland in Xilingguole, Inner Mongolia, China from June to September 2008, the characters of the SEB for the semi-arid grassland were analyzed. Firstly, monthly averaged diurnal variations of SEB components were revealed. A 30-min forward phase displacement of soil heat flux （G） observed by a fluxplate at the depth of 5-em below the soil surface was conducted and its effect on the SEB was studied. Secondly, the surface soil heat flux （Gs） was computed by using harmonic analysis and the effect of the soil heat storage between the surface and the fluxplate on the SEB was examined. The results show that with the 30-min forward phase displacement of observed G, the slope of the ordinary linear regression （OLR） of turbulent fluxes （H＋LE） against available energy （Rn G） increased from 0.835 to 0.842, i.e., the closure ratio of SEB increased by 0.7%, yet energy imclosure of 15.8% still existed in the SEB. When Gs, instead of G was used in the SEB equation, the slope of corresponding OLR of （H＋LE） against （Rn-Gs） reached 0.979, thereby the imelosure ratio of SEB was reduced to only 2.1%.

Observational Study of Annual Variations of the Surface Energy Balance Components at Zhongshan Station of Antarctica in 1990

From February 1990 to January 1991, the measurement experiment was carried out at Zhongshan station, East Antarctica. In the experiment, measurements of the surface radiative fluxes and wind, temperature and humidity profiles in the lowest 32 m in the atmosphere boundary layer were made throughout the year. The regime of the surface energy balance was analysed based on the observed data. The conclusion was derived that in warm season (from Nov. to Feb.), large amounts of energy are absorbed by the surface and then transported to the atmosphere in the form of sensible and latent heat, while in cold season (from Mar. to Oct.) continually radiative cooling of the surface occurs.