Ultrafast dynamics of femtosecond laser-induced high spatial frequency periodic structures on silicon surfaces

Femtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures(LIPSS)have been extensively studied over the past few decades.In particular,the period and groove width of high-spatial-frequency LIPSS(HSFL)is much smaller than the diffraction limit,making it a useful method for efficient nanomanufacturing.However,compared with the low-spatial-frequency LIPSS(LSFL),the structure size of the HSFL is smaller,and it is more easily submerged.Therefore,the formation mechanism of HSFL is complex and has always been a research hotspot in this field.In this study,regular LSFL with a period of 760 nm was fabricated in advance on a silicon surface with two-beam interference using an 800 nm,50 fs femtosecond laser.The ultrafast dynamics of HSFL formation on the silicon surface of prefabricated LSFL under single femtosecond laser pulse irradiation were observed and analyzed for the first time using collinear pump-probe imaging method.In general,the evolution of the surface structure undergoes five sequential stages:the LSFL begins to split,becomes uniform HSFL,degenerates into an irregular LSFL,undergoes secondary splitting into a weakly uniform HSFL,and evolves into an irregular LSFL or is submerged.The results indicate that the local enhancement of the submerged nanocavity,or the nanoplasma,in the prefabricated LSFL ridge led to the splitting of the LSFL,and the thermodynamic effect drove the homogenization of the splitting LSFL,which evolved into HSFL.

Selective synthesis of three-dimensional ZnO@Ag/SiO2@Ag nanorod arrays as surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates with tunable interior dielectric layer

We describe the synthesis of three-dimensional(3D) multilayer ZnO@Ag/SiO2@Ag nanorod arrays by the physico–chemical method. The surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS) performance of the 3D multilayer Zn O@Ag/SiO2@Ag nanorod arrays is studied by varying the thickness of dielectric layer SiO2 and outer-layer noble Ag. The 3D Zn O@Ag/SiO2@Ag nanorod arrays create a huge number of SERS "hot spots" that mainly contribute to the high SERS sensitivity. The great enhancement of SERS results from the electron transfer between ZnO and Ag and different electromagnetic enhancements of Ag nanoparticles(NPs) with different thicknesses. Through the finite-difference time-domain(FDTD) theoretical simulation, the enhancement of SERS signal can be ascribed to a strong electric field enhancement produced in the 3D framework. The simplicity and generality of our method offer great advantages for further understanding the SERS mechanism induced by the surface plasmon resonance(SPR) effect.

Application of Monodisperse Thermo-Responsive Composite Microgels with Core-Shell Structure Based on Au@Ag Bimetallic Nanorod as Core in Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Substrate

The monodisperse Au@Ag bimetallic nanorod is encapsulated by crosslinked poly( N-isopropylacrylamide)( PNIPAM) to produce thermo-responsive composite microgel with well-defined core-shell structure( Au@ Ag NR@ PNIPAM microgel)by seed-precipitation polymerization method using butenoic acid modified Au @ Ag NRs as seeds. When the temperature of the aqueous medium increases from 20℃ to 50℃,the localized surface plasmon resonance( LSPR) band of the entrapped Au @ Ag NR is pronouncedly red-shifted because of the decreased spatial distances between them as a result of shrinkage of the microgels,leading to their plasmonic coupling. The temperature tunable plasmonic coupling is demonstrated by temperature dependence of the surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy( SERS) signal of 1-naphthol in aqueous solution. Different from static plasmonic coupling modes from nanostructured assembly or array system of noble metals,the proposed plasmonic coupling can be dynamically controlled by environmental temperature. Therefore, the thermo responsive hybrid microgels have potential applications in mobile LSPR or SERS microsensors for living tissues or cells.

Sensitive and Label-Free Detection of Protein Secondary Structure by Amide Ⅲ Spectral Signals using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Proteins and peptides perform a vital role in living systems, however it remains a challenge for accurate description of proteins at the molecular level. Despite that surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) can provide the intrinsic fingerprint information of samples with ultrahigh sensitivity, it suffers from the poor reproducibility and reliability. Herein, we demonstrate that the silver nanorod array fabricated by an oblique angle deposition method is a powerful substrate for SERS to probe the protein secondary structures without exogenous labels. With this method, the SERS signals of two typical proteins (lysozyme and cytochrome c) are successfully obtained. Additionally, by analyzing the spectral signals of the amide Ⅲ of protein backbone, the influence of concentration on the folding status of proteins has been elucidated. With the concentration increasing, the components of α-helix and β-sheet structures of lysozyme increase while the secondary structures of cytochrome c almost keep constant. The SERS method in this work offers an effective optical marker to characterize the structures of proteins.

