Impact of Initial Soil Conditions on Soil Hydrothermal and Surface Energy Fluxes in the Permafrost Region of the Tibetan Plateau

Accurate initial soil conditions play a crucial role in simulating soil hydrothermal and surface energy fluxes in land surface process modeling.This study emphasized the influence of the initial soil temperature(ST)and soil moisture(SM)conditions on a land surface energy and water simulation in the permafrost region in the Tibetan Plateau(TP)using the Community Land Model version 5.0(CLM5.0).The results indicate that the default initial schemes for ST and SM in CLM5.0 were simplistic,and inaccurately represented the soil characteristics of permafrost in the TP which led to underestimating ST during the freezing period while overestimating ST and underestimating SLW during the thawing period at the XDT site.Applying the long-term spin-up method to obtain initial soil conditions has only led to limited improvement in simulating soil hydrothermal and surface energy fluxes.The modified initial soil schemes proposed in this study comprehensively incorporate the characteristics of permafrost,which coexists with soil liquid water(SLW),and soil ice(SI)when the ST is below freezing temperature,effectively enhancing the accuracy of the simulated soil hydrothermal and surface energy fluxes.Consequently,the modified initial soil schemes greatly improved upon the results achieved through the long-term spin-up method.Three modified initial soil schemes experiments resulted in a 64%,88%,and 77%reduction in the average mean bias error(MBE)of ST,and a 13%,21%,and 19%reduction in the average root-mean-square error(RMSE)of SLW compared to the default simulation results.Also,the average MBE of net radiation was reduced by 7%,22%,and 21%.

Model for seawater fouling and effects of temperature,flow velocity and surface free energy on seawater fouling

A kinetic model was proposed to predict the seawater fouling process in the seawater heat exchangers.The new model adopted an expression combining depositional and removal behaviors for seawater fouling based on the Kern–Seaton model.The present model parameters include the integrated kinetic rate of deposition(k d)and the integrated kinetic rate of removal(k r),which have clear physical signi ficance.A seawater-fouling monitoring device was established to validate the model.The experimental data were well fitted to the model,and the parameters were obtained in different conditions.SEM and EDX analyses were performed after the experiments,and the results show that the main components of seawater fouling are magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide.The effects of surface temperature,flow velocity and surface free energy were assessed by the model and the experimental data.The results indicate that the seawater fouling becomes aggravated as the surface temperature increased in a certain range,and the seawater fouling resistance reduced as the flow velocity of seawater increased.Furthermore,the effect of the surface free energy of metals was analyzed,showing that the lower surface free energy mitigates the seawater fouling accumulation.

Systematic investigation of SO_(2) adsorption and desorption by porous powdered activated coke:Interaction between adsorption temperature and desorption energy consumption

Porous carbon materials have been widely used for the removal of SO_(2) from flue gas.The main objective of this work is to clarify the effects of adsorption temperature on SO_(2) adsorption and desorption energy consumption.Coal-based porous powdered activated coke(PPAC)prepared in the drop-tube reactor was used in this study.The N_(2) adsorption measurements and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer analysis show that PPAC exhibits a developed pore structure and rich functional groups.The experimental results show that with a decrease in adsorption temperature in the range of 50–150℃,the adsorption capacity of SO_(2) increases linearly;meanwhile,the adsorption capacity of H_(2)O increases,resulting in the increase in desorption energy consumption per unit mass of adsorbent.The processes of SO_(2) and H_(2)O desorption were determined by the temperature-programmed desorption test,and the desorption energies for each species were calculated.Considering the energy consumption per unit of desorption and the total amount of adsorbent,the optimal adsorption temperature yielding the minimum total energy consumption of regeneration is calculated.This study systematically demonstrates the effect of adsorption temperature on the adsorption–desorption process,providing a basis for energy saving and emission reduction in desulfurization system design.

Understanding the Global Surface-Atmosphere Energy Balance in FGOALS-s2 through an Attribution Analysis of the Global Temperature Biases

