Influence of Surfactant-polymer Complexes on Crystallization and Aggregation of CaCO_3

Hollow calcium carbonate（CaCO3） microspheres with different morphologies were synthesized via the precipitation reaction of calcium chloride with sodium carbonate in the presence of different surfactant-polymer complexes.The selected anionic surfactants were sodium dodecyl sulfonate（SDS） and sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate（SDBS）,respectively.The selected water-soluble polymers were polyacrylic acid（PAA） and polyvinyl pyrrolidone（PVP）.In this work,SDS-PVP ＂pearl-necklace model＂ micellar complex was formed via hydrophobic effectiveness between SDS and PVP and it served as the spherical template to generate spherical CaCO3 aggregates with hollow microspheres composed of about 500 nm irregular shaped particles.SDS-PAA complexes and SDBS-PAA complexes formed ＂core-shell model＂ aggregates with calcium ions serving as the medium to link the anionic surfactant and the polymer.SDS-PAA ＂core-shell model＂ aggregates would act as templates for hollow CaCO3 microspheres consisting of 30―50nm irregular shaped crystallites.SDBS-PAA ＂core-shell model＂ aggregates served as the spherical aggregate templates to generate spherical CaCO3 aggregates consisted of many small spherical particles which had grown together.All the obtained CaCO3 hollow microspheres are calcite particles.This research may provide new insight into the control of morphologies of hollow CaCO3 microspheres in the presence of surfactantpolymer complexes.

Factors influencing oil recovery by surfactant-polymer flooding in conglomerate reservoirs and its quantitative calculation method

This study aims to clarify the factors influencing oil recovery of surfactant-polymer(SP)flooding and to establish a quantitative calculation model of oil recovery during different displacement stages from water flooding to SP flooding.The conglomerate reservoir of the Badaowan Formation in the seventh block of the Karamay Oilfield is selected as the research object to reveal the start-up mechanism of residual oil and determine the controlling factors of oil recovery through SP flooding experiments of natural cores and microetching models.The experimental results are used to identify four types of residual oil after water flooding in this conglomerate reservoir with a complex pore structure:oil droplets retained in pore throats by capillary forces,oil cluster trapped at the junction of pores and throats,oil film on the rock surface,isolated oil in dead-ends of flow channel.For the four types of residual oil identified,the SP solution can enhance oil recovery by enlarging the sweep volume and improving the oil displacement efficiency.First,the viscosity-increasing effect of the polymer can effectively reduce the permeability of the displacement liquid phase,change the oil-water mobility ratio,and increase the water absorption.Furthermore,the stronger the shear drag force of the SP solution,the more the crude oil in a porous medium is displaced.Second,the surfactant can change the rock wettability and reduce the absorption capacity of residual oil by lowering interfacial tension.At the same time,the emulsification further increases the viscosity of the SP solution,and the residual oil is recovered effectively under the combined effect of the above two factors.For the four start-up mechanisms of residual oil identified after water flooding,enlarging the sweep volume and improving the oil displacement efficiency are interdependent,but their contribution to enhanced oil recovery are different.The SP flooding system primarily enlarges the sweep volume by increasing viscosity of solution to start two kinds of residual oil such as oil droplet retained in pore throats and isolated oil in dead-ends of flow channel,and primarily improves the oil displacement efficiency by lowing interfacial tension of oil phase to start two kinds of residual oil such as oil cluster trapped at the junction of pores and oil film on the rock surface.On this basis,the experimental results of the oil displacement from seven natural cores show that the pore structure of the reservoir is the main factor influencing water flooding recovery,while the physical properties and original oil saturation have relatively little influence.The main factor influencing SP flooding recovery is the physical and chemical properties of the solution itself,which primarily control the interfacial tension and solution viscosity in the reservoir.The residual oil saturation after water flooding is the material basis of SP flooding,and it is the second-most dominant factor controlling oil recovery.Combined with the analysis results of the influencing factors and reservoir parameters,the water flooding recovery index and SP flooding recovery index are defined to further establish quantitative calculation models of oil recovery under different displacement modes.The average relative errors of the two models are 4.4%and 2.5%,respectively;thus,they can accurately predict the oil recovery of different displacement stages and the ultimate reservoir oil recovery.

