Analytical calculation of electromagnetic, torque for surface mounted permanent magnet brushless motors

With the air gap magnetic field distribution of surface mounted permanent magnet （PM） motors obtained using an analytical technique, the instantaneous electromagnetic torque and its corresponding components are investigated with the Maxwell stress tensor method. Accurate results can easily be achieved using the proposed method without using the tedious finite element analysis （FEA）. In this paper, the electromagnetic torque of a surface mounted PM motor with two phases energized is decomposed into four torque components. This technique is useful not only for the design and optimization of the permanent magnet motor, but also for the choice of control strategy.

Analysis and Design of Surface Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor and Generator

This paper presents an analytical method to design the high-efficiency surface permanent magnet synchronous motor(SPMSM)or generator(SPMSG).The air-gap and permanent magnet size can be approximately determined based on our mathematics model,which is the most important part of SPMSM design.From our method,we can know that motor’s power out torque is related to the torque angle that we selected in our design and it affects the air-gap and permanent magnet size.If we choose a low torque angle,the motor or generator’s overload power handing capability will increase.The embrace value has a vital place in designing a motor or generator due to its effects on air gap flux density,cogging torque,efficiency and so on.In order to avoid the knee effect,the working point of the permanent magnet we selected in the design should be bigger than 0.5.The developed 36 slots,4 poles,surface mound permanent generator is proposed.The corresponding finite element analysis(FEA)model is built based on our design method.Structure optimization includes stator and rotor structure size,permanent magnet size,magnetic bridge and air gap length which are analyzed and simulated by ANSYS Maxwell 2D FEA.Thermal analysis is conducted,and the housing of the alternator is designed.The alternator prototype is fabricated and tested based on our design.

Optimization Design of High-speed Interior Permanent Magnet Motor with High Torque Performance Based on Multiple Surrogate Models

In order to obtain better torque performance of high-speed interior permanent magnet motor(HSIPMM) and solve the problem that electromagnetic optimization design is seriously limited by its mechanical strength, a complete optimization design method is proposed in this paper. The object of optimization design is a 15 kW、20000 r/min HSIPMM whose permanent magnets in rotor is segmented. Eight structural dimensions are selected as its optimization variables. After design of experiment(DOE), multiple surrogate models are fitted, a set of surrogate models with minimum error is selected by using error evaluation indexes to optimize, the NSGA-II algorithm is used to get the optimal solution. The optimal solution is verified by load test on a 15 kW, 20000 r/min HSIPMM prototype. This paper can be used as a reference for the optimization design of HSIPMM.

High-Speed,High-Power Motor Design for a Four-Legged Robot Actuator Optimized using the Weighted Sum and Response Surface Methods

In this paper,a design is presented for a high-speed,high-power motor for a four-legged robot actuator that was optimized using the weighted sum method(WSM)based on the Taguchi method,and the response surface method(RSM).First,output torque,torque constant,torque ripple,and efficiency were selected as objective functions for the optimized design.The sampling method was implemented to use a mixed orthogonal array and the single response characteristics of each objective function were compared using the Taguchi method.Moreover,to consider the multi-response characteristic of the objective functions,WSM was applied.Second,the 2D finite element analysis result of the RSM was compared with that using the WSM.Finally,an experiment was carried out on the manufactured motor and the optimized model is presented here.

Analysis of Temperature Rise in High-Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Traction Motors by Coupling the Equivalent Thermal Circuit Method and Computational Fluid Dynamics

To solve the problem of temperature rise caused by the high power density of high-speed permanent magnet synchronous traction motors,the temperature rise of various components in the motor is analyzed by coupling the equivalent thermal circuit method and computational fluid dynamics.Also,a cooling strategy is proposed to solve the problem of temperature rise,which is expected to prolong the service life of these devices.First,the theoretical bases of the approaches used to study heat transfer and fluid mechanics are discussed,then the fluid flow for the considered motor is analyzed,and the equivalent thermal circuit method is introduced for the calculation of the temperature rise.Finally,the stator,rotor loss,motor temperature rise,and the proposed cooling method are also explored through experiments.According to the results,the stator temperature at 50,000 r/min and 60,000 r/min at no-load operation is 68℃ and 76℃,respectively.By monitoring the temperature of the air outlets inside and outside the motor at different speeds,it is also found that the motor reaches a stable temperature rise after 65 min of operation.Coupling of the thermal circuit method and computational fluid dynamics is a strategy that can provide the average temperature rise of each component and can also comprehensively calculate the temperature of each local point.We conclude that a hybrid cooling strategy based on axial air cooling of the inner air duct of the motor and water cooling of the stator can meet the design requirements for the ventilation and cooling of this type of motors.