Based on an attribution analysis of the global mean temperature biases in the Flexible Global OceanAtmosphere-Land System model, spectral version 2(FGOALS-s2) through a coupled atmosphere-surface climate feedback-response analysis method(CFRAM), the model's global surface-atmosphere energy balance in boreal winter and summer is examined. Within the energy-balance-based CFRAM system, the model temperature biases are attributed to energy perturbations resulting from model biases in individual radiative and non-radiative processes in the atmosphere and at the surface. The results show that, although the global mean surface temperature(Ts) bias is only 0.38 K in January and 1.70 K in July, and the atmospheric temperature(Ta) biases from the troposphere to the stratosphere are only around ±3 K at most, the temperature biases due to model biases in representing the individual radiative and non-radiative processes are considerably large(over ±10 K at most). Specifically, the global cold radiative Ts bias, mainly due to the overestimated surface albedo, is compensated for by the global warm non-radiative Ts bias that is mainly due to the overestimated downward surface heat fluxes. The model biases in non-radiative processes in the lower troposphere(up to 5–15 K) are relatively much larger than in upper levels, which are mainly responsible for the warm Ta biases there. In contrast, the global mean cold Ta biases in the mid-to-upper troposphere are mainly dominated by radiative processes. The warm/cold Ta biases in the lower/upper stratosphere are dominated by non-radiative processes, while the warm Ta biases in the mid-stratosphere can be attributed to the radiative ozone feedback process.

Understanding the Surface Temperature Cold Bias in CMIP5 AGCMs over the Tibetan Plateau

The temperature biases of 28 CMIP5 AGCMs are evaluated over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) for the period 1979–2005. The results demonstrate that the majority of CMIP5 models underestimate annual and seasonal mean surface 2-m air temperatures(Tas) over the TP. In addition, the ensemble of the 28 AGCMs and half of the individual models underestimate annual mean skin temperatures(Ts) over the TP. The cold biases are larger in Tasthan in Ts, and are larger over the western TP. By decomposing the Tsbias using the surface energy budget equation, we investigate the contributions to the cold surface temperature bias on the TP from various factors, including the surface albedo-induced bias, surface cloud radiative forcing, clear-sky shortwave radiation, clear-sky downward longwave radiation, surface sensible heat flux, latent heat flux,and heat storage. The results show a suite of physically interlinked processes contributing to the cold surface temperature bias.Strong negative surface albedo-induced bias associated with excessive snow cover and the surface heat fluxes are highly anticorrelated, and the cancelling out of these two terms leads to a relatively weak contribution to the cold bias. Smaller surface turbulent fluxes lead to colder lower-tropospheric temperature and lower water vapor content, which in turn cause negative clear-sky downward longwave radiation and cold bias. The results suggest that improvements in the parameterization of the area of snow cover, as well as the boundary layer, and hence surface turbulent fluxes, may help to reduce the cold bias over the TP in the models.

Diagnosis of Electronic Excitation Temperature in Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasmas at Atmospheric Pressure

The electronic excitation temperature of a surface dielectric barrier discharge （DBD） at atmospheric pressure has been experimentally investigated by optical emission spectroscopic measurements combined with numerical simulation. Experiments have been carried out to deter- mine the spatial distribution of electric field by using FEM software and the electronic excitation temperature in discharge by calculating ratio of two relative intensities of atomic spectral lines. In this work, we choose seven Ar atomic emission lines at 415.86 nm [（3s^23p^5）5p →（3s^23p^5）4s] and 706.7 nm, 714.7 nm, 738.4 nm, 751.5 nm, 794.8 nm and 800.6 nm [（3s^23p^5）4p → （3s^23p^5）4s] to estimate the excitation temperature under a Boltzmann approximation. The average electron energy is evaluated in each discharge by using line ratio of 337.1 nm （N2（C^3Пu →B3Пg）） to 391.4 nm （N2^＋（B2 ∑u^＋→ ∑g^＋））. Furthermore, variations of the electronic excitation tempera- ture are presented versus dielectric thickness and dielectric materials. The discharge is stable and uniform along the axial direction, and the electronic excitation temperature at the edge of the copper electrode is the largest. The corresponding average electron energy is in the range of 1.6- 5.1 eV and the electric field is in 1.7-3.2 MV/m, when the distance from copper electrode varies from 0 cm to 6 cm. Moreover, the electronic excitation temperature with a higher permittivity leads to a higher dissipated electrical power.

Temperature Effect on Boron Adsorption-Desorption Kinetics in Soils

INTRODUCTIONBorondeficiencyofsoilsislikelyajssociatedwithtemperatureorsoilmoistureinhot,drysummerweather(Fleming,1980).Accordingtotheirexperimentalresults,BiggarandFireman(1960)foundthattheretentionofBdecreasedbyabout35percentforthesmectiticYolosoila...