Screening the synergy of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and carboxymethyl cellulose for surfactant-polymer flooding

Carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC)has emerged in oil and gas industries as a superior substitution to the conventional HPAM and xanthan gum(XG)for high viscosity polymer flooding application.In this study,the combined effect of conventional surfactant,sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate(SDBS)and CMC for potential surfactant-polymer(SP)flooding in enhanced oil recovery(EOR)has been investigated.Thereafter,SDBS–CMC interaction and the functional groups present in CMC were appropriately identified.The presence of various C–O bonds signifies the existence of carboxymethyl group which greatly influence the rheological properties of CMC solution.The behaviour of SDBS–CMC was characterized by their viscosity,shear rate,solubilization,wettability,and surface tension.Tertiary flooding utilizing SDBS-CMC was performed and compared to commercial SDBS-XG SP flooding.The results indicate several SDBS-CMC combinations are favourable for EOR application.Solution viscosity shows direct relationship with CMC concentrations.Consequently,at any given SDBS concentrations,significant increment was observed at 0.3 wt%and above.However,the trend displayed inconclusive relation to SDBS fractions.Majority of the SDBS-CMC combinations generate Winsor III emulsions particularly at CMC of 0.2 and 0.3 wt%,while Type II were observed in few combinations.Increasing CMC concentrations increased the contact angle,while gradual reductions were observed with SDBS concentrations.The gradual reduction in surface tension was highly influenced by the addition of CMC rather than SDBS.A novel combination of 0.3 wt%SDBS and 0.4 wt%CMC possessed an encouraging criterion in term of viscosity,solubilization,and surface tension reduction for EOR application.Flooding experiment from several SDBS-CMC combinations proved to recover additional oil ranging 16.4–20.2%of oil initially in place(OIIP).The trend in incremental oil recovery is similar to that of when utilising SDBS-XG.

A review of fluid displacement mechanisms in surfactant-based chemical enhanced oil recovery processes:Analyses of key influencing factors

Surfactant-based oil recovery processes are employed to lower the interfacial tension in immiscible displacement processes,change the wettability of rock to a more water-wet system and emulsify the oil to displace it in subsurface porous media.Furthermore,these phenomena can reduce the capillary pressure and enhance spontaneous imbibition.The key factors affecting such immiscible displacement process are temperature,salinity and p H of the fluids,surfactant concentration and adsorption.Therefore,before any surfactant flooding process is applied,extensive studies of fluid-fluid and rock-fluid interactions are needed.The use of other chemicals along with surfactants in chemical enhanced oil recovery(c EOR)processes have been widely considered to exploit the synergy of individual chemicals and complement the weakness arises from each of them during immiscible displacement of fluids in porous media.Therefore,such combinations of chemicals lead to alkaline-surfactant(AS),surfactantpolymer(SP),alkaline-surfactant-polymer(ASP),and nanoparticle-surfactant(NS)flooding processes,among others.In this review study,we categorised the role and displacement mechanisms of surfactants and discussed the key factors to be considered for analysing the fluid displacement in porous media.

Enhanced Electron Transfer for Hemoglobin in 2C_(12)N^+PVS-Composite Films Modified on Pyrolytic Graphite Electrodes

Stable thin films made from polyionic complex 2C12N+PVS- with incorporated Hb on PG electrodes were characterized by electrochemistry. The electron transfer between Hb and PG electrodes was greatly facilitated in microenvironment of 2C12N+PVS- films. The Hb-2C12N+PVS-films could be used to catalytically reduce trichloroacetic acid.