Analytical calculation of electromagnetic, torque for surface mounted permanent magnet brushless motors

With the air gap magnetic field distribution of surface mounted permanent magnet （PM） motors obtained using an analytical technique, the instantaneous electromagnetic torque and its corresponding components are investigated with the Maxwell stress tensor method. Accurate results can easily be achieved using the proposed method without using the tedious finite element analysis （FEA）. In this paper, the electromagnetic torque of a surface mounted PM motor with two phases energized is decomposed into four torque components. This technique is useful not only for the design and optimization of the permanent magnet motor, but also for the choice of control strategy.

Analysis and Design of Surface Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor and Generator

This paper presents an analytical method to design the high-efficiency surface permanent magnet synchronous motor(SPMSM)or generator(SPMSG).The air-gap and permanent magnet size can be approximately determined based on our mathematics model,which is the most important part of SPMSM design.From our method,we can know that motor’s power out torque is related to the torque angle that we selected in our design and it affects the air-gap and permanent magnet size.If we choose a low torque angle,the motor or generator’s overload power handing capability will increase.The embrace value has a vital place in designing a motor or generator due to its effects on air gap flux density,cogging torque,efficiency and so on.In order to avoid the knee effect,the working point of the permanent magnet we selected in the design should be bigger than 0.5.The developed 36 slots,4 poles,surface mound permanent generator is proposed.The corresponding finite element analysis(FEA)model is built based on our design method.Structure optimization includes stator and rotor structure size,permanent magnet size,magnetic bridge and air gap length which are analyzed and simulated by ANSYS Maxwell 2D FEA.Thermal analysis is conducted,and the housing of the alternator is designed.The alternator prototype is fabricated and tested based on our design.

Robust fuzzy sliding-mode control for T-S model based permanent magnet synchronous motor

A fuzzy sliding-mode control (FSMC) scheme based on T-S fuzzy models was proposed for the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system to solve the speed tracking problem. A T-S fuzzy model was firstly formed to represent the nonlinear system of PMSM. For converting the tracking control into a stabilization problem, a new control design was proposed to define the internal desired states. Then, the FSMC controller for PMSM system with parameter variation and load disturbance was designed based on the fuzzy model. The performance of the proposed controller was verified by experimental results on PMSM system. The results show that the FSMC scheme can drive the dynamics of PMSM into a designated sliding surface in finite time and guarantee the property of asymptotical stability. The information of upper bound of modeling errors as well as perturbations is not required when using the FSMC controller.

基于高频注入法的SPMSM运行研究

建立高频信号激励下表贴式永磁同步电机(Surface-mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor,SPMSM)的数学模型,基于脉振高频注入法构建SPMSM矢量控制系统,采用龙贝格观测器进行转速与位置估计,提高位置估计精度,实现电机无位置传感器低速运行;采用锁相环并通过二次谐波检测实现转子磁极的初始位置估计,保证电机快速起动。在MatLab/Simulink平台上,对所提出的方法进行仿真。结果表明,该方法提高了电机低速运行时的控制精度。

基于扩张状态模型高阶滑模观测器的SPMSM无传感器控制

针对滑模观测器(SMO)在表贴式永磁同步电机(SPMSM)无传感器控制中存在固有抖振和不能有限时间收敛的问题,提出了高阶超螺旋非奇异快速终端滑模观测器(HOSTNFTSMO)。基于PMSM扩张状态模型提出了一种高阶超螺旋观测器(HOSTO)来实现抖振抑制。针对终端滑模面存在微分项会引入噪声的问题,设计了一个新的非奇异快速终端滑模面(NFTSMS),以实现状态变量的有限时间收敛。仿真结果表明,与传统SMO相比,研究的HOSTNFTSMO可以在不牺牲SMO鲁棒性的情况下获得较高的转子位置估计精度。

Multi-Objective Optimization of Surface-Mounted and Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on Taguchi Method and Response Surface Method

The surface-mounted and interior permanent magnet synchronous motor(SIPMSM)has the characteristics of multiple variables,strong coupling and nonlinearity.In order to improve the performance of SIPMSM,this paper presents a multi-objective optimal design process using Taguchi and response surface methodology(RSM).The peak value of cogging torque(PVCT),ratio value of average torque and permanent magnet weight(RTW),torque ripple and back-EMF total harmonics distortion(ETHD)are selected as optimization goals.The experiment matrix is established by Taguchi method,and analyzed the tendency and proportion of the effect of the optimization parameters on SIPMSM performance.The rules of choosing multi-objective optimization parameters are obtained.The least-squares method is used to establish the optimal objective function,and RSM is used to obtain the resolutions of the optimization objective function.Comparing the initial performance with optimized performance verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.