The Slot Number and Air-Gap Effect on Performance of the High-Speed Brushless Permanent Magnet Motor

This paper describes the key issues of high-speed brushless permanent magnet motor design, such as rotor design, stator design, and determination of the main dimensions, and the overall design process was given. In this paper, a two-pole three-phase high-speed brushless PM （permanent magnet） motor with ratings air-gap length and stator slot number on the motor performance of 7.5 kW, 30,000 rpm is designed, and the effect of the different was analyzed. The results show that larger number of stator slot decreases the rotor loss and the rotor torque ripple. Larger air-gap length decreases the rotor loss.

Robust fuzzy sliding-mode control for T-S model based permanent magnet synchronous motor

A fuzzy sliding-mode control (FSMC) scheme based on T-S fuzzy models was proposed for the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system to solve the speed tracking problem. A T-S fuzzy model was firstly formed to represent the nonlinear system of PMSM. For converting the tracking control into a stabilization problem, a new control design was proposed to define the internal desired states. Then, the FSMC controller for PMSM system with parameter variation and load disturbance was designed based on the fuzzy model. The performance of the proposed controller was verified by experimental results on PMSM system. The results show that the FSMC scheme can drive the dynamics of PMSM into a designated sliding surface in finite time and guarantee the property of asymptotical stability. The information of upper bound of modeling errors as well as perturbations is not required when using the FSMC controller.

A sensorless efficiency test system for a high-speed permanent magnet synchronous motor

We present a sensorless efficiency test system with energy recovery for a high-speed permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM). In the system, two identical high-speed PMSMs are used as the motor under test(MUT)and the load machine(LM),respectively.A new sensorless vector control(VC) method based on a hypothetical reference frame is presented to control both the MUT and the LM.Also,a regenerating unit is used to implement energy circulation to save energy.Experiments were carried out on a prototype, with a digital controller based on the TMS320 F28335, to verify the adequacy of the sensorless VC method.As a result,the efficiency test system achieves the load test at the speed of 21000 r/min without any reduction equipment. During the test, the energy regenerated by the LM could be fed back to the MUT by the regenerating unit, and 81.31% electrical power was saved.In addition, with the proposed sensorless VC method,both the MUT and the LM can work at i_d = 0 without a position sensor.

Multi-Objective Optimization of Surface-Mounted and Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on Taguchi Method and Response Surface Method

The surface-mounted and interior permanent magnet synchronous motor(SIPMSM)has the characteristics of multiple variables,strong coupling and nonlinearity.In order to improve the performance of SIPMSM,this paper presents a multi-objective optimal design process using Taguchi and response surface methodology(RSM).The peak value of cogging torque(PVCT),ratio value of average torque and permanent magnet weight(RTW),torque ripple and back-EMF total harmonics distortion(ETHD)are selected as optimization goals.The experiment matrix is established by Taguchi method,and analyzed the tendency and proportion of the effect of the optimization parameters on SIPMSM performance.The rules of choosing multi-objective optimization parameters are obtained.The least-squares method is used to establish the optimal objective function,and RSM is used to obtain the resolutions of the optimization objective function.Comparing the initial performance with optimized performance verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Initial position estimation strategy for a surface permanent magnet synchronous motor used in hybrid electric vehicles

A novel nonlinear model for surface permanent magnet synchronous motors（SPMSMs） is adopted to estimate the initial rotor position for hybrid electric vehicles（HEVs）. Usually, the accuracy of initial rotor position estimation for SPMSMs relies on magnetic saturation. To verify the saturation effect, the transient finite element analysis（FEA） model is presented first. Hybrid injection of a static voltage vector（SVV） superimposed with a high-frequency rotating voltage is proposed. The magnetic polarity is roughly identified with the aid of the saturation evaluation function, based on which an estimation of the position is performed. During this procedure, a special demodulation is suggested to extract signals of iron core saturation and rotor position. A Simulink/MATLAB platform for SPMSMs at standstill is constituted, and the effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified. The proposed method is also validated by experimental results of an SPMSM drive.