On the Solar Climate of the Moon and the Resulting Surface Temperature Distribution

The solar climate of our Moon is analyzed using the results of numerical simulations and the recently released data of the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment (DLRE) to assess (a) the resulting distribution of the surface temperature, (b) the related global mean surface temperature Ts>, and (c) the effective radiation temperature Te often considered as a proxy for Ts> of rocky planets and/or their natural satellites, where Te is based on the global radiation budget of the well-known “thought model” of the Earth in the absence of its atmosphere. Because the Moon consists of similar rocky material like the Earth, it comes close to this thought model. However, the Moon’s astronomical features (e.g., obliquity, angular velocity of rotation, position relative to the disc of the solar system) differ from that of the Earth. Being tidally locked to the Earth, the Moon’s orbit around the Sun shows additional variation as compared to the Earth’s orbit. Since the astronomical parameters affect the solar climate, we predicted the Moon’s orbit coordinates both relative to the Sun and the Earth for a period of 20 lunations starting May 24, 2009, 00:00 UT1 with the planetary and lunar ephemeris DE430 of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology. The results revealed a mean heliocentric distance for the Moon and Earth of 1.00124279 AU and 1.00166376 AU, respectively. The mean geocentric distance of the Moon was 384792 km. The synodic and draconic months deviated from their respective means in a range of -5.7 h to 6.9 h and ±3.4 h, respectively. The deviations of the anomalistic months from their mean range between -2.83 d and 0.97 d with the largest negative deviations occurring around the points of inflection in the curve that represents the departure of the synodic month from its mean. Based on the two successive passages of the Sun through the ascending node of the lunar equator plane, the time interval between them corresponds to 347.29 days, i.e., it is slightly longer than the mean draconic year of 346.62 days. We computed the local solar insolation as input to the multilayer-force restore method of Kramm et al. (2017) that is based on the local energy budget equation. Due to the need to spin up the distribution of the regolith temperature to equilibrium, analysis of the model results covers only the last 12 lunations starting January 15, 2010, 07:11 UT1. The predicted slab temperatures, Tslab, considered as the realistic surface temperatures, follow the bolometric temperatures, Tbol, acceptably. According to all 24 DLRE datasets related to the subsolar longitude øss, the global averages of the bolometric temperature amounts to Tbol=201.1k± 0.6K. Based on the globally averaged emitted infrared radiation of FIR>=290.5W·m-2± 3.0W·m-2 derived from the 24 DLRE datasets, the effective radiative temperature of the Moon is Te, M>=Tbol>1/4=271.0k± 0.7K so that Tbol>≅0.742Te, M. The DLRE observations suggest that in the case of rocky planets and their natural satellites, the globally averaged surface temperature is notably lower than the effective radiation temperature. They differ by a factor that depends on the astronomical parameters especially on the angular velocity of rotation.

Surface segregation of InGaAs films by the evolution of reflection high-energy electron diffraction patterns

Surface segregation is studied via the evolution of reflection high-energy electron diffraction （RHEED） patterns under different values of As4 BEP for InGaAs films. When the As4 BEP is set to be zero, the RHEED pattern keeps a 4x3/（nx3） structure with increasing temperature, and surface segregation takes place until 470 ℃ The RHEED pattern develops into a metal-rich （4x2） structure as temperature increases to 495℃. The reason for this is that surface segregation makes the In inside the InGaAs film climb to its surface. With the temperature increasing up to 515℃, the RHEED pattern turns into a GaAs（2x4） structure due to In desorption. While the As4 BEP comes up to a specific value （1.33 x 10-4 Pa-1.33 x 10-3 Pa）, the surface temperature can delay the segregation and desorption. We find that As4 BEP has a big influence on surface desorption, while surface segregation is more strongly dependent on temperature than surface desorption.

Subdaily to Seasonal Change of Surface Energy and Water Flux of the Haihe River Basin in China: Noah and Noah-MP Assessment

The land surface processes of the Noah-MP and Noah models are evaluated over four typical landscapes in the Haihe River Basin(HRB) using in-situ observations. The simulated soil temperature and moisture in the two land surface models(LSMs) is consistent with the observation, especially in the rainy season. The models reproduce the mean values and seasonality of the energy fluxes of the croplands, despite the obvious underestimated total evaporation. Noah shows the lower deep soil temperature. The net radiation is well simulated for the diurnal time scale. The daytime latent heat fluxes are always underestimated, while the sensible heat fluxes are overestimated to some degree. Compared with Noah, Noah-MP has improved daily average soil heat flux with diurnal variations. Generally, Noah-MP performs fairly well for different landscapes of the HRB. The simulated cold bias in soil temperature is possibly linked with the parameterized partition of the energy into surface fluxes. Thus, further improvement of these LSMs remains a major challenge.