High-Speed,High-Power Motor Design for a Four-Legged Robot Actuator Optimized using the Weighted Sum and Response Surface Methods

In this paper,a design is presented for a high-speed,high-power motor for a four-legged robot actuator that was optimized using the weighted sum method(WSM)based on the Taguchi method,and the response surface method(RSM).First,output torque,torque constant,torque ripple,and efficiency were selected as objective functions for the optimized design.The sampling method was implemented to use a mixed orthogonal array and the single response characteristics of each objective function were compared using the Taguchi method.Moreover,to consider the multi-response characteristic of the objective functions,WSM was applied.Second,the 2D finite element analysis result of the RSM was compared with that using the WSM.Finally,an experiment was carried out on the manufactured motor and the optimized model is presented here.

基于超螺旋观测器的SPMSM无传感器控制

提出一种基于超螺旋观测器的无传感器控制方案。设计了超螺旋观测器并使用锁相环提取转子位置和转速信息,对反电动势滤波并补偿估计转子位置以减小相位滞后。仿真和实验表明,该方法较传统滑模观测器观测反电动势正弦度更高、观测转子位置和转速抖动更小,具有一定的抗外部扰动能力。

一种用于SPMSM的改进型滑模模型参考自适应系统观测器

为了提高表贴式永磁同步电机(SPMSM)无传感器控制系统的精度和稳定性,针对传统PI控制存在鲁棒性不足的问题,提出了一种采用带有线性校正项的快速超螺旋滑模模型参考自适应系统观测器(FSTA-SM-MRASO)。所提观测器将快速超螺旋算法(FSTA)与模型参考自适应系统(MRAS)观测器相结合,构建了基于FSTA-SM-MRASO的SPMSM无传感器矢量控制系统。通过MATLAB/Simulink平台进行仿真,验证了所提策略的有效性。

齿调制作用下转子开槽对永磁电机电磁振动影响

为了研究齿调制作用下转子表面开槽对永磁同步电机电磁振动的影响,以小功率分数槽集中绕组(FSCW)内置永磁同步电机(IPMSM)为研究对象,通过麦克斯韦应力张量法推导径向电磁力波的频率及空间阶数特征。分析齿调制作用在FSCW-IPMSM中将空间高阶电磁力波调制为低阶电磁力波的过程,并给出转子表面开槽在齿调制作用影响下与电磁振动间的联系。研究表明,转子表面开槽结构的改变会使各次谐波磁场发生变化,进而改变以极数阶电磁力波为代表的高阶电磁力波的幅值。在齿调制作用下,这些高阶电磁力波会被调制为幅值较高的低阶电磁力波,并引起不同幅度的低阶振动。然后建立C型、V型两种不同转子表面开槽结构的10极12槽FSCW-IPMSM电磁及结构有限元分析模型并进行仿真分析。结果表明,极数阶即10阶电磁力波会被调制为2阶并引起2阶振动,且两种不同开槽结构间的电磁振动存在着高达22.1%的差异。最后,在一台10极12槽样机上进行振动实验,验证理论与仿真分析结果。

表贴式高速永磁同步电机失磁故障及磁体选区渗重稀土研究

针对表贴式高速永磁同步电机永磁体在受到高温、强退磁磁场等因素影响易产生局部不可逆失磁故障问题,本文基于有限元分析方法,分别建立了一台24 kW表贴式高速永磁同步电机的二维和三维仿真计算模型,在计及该电机在各类不同的退磁因素作用下,确定了电机磁体发生局部不可逆失磁故障的位置,并预测了磁体的进一步失磁扩散趋势。对比了电机在有无失磁故障情况下的空载气隙磁密和反电动势,并研究磁体不可逆失磁故障对电机运行的影响。由于永磁体易在部分区域发生不可逆失磁,故本文将磁体材料更换为较低牌号,并运用选区渗重稀土技术改善易失磁区域材料特性来提升磁体整体抗失磁能力。在此基础上,探究了更为合理的重稀土渗入区域及渗入梯度,从而保证在不失电机性能的前提下,实现了重稀土元素的极限应用,为表贴式永磁电机磁体选区渗重稀土技术提供了参考。