Numerical study of flow and thermal characteristics of pulsed impinging jet on a dimpled surface

This research comprehensively investigates the flow and thermal characteristics of a pulsating impinging jet over a dimpled surface.It analyzes the impact of key parameters(e.g.,inlet velocity pulsation functions,pulsation frequency,amplitude,dimple pitch,dimple depth,Reynolds number)on flow patterns and heat transfer.Validated computational fluid dynamics and the Re-normalization group turbulence model are employed to accurately simulate complex turbulent flow behavior.Local and average heat transfer coefficients are calculated and compared to steady impingement cases,revealing the potential benefits of pulsation for heat transfer enhancement.The study also examines how pulsation-induced flow modulation and thermal mixing affect heat transfer mechanisms.Results indicate that combining fluctuating flow with a dimpled surface can improve heat transfer rates.In summary,increasing pulsation amplitude consistently enhances heat transfer,while the effect of frequency varies between impinging and wall jet zones.

Surface plasmon enhanced infrared photodetection

Infrared photodetectors have been used extensively in biomedicine, surveillance, communication and astronomy. However, state of the art technology based on III-V and II-VI compounds still lacks excellent performance for high-temperature operation. Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) have demonstrated their capability in improving the light detection from visible to infrared wave range due to their light confinement in subwavelength scale. Advanced fabrication techniques such as electron-beam lithography (EBL) and focused ion-beam (FIB), and commercially available numerical design tool like Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) have enabled rapid development of surface plasmon (SP) enhanced photodetectors. In this review article, the basic mechanisms behind the SP-enhanced photodetection, the different type of plasmonic nanostructures utilized for enhancement, and the reported SP-enhanced infrared photodetectors will be discussed.

Perforated nanocap array: Facile fabrication process and efficient surface enhanced Raman scattering with fluorescence suppression

Recently, individual reduced-symmetry metal nanostructures and their plasmonic properties have been studied extensively. However, little attention has been paid to the approach to fabricating ordered reduced-symmetry metal nanostructure arrays. In this paper, a novel perforated silver nanocap array with high surface-enhanced Raman scattering （SERS） activity and fluorescence suppression is reported. The array is fabricated by electron beam evaporating Ag onto the perforated barrier layer side of a hard anodization （HA） anodic aluminum oxide （AAO） template. The morphology and optical property of the perforated silver nanocap array are characterized by an atomic force microscope （AFM）, a scanning electron microscope （SEM）, and absorption spectra. The results of SERS measurements reveal that the perforated silver nanocap array offers high SERS activity and fluorescence suppression compared with an imperforated silver nanocap array.

Determine the position of nanoparticles in cells by using surfaceenhanced Raman three-dimensional imaging

The development of efficient three-dimensional cell imaging technology is a necessary means to study cell composition and structure,especially to track and monitor the phagocytosis process of nanoparticles by cells.Herein,we prepared a MoO_(2)hollow nanosphere with a strong surface plasmon resonance effect in the visible light region,which exhibited an excellent surface enhanced Raman scattering effect.When the 4-mercaptobenzoic acid(4-MBA)molecules are modified,it can be efficiently used as Raman probe molecules to perform clear three-dimensional cell imaging.No matter when the nanoparticles are located inside the cell,outside the cell or partly inside the cell,they all can be clearly presented by this enhanced Raman probe molecule.These results provide a rapid and accurate method for three-dimensional imaging of cells,especially for tracking the phagocytosis of nanoparticles.

Butterfly-wing hierarchical metallic glassy nanostructure for surface enhanced Raman scattering

The surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS)is a technique for the detection of analytes on the surface with an ultrahigh sensitivity down to the atomic-scale,yet the fabrication of SERS materials such as nanoparticles or arrays of coinage metals often involve multiple complex steps with the high cost and pollution,largely limiting the application of SERS.Here,we report a complex hierarchical metallic glassy(MG)nanostructure by simply replicating the surface microstructure of butterfly wings through vapor deposition technique.The MG nanostructure displays an excellent SERS effect and moreover,a superhydrophobicity and self-cleaning behavior.The SERS effect of the MG nanostructure is attributed to the intrinsic nanoscale structural heterogeneities on the MG surface,which provides a large number of hotspots for the localized electromagnetic field enhancement affirmed by the finite-difference time-domain(FDTD)simulation.Our works show that the MG could be a new potential SERS material with low cost and good durability,well extending the functional application of this kind of material.