表贴式高速永磁同步电机失磁故障及磁体选区渗重稀土研究

针对表贴式高速永磁同步电机永磁体在受到高温、强退磁磁场等因素影响易产生局部不可逆失磁故障问题,本文基于有限元分析方法,分别建立了一台24 kW表贴式高速永磁同步电机的二维和三维仿真计算模型,在计及该电机在各类不同的退磁因素作用下,确定了电机磁体发生局部不可逆失磁故障的位置,并预测了磁体的进一步失磁扩散趋势。对比了电机在有无失磁故障情况下的空载气隙磁密和反电动势,并研究磁体不可逆失磁故障对电机运行的影响。由于永磁体易在部分区域发生不可逆失磁,故本文将磁体材料更换为较低牌号,并运用选区渗重稀土技术改善易失磁区域材料特性来提升磁体整体抗失磁能力。在此基础上,探究了更为合理的重稀土渗入区域及渗入梯度,从而保证在不失电机性能的前提下,实现了重稀土元素的极限应用,为表贴式永磁电机磁体选区渗重稀土技术提供了参考。

螺杆机用并轴双转子永磁电机齿槽力矩机理分析与抑制

针对并轴双转子永磁电机过大的齿槽力矩以及转矩脉动大等电磁问题,采用传统单个槽齿槽转矩理论以及双转子电机边端力矩波动理论进行分析,计算了并轴双转子电机齿槽力矩的特殊组成成分以及其各部分转矩的谐波阶次。分析改变磁极偏心距和转子斜极对电机齿槽力矩和转矩特性的影响。采用响应面法构建电机的多目标优化模型,通过改变永磁体偏心距和斜极块数来约束电机的优化变量,并采取约束关系以及优化目标求解出最优转子结构参数。构建有限元模型,验证齿槽力矩理论的正确性。对比采用最优转子结构参数下电机的电磁性能与优化前电机的电磁性能,优化后电机的齿槽力矩、转矩脉动等电磁性能进一步提升,验证了采用磁极偏心和转子斜极复合结构的有效性。

双并列转子永磁电机非对称负载运行特性

双并列转子电机在驱动两侧非对称负载时,轻载侧电机的功角较低,产生了电机材料浪费,效率低等问题。为提升电机整体输出功率,基于双并列转子电机基本理论采用解析法求得电机驱动转矩平均值的表达式,进而提出轻载侧绕组提前的结构设计。而后以一台12极72槽双并列转子电机为例,建立其磁网络模型,通过麦克斯韦应力张量法得出驱动转矩的解析计算式,分析转子偏差角对电机基本转矩脉动的影响,得出最佳绕组提前槽数。最后,针对电机转矩脉动较大的问题,使用响应曲面法,以基本转矩脉动为目标函数,以永磁体偏心距、永磁体极弧系数、并接区高度作为自变量对电机进行优化,有效降低电机转矩脉动,验证了绕组前置的结构改进对提升电机非对称状态下的输出转矩具有显著效果。

齿调制作用下转子开槽对永磁电机电磁振动影响

为了研究齿调制作用下转子表面开槽对永磁同步电机电磁振动的影响,以小功率分数槽集中绕组(FSCW)内置永磁同步电机(IPMSM)为研究对象,通过麦克斯韦应力张量法推导径向电磁力波的频率及空间阶数特征。分析齿调制作用在FSCW-IPMSM中将空间高阶电磁力波调制为低阶电磁力波的过程,并给出转子表面开槽在齿调制作用影响下与电磁振动间的联系。研究表明,转子表面开槽结构的改变会使各次谐波磁场发生变化,进而改变以极数阶电磁力波为代表的高阶电磁力波的幅值。在齿调制作用下,这些高阶电磁力波会被调制为幅值较高的低阶电磁力波,并引起不同幅度的低阶振动。然后建立C型、V型两种不同转子表面开槽结构的10极12槽FSCW-IPMSM电磁及结构有限元分析模型并进行仿真分析。结果表明,极数阶即10阶电磁力波会被调制为2阶并引起2阶振动,且两种不同开槽结构间的电磁振动存在着高达22.1%的差异。最后,在一台10极12槽样机上进行振动实验,验证理论与仿真分析结果。

基于新型滑模观测器的PMSM无传感器控制

针对永磁同步电机无传感器控制中传统滑模观测器产生的抖振现象,提出新型滑模观测器。通过引入新型饱和函数代替符号函数,采用积分滑模面和可变增益,以抑制抖振,通过Lyapunov定理对其进行稳定性分析,并结合锁相环技术提取转速和转子位置信息。仿真结果表明:新型滑模观测器能够减小抖振,提升系统对转速和转子位置的估计精度。