Initial position estimation strategy for a surface permanent magnet synchronous motor used in hybrid electric vehicles

A novel nonlinear model for surface permanent magnet synchronous motors（SPMSMs） is adopted to estimate the initial rotor position for hybrid electric vehicles（HEVs）. Usually, the accuracy of initial rotor position estimation for SPMSMs relies on magnetic saturation. To verify the saturation effect, the transient finite element analysis（FEA） model is presented first. Hybrid injection of a static voltage vector（SVV） superimposed with a high-frequency rotating voltage is proposed. The magnetic polarity is roughly identified with the aid of the saturation evaluation function, based on which an estimation of the position is performed. During this procedure, a special demodulation is suggested to extract signals of iron core saturation and rotor position. A Simulink/MATLAB platform for SPMSMs at standstill is constituted, and the effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified. The proposed method is also validated by experimental results of an SPMSM drive.

应用于交流电机驱动的新型串联绕组拓扑的动态电流控制性能分析

电机绕组的动态电压是影响其电流变化能力的直接因素。为了提升电机的转矩响应速度,从直流电压利用率的角度分析串联绕组拓扑的动态电流控制能力。首先,从拓扑结构出发,相比于三相半桥拓扑,串联绕组拓扑将直流电压利用率提升了73%,这使得其动态电压更加充裕。然后,在不同的转速工况下,分析串联绕组拓扑、三相半桥拓扑以及采用电压修正策略的三相半桥拓扑的动态电流控制性能。最后,经仿真与实验证明,若采用电压修正策略来增大三相半桥拓扑的动态电压裕度,其只在转速接近额定转速时效果才凸显,且提升有限。而采用串联绕组拓扑,其在电压深度饱和下的电流动态响应时间将显著减小。

基于变增益最速梯度下降法的表贴式永磁同步电机位置修正策略

滑模观测器具有响应速度快、鲁棒性强等优点,已广泛应用于表贴式永磁同步电机无位置传感器的中、高速控制系统。然而,具有固定参数的滑模观测器很难在宽速度范围内保持一致的估算精度,而采用基于速度观测器带宽限制的方法进行噪声和扰动抑制会降低电机的动态性能。针对上述问题,该文首先分析滑模观测器估算表贴式永磁同步电机转子位置的误差产生机理,提出一种新型位置误差观测器,主要思想是基于磁链观测进行位置误差连续估算,并采用最速梯度下降法对积分过程进行反馈校正;然后,通过变增益循环迭代优化提高位置误差观测器的速度与准确性;最后搭建表贴式永磁同步电机加载测试平台进行实验,结果验证了所提方法具有位置观测精度高、鲁棒性强的特点。

基于预测控制的SPMSM直接转矩控制最优电压矢量选择策略

针对传统开关表实现的表贴式永磁同步电机直接转矩控制中不合理转矩脉动的问题,提出了最优电压矢量选择策略。依据电压矢量对转矩和磁链的作用规律得到电压矢量选择区间表,建立了磁链和转矩误差成本函数,基于预测控制对区间内的电压矢量进行最优选择,并采用空间矢量调制技术实现。仿真结果表明:所提最优电压矢量选择策略可完全消除因开关表选择电压矢量不当引起的不合理转矩脉动,使得转矩平均误差降低58%、峰值误差降低67%,定子磁链幅值均值误差降低28%、峰值误差降低53%,同时由于采用了空间矢量调制技术,从而使得逆变器开关频率恒定。