高密度Au@Ag核壳纳米颗粒复合PA66纳米纤维的合成及对染料的SERS检测

基于PA66片晶结构实现了银包金核壳纳米颗粒(Au@AgNPs)在PA66纳米纤维表面的原位高密度组装,系统探究了反应时间对复合纤维膜微观形貌的影响,并对复合纤维膜的SERS性能进行了研究。结果表明,复合纤维膜上组装的纳米颗粒粒径随反应时间增加而增大,复合纤维膜(反应时间为10 min)有着最高的SERS活性,对罗丹明6G(R6G)具有较高的检测灵敏性和信号再现性,同时,对染料分子罗丹明B､结晶紫(CV)和孔雀石绿(MG)均具有良好的检测灵敏性,检测限分别为10^(-9)､10^(-10)､10^(-10) mol/L。

凹槽结构强化液滴合并弹跳的数值研究

目的 为研究凹槽结构对液滴合并弹跳现象的影响,提高液滴自弹跳的速度和能量转化率。方法 通过有限元方法模拟,研究了液滴在凹槽结构上的动态行为和槽深H、槽宽W及液滴尺寸对V型槽和矩形槽上液滴的弹跳速度、无量纲速度、表面能转化率、动量和总动能的影响。结果 凹槽内与槽外液滴间的合并弹跳包含液滴接触、产生液桥、三相线收缩和液滴弹离表面4个过程;宽高比相同时,液滴弹跳速度和表面能转化率均随液滴半径先增大后减小,凹槽宽高比为1.5,液滴合并弹跳半径为0.25 mm工况下表面能转化效率最高;矩形槽与V型槽,宽高比为1.5,液滴合并弹跳半径为0.25 mm时,液滴弹跳速度与表面能转化率随半径比先增大后减小,在半径比为1时达到峰值,二者表面能转化率最大值为27.87%和30.66%。槽宽恒定时,凹槽结构强化液滴合并弹跳存在最佳凹槽宽高比和最优弹跳半径,V型槽提升液滴弹跳效率比矩形槽高约12%。结论 合并后液滴撞击V型槽侧壁的反作用力使液滴旁瓣较矩形槽更早受到侧壁面抑制而发生回流,从而提升了其能量转化效率,减少了液滴的振荡损失与黏性耗散。研究结果在设计高效的自清洁功能表面、提高冷凝表面换热效率、预防和抑制换热器表面结冰、成霜等工业领域有重要的应用意义。

高度有序ZIF-8/Au纳米复合结构阵列的构筑及其表面增强拉曼光谱的应用

采用气-液界面自组装方式制备得到有序单层聚苯乙烯(PS)微球阵列,以此为模板,采用磁控溅射沉积方法结合热处理技术获得单层六方非密排Au纳米颗粒阵列。随后采用水热法成功制得高度有序ZIF-8/Au纳米复合结构有序阵列。探究了生长机理以及反应温度、反应时间对微观形貌和光学特性的影响,进一步探究了该复合结构阵列作为表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)活性基底的灵敏度和均一性。结果表明:当水热反应温度从25℃升高至100℃时,ZIF-8纳米颗粒的数量逐步增多,同时尺寸随之增大,表面等离激元共振(SPR)峰和衍射峰均发生了红移。当水热反应时间从10 min增至60 min时,ZIF-8纳米颗粒从围绕Au纳米颗粒选择性生长到蔓延至整个材料表面。在样品表面沉积特定厚度的Ag膜后,测得4-氨基苯硫酚(4-ATP)和罗丹明6G(R6G)两种探针分子的检测极限均为10-11mol·L^(-1),4-ATP和R6G的SERS强度与分子溶液浓度呈线性关系,相关系数R2分别为0.9801和0.9844。随机选取10个不同位置测试4-ATP的SERS谱图,得到相对标准偏差(RSD)为8.86%,表明ZIF-8/Au纳米复合结构有序阵列作为SERS基底具有良好的均匀性和稳定性。