应用于交流电机驱动的新型串联绕组拓扑的动态电流控制性能分析

电机绕组的动态电压是影响其电流变化能力的直接因素。为了提升电机的转矩响应速度,从直流电压利用率的角度分析串联绕组拓扑的动态电流控制能力。首先,从拓扑结构出发,相比于三相半桥拓扑,串联绕组拓扑将直流电压利用率提升了73%,这使得其动态电压更加充裕。然后,在不同的转速工况下,分析串联绕组拓扑、三相半桥拓扑以及采用电压修正策略的三相半桥拓扑的动态电流控制性能。最后,经仿真与实验证明,若采用电压修正策略来增大三相半桥拓扑的动态电压裕度,其只在转速接近额定转速时效果才凸显,且提升有限。而采用串联绕组拓扑,其在电压深度饱和下的电流动态响应时间将显著减小。

车用高速永磁同步电机电磁结构多目标优化

高速永磁同步电机是电动汽车驱动技术竞争的焦点。高速电机对动态性能提出了更高要求,针对电磁结构参数对电机各方面性能影响的复杂性,将多目标智能优化算法应用到电磁结构参数设计中。以提高转矩、减小转矩波动和降低定子铁芯损耗为设计目标,以定子齿槽结构等参数为设计变量,采用电磁场有限元及响应面法,利用拉丁超立方采样和电磁仿真获取25组数据,构建了优化代理模型来拟合优化变量与电机性能参数之间的映射关系;利用多目标粒子群算法开展了结构参数优化。结果表明:电机的输出转矩得到了有效提升,同时转矩波动和铁芯损耗均有明显降低。

基于敏感度分层优化的Halbach永磁电机电磁振动分析

为解决内置式永磁同步电机径向电磁力引起的电磁振动问题,提出一种分段永磁体采用Halbach充磁方式同时转子开设辅助槽的电机拓扑结构。首先,对电机气隙磁密、径向电磁力、电磁振动原理进行推导与分析,并建立有限元模型。其次,提出基于电磁场和机械场耦合的电磁振动分析方案,对电机径向电磁力进行时间空间阶次傅里叶分解,在机械场中,分析电机定子在不同频率下的振动加速度幅值大小,并计算出定子各阶模态。在此基础上,基于响应面法和多目标遗传算法构建电机参数敏感度分层优化方案,并求得样本点帕累托前沿从而确定电机最优参数,将优化后的电机与普通V型内置式电机进行比较。最后,在机械场中仿真得到转子所受等效应力和总变形,验证得所提电机结构符合机械设计要求。分析结果表明:所提出结构电机在不损失电磁转矩的基础上,径向电磁力幅值大幅度降低,抑制了齿槽转矩,改善了气隙磁密和反电势的正弦度,在提高电机电磁性能的同时抑制了电磁振动的发生。

永磁同步电机电磁噪声优化研究

为分析研究永磁同步电机径向电磁力波作用在定子齿上引起的电磁噪声,建立了基于场路耦合的电磁噪声仿真模型,进一步基于该模型进行电磁噪声求解与优化。首先利用场路耦合模型求解电机径向电磁力波,作为电机振动噪声仿真的载荷激励;然后采用模态叠加法和边界元法进行电机电磁噪声仿真,将A计权声压级结果与实验数据进行对比分析;最后基于响应面法确定辅助槽的最佳参数,并基于该参数在转子外侧开设两个弧形辅助槽优化电机电磁噪声。实验和仿真结果表明,基于场路耦合的电磁噪声仿真模型能够更加准确地模拟电机中高频噪声,且合理选择辅助槽参数可以明显改善电机电磁噪声,使得A计权声压级降低了3dB以上。

表贴式永磁电机在PWM激励下永磁体涡流损耗计算模型

针对现有模型难以计算PWM激励下表贴式永磁电机永磁体涡流损耗问题,提出了一种计算由PWM谐波引起的永磁体内涡流损耗计算模型。该模型通过磁导率分布函数获取气隙径向磁密,能够考虑定子开槽及谐波电流影响。首先,在忽略涡流反作用情况下解析计算了永磁体内磁密变化率;然后,应用有限差分法数值计算了永磁体内电位,综合得到了涡流损耗;最后,用有限元法验证了模型的准确性。研究结果表明:随着永磁体分段数的增大,涡流损耗减小,涡流反作用也随之减弱;永磁体涡流损耗主要由1倍、2倍开关频率附近电流谐波引起。