基于敏感度分层优化的Halbach永磁电机电磁振动分析

为解决内置式永磁同步电机径向电磁力引起的电磁振动问题,提出一种分段永磁体采用Halbach充磁方式同时转子开设辅助槽的电机拓扑结构。首先,对电机气隙磁密、径向电磁力、电磁振动原理进行推导与分析,并建立有限元模型。其次,提出基于电磁场和机械场耦合的电磁振动分析方案,对电机径向电磁力进行时间空间阶次傅里叶分解,在机械场中,分析电机定子在不同频率下的振动加速度幅值大小,并计算出定子各阶模态。在此基础上,基于响应面法和多目标遗传算法构建电机参数敏感度分层优化方案,并求得样本点帕累托前沿从而确定电机最优参数,将优化后的电机与普通V型内置式电机进行比较。最后,在机械场中仿真得到转子所受等效应力和总变形,验证得所提电机结构符合机械设计要求。分析结果表明:所提出结构电机在不损失电磁转矩的基础上,径向电磁力幅值大幅度降低,抑制了齿槽转矩,改善了气隙磁密和反电势的正弦度,在提高电机电磁性能的同时抑制了电磁振动的发生。

轮毂电机驱动车轮不平衡电磁力分析

为分析电机齿槽形状、极对数和不同类型的偏心等因素对轮毂电机不平衡电磁力的影响,对表贴式外转子永磁同步轮毂电机建立有限元模型,基于电磁仿真,得到气隙处磁场密度图像。研究结果表明:电机齿槽的开口尺寸、齿槽的对称程度以及齿槽是否采用圆角均会影响不平衡电磁力数值;极对数的改变显著影响电机整体磁场密度的分布,随着极对数的增加,气隙磁场密度显著增大,不平衡电磁力呈类指数级增大且分布更均匀;不同类型的偏心均会导致电机不平衡电磁力的增加,其中在动偏心和混合偏心下不平衡力产生复杂谐波,其基波周期增大的倍数均与极对数呈现相关性。

基于扩展电压矢量的三矢量模型预测电流控制策略

针对传统永磁同步电机模型预测电流控制策略中矢量作用方向、幅值局限导致控制系统稳态特性不佳的问题,提出一种改进的三矢量模型预测电流控制策略。首先,引入虚拟矢量来扩展电压矢量控制集为系统提供更灵活的控制选择。其次,根据无差拍控制原理获得参考电压矢量,并判断出参考电压矢量在扇区的具体位置。以电压矢量为价值函数的基础元素,并对参考电压矢量与有效电压矢量做差分析。根据设计出的筛规则获得最优有效电压矢量,简化了电压矢量筛选过程。通过实验结果表明,对比于传统的模型预测电流控制,本文所提出的控制策略显著地减少了电流与转矩脉动,另外在电机转速方面呈现出更加平滑的速度曲线与更小的超调量,提高了电机的动态响应性能与控制能力。

基于轴线方向不等宽度磁极结构的表贴式永磁同步电机极频振动的削弱

针对一台10极12槽表贴式永磁同步电机的极频振动问题,提出了一种轴线方向不等宽度磁极结构的削弱方案。该方案可以在保证电机转矩密度前提下,有效降低电机的极频振动。首先,根据麦克斯韦张量法,推导出电机径向电磁力的解析表达式,并建立了作用在电机定子齿部电磁力模型;同时,对样机中产生极频电磁力谐波的因素进行了分析研究。然后,通过有限元仿真分析,介绍了利用轴线方向不等宽度磁极结构降低极频电磁力的基本机理,并对优化前后的电机的电磁性能和振动加速度进行了比较分析。最后,研究结果表明,采用轴线方向不等宽度磁极结构能够有效地减弱极频电磁力谐波和振动,同时保持电机的转矩密度,证实了优化方案的有效性。

表贴式永磁电机在PWM激励下永磁体涡流损耗计算模型

针对现有模型难以计算PWM激励下表贴式永磁电机永磁体涡流损耗问题,提出了一种计算由PWM谐波引起的永磁体内涡流损耗计算模型。该模型通过磁导率分布函数获取气隙径向磁密,能够考虑定子开槽及谐波电流影响。首先,在忽略涡流反作用情况下解析计算了永磁体内磁密变化率;然后,应用有限差分法数值计算了永磁体内电位,综合得到了涡流损耗;最后,用有限元法验证了模型的准确性。研究结果表明:随着永磁体分段数的增大,涡流损耗减小,涡流反作用也随之减弱;永磁体涡流损耗主要由1倍、2倍开关频率附近电流谐波引起。