微纳结构表面的制备工艺及传热性能实验

微纳结构表面因其优异的传热特性在高热流密度设备中有较好的应用前景,但传统的化学工艺制备方法不易控制表面结构,先进的激光刻蚀则制备成本较高。采用真空钎焊处理方法将工业编织百微米孔隙铜网与铜基表面相结合,制备出多层次微纳米复合结构表面。微距观测发现微纳表面沸腾汽化核心密度是光滑表面的5~8倍,呈现出显著的沸腾强化特征。宏观换热性能实验结果验证了换热性能的大幅增强,为微纳表面强化传热技术工业化应用提供参考。

米花型银-氮化钛薄膜SERS基底的制备及罗丹明6G的检测研究

罗丹明6G的痕量检测需要具有较高的灵敏度,为提高SERS基底的增强因子从而提高检测灵敏度,设计了米花型SERS基底,采用有限元法对其拉曼增强效果进行仿真,模拟不同中心球半径r、米花花瓣轴a、b、c以及中心球与花瓣间距d条件下电场强度的变化,得出最佳结构参数,并计算其SERS增强因子。随后利用电化学沉积法制备该基底,并探究电压值以及柠檬酸三钠和AgNO_(3)的浓度配比对基底结构和性能的影响,从而制备出与理想物理模型形态最接近的米花型银/氮化钛薄膜基底。然后用其对罗丹明6G(R6G)进行痕量检测,探究该基底的拉曼增强效果以及稳定性。实验结果表明,当沉积电压为2V,柠檬酸三钠与AgNO_(3)浓度配比为1∶1 (2 mmol/L∶2 mmol/L)时,得到的米花型TiN-Ag复合SERS基底与理想化模型仿真形态最接近。经过计算得到该基底的增强因子可达10^(15),对罗丹明6G的检测限可达10^(-13)mol/L。实验结果证明设计的基底灵敏度高、稳定性强,可对食品非法添加剂的痕量检测提供技术支撑。

改进YOLOv7的玻璃表面缺陷检测方法研究

针对电子产品玻璃边缘表面的电极区域与非电极区域深加工过程中产生的大划伤、小划伤、划痕、异物等缺陷,提出了一种基于改进的YOLOv7的玻璃表面缺陷小样本检测方法。首先,在主干网络中加入卷积注意力模块(Convolutional Block Attention Module, CBAM)提高了通道注意力与空间注意力,解决了玻璃表面缺陷面积较小、在图像中分布差异较大、提高卷积神经网络在缺陷区域学习鲁棒性的特征表示的问题。其次,考虑到工业生产过程中缺陷样本较少、样本量不均衡,采用随机高斯噪声、Mixup、随机填充图像和随机拼接等图像增强方法,将样本进行扩充,并使样本均衡化。最后,将增加一个预检测头用于细长且轻浅的划痕检测,结合其他3个预测头,四预测头结构可以有效缓解过大差异对象带来的尺度方差引起的负面影响。实验结果表明,改进的YOLOv7算法相较于原始算法,平均精度提高了6.15%(mAP),检测效果优于当前YOLOv7网络,在一定程度上提高了工业生产过程中玻璃表面缺陷的小样本检测精度。

Experimental and numerical studies on the receiving gain enhancement modulated by a sub-wavelength plasma layer

A novel technique based on sub-wavelength plasma structure effects on enhancement of RF communication signals on a receiving antenna is carried out in this paper in laboratory experiments and analyzed by corresponding numerical simulations.Considerable intensification on receiving signal gain up to -10 d B in comparison with that without the plasma modulation is observed experimentally in -1 GHz RF band,with an effective enhancement bandwidth of -340 MHz and the fractional bandwidth of -34%.Then,the optimal modulation parameters of plasma are further studied by a numerical simulation.It is shown that the number density,the layer thickness,and the collision frequency of the plasma,as well as the relative distance between the plasma layer and antenna synergistically affect the modulation.Compared to the metallic antenna with the same overall dimension,the modulated antenna covered by the subwavelength plasma structure features higher receiving efficiency and lower radar cross section in the studied RF band.The mechanism of the reception enhancement is further revealed by analyzing characteristics of electromagnetic scattering and electric field distribution in the subwavelength plasma layer.The results then exhibit scientific significance and application potential of sub-wavelength plasma modulation on compact receiving antennas with higher performance and better feature of radar stealth.