Investigation on Temperature Sensing of Nanostructured Zinc Oxide Synthesized via Oxalate Route

A detailed study is reported of the synthesis and characterization of n- type ZnO nanomaterial and its application as temperature sensor. The ZnO nanomaterial has been synthesized through pyrolysis of the oxalate produced by a conventional precipitation method. It is synthesized by flash heating the oxalate at 450°C for 15 min. Pellet of this material was prepared and used as a sensing element. The variations in resistance of sensing pellet at different temperatures were recorded. The relative resistance was decreased linearly with increasing temperatures over the range, 120°C - 260°C. The activation energy of ZnO calculated from Arrhenius plot was found 1.12 eV. Temperature response in terms of the relative variation, ΔR, of sensor resistance to a given temperature was measured. Scanning electron micrograph of the sensing element has been studied. Pellet of the ZnO is comprised of nanorods of varying diameters and different lengths. Diameter of ZnO nanorods varies from 75 to 300 nm. X-ray diffraction pattern of the sensing element reveal their nano-crystalline nature. Optical characterization of the sensing material was carried out by UV-visible spectrophotometer. By UV-Vis spectra, the estimated value of band gap of ZnO was found 4.7 eV.

Photocatalytic Dissociation of CH3OH on ZnO(0001) Surface

Photocatalysis of CH3OH on the ZnO(0001) surface has been investigated by using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) method with a 266 nm laser light. TPD results show that part of the CH3OH adsorbed on ZnO(0001) surface are in molecular form, while others are dissociated. The thermal reaction products of H2, CH3·, H2O, CO, CH2O, CO2 and CH3OH have been detected. Experiments with the UV laser light indicate that the irradiation can promote the dissociation of CH3OH/CH3O· to form CH2O, which can be fu- ture converted to HCOO- during heating or illumination. The reaction between CH3OHZn and OHad can form the H2O molecule at the Zn site. Both temperature and illumination promote the desorption of CH3· from CH3O·. The research provides a new insight into the photocatalytic reaction mechanism of CH3OH on ZnO(0001).

Surface Photocatalysis-TPD Spectrometer for Photochemical Kinetics

奉献给与各种各样的信号水晶表面学习 photocatalytic 过程的动力学和机制的一台表面 photocatalysis-TPD 仪器被构造了。极其高的真空(~ 0.2 nPa ) 在电离，区域被使用获得多重超离频真空泵。与其它以前造的类似的仪器相比， H2，在电离区域的 CH4 背景能被大约二个数量级，和另外的剩余气体在电离区域减少能被大约一个数量级减少。因此，为温度的 signal-to-noise 比率规划了解吸附作用(TPD ) 和系列实质地被提高的飞行(TOF ) 的时间，做表面上的 photocatalytic 过程的试验性的研究容易得多。在这个工作，我们详细描述新仪器并且由使用 TPD 和 TOF 方法在 266 nm 在 TiO2 (110 ) 上在导致相片的氧空缺缺点上介绍一些初步的研究。初步的结果建议仪器是为学习光化学的过程的动力学和机制的一个强大的工具。

Surface analysis, hydrogen adsorption and electrochemical performance of alkali-reduce treated hydrogen storage alloy

The hydrogen storage alloy powders (MlNi 4.0 Co 0.6 Al 0.4 , Ml=rich La mischmetal) were treated in a hot 6?mol/L KOH+ 0.02?mol/L KBH 4 solution, the surface compositions and chemical states of the treated and untreated alloys were analyzed by XPS and EDX, the hydrogen adsorption on the surface of these alloys was evaluated by thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), the effects of the surface treatment on the electrochemical performances of the alloy electrodes were investigated. The results show that the hydrogen adsorption is greatly strengthened by the surface modification, and hence leads to marked improvement in the electrocatalytic activity, the treated alloy exhibits higher exchange current density and lower apparent activation energy for the hydrogen electrode reaction than the untreated alloy.

A New Model for Prediction of Surface Tension of Pure Fluids

A new model based on the theoretical work of Boudh-Hir and Mansoori was developed for prediction of surface tension of pure fluids. The new model has the advantage of not requiring densities in the calculation, and the input parameters are critical temperature and connectivity indices. A total of 209 compounds covering a wide variety of substances were used to develop the model, and the overall correlative AAD is 4.21%. To test its predictive ability, the model is further used to predict the surface tension of 25 more compounds that were not included in the model development. The overall predictive AAD is 4.07%, which illustrates that the model is reliable. The model proposed is simple and easy to apply, with good predictive accuracy.