Multiple plasmon couplings in 3D hybrid Au-nanoparticles-decorated Ag nanocone arrays boosting highly sensitive surface enhanced Raman scattering

Plasmon coupling is an essential strategy to realize strong local electromagnetic(EM)field which is crucial for high-performance plasmonic devices.In this work,multiple plasmon couplings are demonstrated in three-dimensional(3D)hybrid plasmonic systems composed of polydimethylsiloxane-supported ordered silver nanocone(AgNC)arrays decorated with high-density gold nanoparticles(AuNPs)which are fabricated by a template-assisted physical vapor deposition process.Strong interparticle coupling,particle-film coupling,inter-cone coupling,and particle-cone coupling are revealed by numerical simulations in such composite nanostructures,which produce intense and high-density EM hot spots,boosting highly sensitive and reproducible surface enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)detection with an enhancement factor of-1.74×10^(8).Furthermore,a linear correlation between logarithmic Raman intensity and logarithmic concentration of probe molecules is observed in a large concentration range.These results offer new ideas to develop novel plasmonic devices,and provide alternative strategy to realize flexible and high-performance SERS sensors for trace molecule detection and quantitative analysis.

基于改进的连续局部枚举采样和径向基函数响应面法的变压器静电环结构优化设计

变压器的安全稳定运行与其内部绝缘结构密切相关,为了提高变压器的绝缘性能,该文以提高最小绝缘裕度为优化目标,通过径向基函数响应面模型优化变压器主绝缘结构。为提高响应面模型预测优化的准确性,选用采样更均匀改进的连续局部枚举(ELSE)方法进行试验设计,优化后的变压器最小绝缘裕度比优化前提高了12.56%。将优化结果分别从采样、模型和优化方法三个角度进行对比,与拉丁超立方采样(LHS)采样下的径向基函数响应面模型对比,ESLE方法的引入使得优化精度提高到218倍;与ESLE采样下的二次多项式响应面模型对比,径向基函数响应面模型的引入降低了模型预测误差,并使优化精度提高到78倍;与遗传算法对比,在相同的优化精度下,优化效率是遗传算法的10倍。上述结果表明,该优化模型具有很高的预测精度和优化能力,同时相比于遗传算法优化,在保证优化质量的同时,显著地提高了优化效率。该文所提出的方法为变压器主绝缘结构优化问题提供了较好的解决方案。

微针肋结构大过冷度强化沸腾传热实验研究

高热流密度电子设备发热功率日益增加,需要新的高效冷却技术保障其安全运行,采用大过冷度流体与微针肋结构结合的方式是提升冷却能力的一种新思路。本文实验观测了微针肋结构过冷沸腾现象,测试了不同过冷度(50、60、75、95℃)对表面传热系数与临界热流密度的影响,确定了大过冷度下微针肋结构相比光滑结构表面传热系数的强化比例,研究了微针肋结构过冷沸腾强化传热机理。结果表明:当热流密度超过200 W/cm^(2)时,微针肋结构过冷沸腾换热表面传热系数随过冷度增大而增大;微针肋结构临界热流密度随过冷度上升而上升,当过冷度由50℃升至95℃,临界热流密度由228 W/cm^(2)升至400 W/cm^(2)以上;微针肋结构表面传热系数均比同工况下的光滑结构表面传热系数大,微针肋结构的强化传热效果在大热流密度、大过冷度下更为显著,当热流密度为250 W/cm^(2)、过冷度为95℃时,强化比例为1.28。

超快激光制造表面增强拉曼散射传感器

表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)传感器在诸多领域拥有重要的应用潜力。为实现高精度SERS检测,增加热点密度和热点区域中分析物分子数量成为当前研究的重点。超快激光可快速在材料表面构筑大面积的微纳米结构,对于高性能SERS基底的商业化制备具有重要的意义。本文从热点密度和检测区域中分析物分子浓度两个方面,总结了近年来超快激光制造高性能SERS基底的工艺方法。超快激光既能“自下而上”,也能“自上而下”加工出具有局域场增强效应的微纳米结构。其中,超快激光制备的超疏水表面是目前实现待测分子富集的有效方法之一。最后展望了激光制备SERS基底的应用前景。