温度效应对浮选起泡剂汽化成泡特征影响

起泡剂汽化成泡法可以解决传统起泡剂添加方式存在的无选择性吸附等弊端,利用高速运动采集系统分析了仲辛醇、甲基异丁基甲醇(MIBC)和空气分别在不同汽化温度下成泡的热/动力学特征。研究表明,随汽化温度升高,气泡宽纵比逐渐增大,气泡的体积逐渐减小,不同药剂汽化成泡体积由大到小为空气>仲辛醇>MIBC,气泡表面张力和附加压力随汽化温度升高而降低是气泡宽纵比和体积变化的主因。气泡上浮末速随汽化温度升高而减小,且到达稳定末速的时间缩短。气泡动能随温度升高而降低,相同汽化温度下,仲辛醇汽化成泡的动能大于MIBC,气泡的表面能、动能与势能之和随汽化温度升高而减小。

过渡态理论对Arrhenius公式的诠释——以硝酸异丙酯与自由基反应为例

大学物理化学教学中,Arrhenius公式阐述了反应的速率常数与温度及活化能的关系,但是,单纯从公式的表达式进行讲解,难免枯燥乏味,不利于学生理解和掌握。本文以硝酸异丙酯与Cl原子、OH和NO_(3)自由基反应为例,基于反应的势能面,用过渡态理论计算不同温度下反应的速率常数,直观形象地分析了在不同反应能垒时,反应速率常数随温度的变化情况,以期帮助学生从本质上理解Arrhenius公式,拓宽他们的知识面,培养其科学探究的意识和能力。

基于相变材料的混凝土吊罐温控数值模拟研究

为保证混凝土吊罐在垂直运输时其内部混凝土的温度,采用相变石蜡作为吊罐温控措施,通过Fluent软件探究了不同季节和不同相变石蜡厚度下混凝土温度变化情况。结果表明:在不同季节,采用相变石蜡作为吊罐温控措施,可有效控制其内部混凝土温度的波动;在冬季环境中,当相变石蜡厚度小于40 mm时,混凝土内外温度差减小有限,消峰填谷效果不理想;在夏季环境中,随着相变石蜡厚度的增加,混凝土表面最大温度的降低程度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,当相变石蜡厚度为20 mm时,混凝土表面温度达到最低。

基于经典成核理论的跑道结冰温度建模及仿真

目的 为进行积冰事件的预测,减小跑道积冰对飞机地面运行安全的影响,对跑道表面结冰温度展开研究。方法 从微观角度分析冰核在固体表面的形成机理,以接触角参数表示材料表面特性,基于经典成核理论建立结冰温度模型,在不同的边界条件下进行相应的数值模拟和跑道表面结冰的仿真模拟实验,最后完成模拟跑道低温环境的结冰温度实验。结果 对于机场跑道环境下因飞机轮胎摩擦而留有胶迹的水泥道面,胶迹比水泥更易结冰;以醋酸钙为主要成分的机场跑道除冰液可抑制跑道结冰,质量分数越大,抑制作用越强,从质量分数5%提高到40%时,结冰温度降低12.02℃;最后通过在模拟跑道低温环境下的实验,对比得出该模型的预测结果与实际值之间的误差约为0.94℃。结论 材料的表面自由能越高,结冰温度越高;高粗糙度对结冰起促进作用;机场跑道除冰液通过降低道面冰核的形核率和半径生长速率来抑制跑道结冰,质量分数越大,抑制作用越强;该模型可以为跑道积冰预警提供结冰温度预测的理论基础。

盐结皮土壤形成发育过程影响下的能量平衡动态变化

地表能量平衡是地气交互作用的关键环节,探究不同下垫面的地表能量平衡特征对了解地表的热量传输具有重要意义。然而,目前对于能量平衡在盐结皮土壤形成过程下的变化特征的研究未见报道,主要难点在于缺少盐结皮形成过程中土壤表面反照率的计算方法,严重影响了盐渍化土壤热量传输的精确定量描述。因此,利用模拟试验结合能量平衡模型,应用反照率计算方法,定量分析了盐结皮土壤形成发育过程下能量平衡的动态变化特征。结果表明:(1)Logistic增长模型可以很好地拟合盐结皮在土壤表面的形成发育过程(R2=0.99)。(2)在持续照射条件下(1000 W·m^(-2),16 d),随着盐结皮的持续发育,盐结皮土壤的反照率比对照高出0.15~0.41,从而显著降低了土壤对热量的吸收,导致盐结皮土壤表面温度比对照降低了16℃。(3)盐结皮土壤的净辐射、感热通量、潜热通量和土壤热通量在反照率和表面温度影响下分别比对照减少了47.9%、52.4%、46.8%和47.4%,显著影响了土壤的剖面温度。研究结果对进一步探讨盐结皮影响下的土壤水热传输过程具有重要的科学价值。