Problems in the Transfer of Rural Surplus Labor Force in Chengdu Plain——A Empirical Analysis of Xiyu Village,Gexianshan Town,China

Under the new situation of the coordination of rural and urban development,the employment and transfer of surplus labor force have become the major social problems in China.Based on the field investigation on Xiyu Village of Gexianshan Town in Pengzhou City,the surplus labor force and the absorptive capacity of non-agricultural industries are estimated by using per capita cultivated method and output value absorption method.Based on this,the transfer pattern of surplus labor force is generalized and the corresponding suggestions for transfer are put forward.

Coupling Research on the Process of Transfer of Surplus Labor Forces and Scaling-up of Farmland

On the basis of giving an overview of efficiency research on transformation of land from fragmentation to scale economy, by using the concept of coupling in physics, this paper expounds the behavior basis of transfer of surplus rural labor forces in China and transformation of land from fragmentation to scaling up, and analyzes behaviors of all parties and equilibrium outcomes in the three stages concerning the transformation of agricultural land from fragmentation to scaling up as follows. At the first stage of coupling, after multitudinous rural surplus labor forces emerge, the farmers begin to go to city seeking jobs. In this period, the amalgamation of land management has not occurred and the single farmer's land has not yet concentrated. The total land area of single farmer has not yet increased and the total amount of farmers has not yet decreased. At the second stage of coupling, driven by living standards and income, multitudinous rural surplus labor forces begin to live in the city permanently in fact, and the scale management of rural land begins to arise. Foreign funded enterprises begin to enter agriculture, and the industrialization management of agriculture is equipped with the most fundamental conditions due to the occurrence of scaling up of land. At the third stage of coupling, the transfer of rural surplus labor forces basically ends. The property rights of agricultural land or the management forms also, in a large measure, concentrate. The obstacles to agricultural scaling-up management are solved fundamentally, and the income gap between urban areas and rural areas is narrowed. Urban-rural population migration is no longer the main form of China's population migration. This stage has not yet been realized in China and it is the future state of villages. Finally, through the two cases researched by the predecessors, we verify the research results of the preceding two stages, which provides reliable reference for transformation of China's agricultural land management, and policy formulation of transfer of surplus labor forces.

Study on the Quantity and Age Structure of Rural Surplus Labor Force in China

Based on the data from the Second National Agriculture Census in 2006, this paper analyzed the absolute quantity and age structure of China rural surplus labor force by the classical approach. It showed that the migration of rural labor force was still far away from ＂Lewis turning point＂, and ＂mingong huang＂ （ shortage of peasant workforce） appearing in coastal areas could be explained with the location separation between the labor-intensive industries and rural labor force. It was a feasible and an effective way to push forward the transfer of labor-intensive industries from the east coast to central and Western China to absorb the abundant supply of rural labor force.

Demand,Supply and Surplus of Agricultural Labor Force in China

China's economy enjoys the prominent characteristics of a dual structure,with a severe surplus in the agricultural labor force.Scholars in China and overseas have conducted extensive research on the issue of labor surplus and have developed estimates on the size and percentage of surplus labor.The results,however,vary considerably due to the differences in methods and data sources.Based on existing research and using the National Agricultural Costs and Returns Compilation as the data source,this paper proposes that the size of the agricultural surplus labor force is only 8,520,000 persons,accounting for 2.1% of the total rural labor force.

The Impact of Rural Electricity Supplier on Resettlement of Rural Surplus Labor Force and the Route Optimization

Based on the perspective of electricity supplier on the issues of Rural Surplus Labor resettlement, we analyzed China＇s rural electricity supplier development and resettlement of rural surplus labor issues and factors, proposed the impact of sluggish development of rural electricity suppliers on their resettlement of the rural surplus labor force, and made the following suggestions： to develop township enterprises, to strengthen the construction of small towns, to settlement surplus labor force on the post, to transfer the surplus labor, to increase farmers＇ income; to eliminate the urban-rural dual structure, to implement loose household registration management system, to increase education level, to improve the quality of farmers, to provide information and improve guidance to change disorderly transfer to the orderly transfer.

The relationship between rural surplus labor transfer,urbanization and income gap

Based on the time series data of Shandong province from 2001 to 2018,a VAR model consisting of three variables,namely,rural surplus labor transfer,urbanization and urban-rural income gap,was constructed,and the interaction among the three variables and their characteristics were empirically analyzed.The results show that urbanization and rural surplus labor transfer are Granger causation to each other,and there is a positive correlation between urban-rural income gap and rural surplus labor force in long-term equilibrium,while there is a negative correlation between urban-rural income gap and rural surplus labor force transfer.Therefore,it is necessary to fully recognize the relationship between the transfer of rural surplus labor,urbanization and urban-rural income gap,accelerate the urbanization construction,promote the rural surplus labor to gather in cities,and gradually narrow the urban-rural income gap.

Measurement of Surplus Labor in Viet Nam Agriculture

The large shift of surplus labor from agriculture to industry and services is seen in many countries around the world as well as in Vietnam in the process of industrialization and modernization of the country that has set questions about the sustainability of rural surplus labor： is there still a source of surplus labor in rural areas？ If so, how large is the source of surplus labor and how long it can be lasting？ These questions were hotly debated in the literature abroad. But in Vietnam there is very little or hardly exchanged opinions about the concepts and methods of measurement of surplus labor in general and surplus labor in agriculture in particular. This article refers to the measurement approach of surplus labor in agriculture in Vietnam.

Cultivating New-type Farmers Based on the Theory of Human Resources Development

Under the direction of theory of human resources development,this thesis analyzes the impact of rural human resources development oncultivating new-type farmers.Firstly,it increases the input of rural basic education;secondly,it reinforces the vocational education and technologytraining;thirdly,it promotes the rural medical and public health services;fourthly,it quickens the rural labor transfer.The status quo of China's ruralhuman resources has been analyzed as follows:in terms of the quantity of rural human resources,the status quo is large and quick-developed baseof rural human resources,high labor participatory rate,and constitution of low age;in terms of the quality of rural human resources,the status quois the ubiquitous low quality of rural human resources,low technological level of rural human resources,and overall low physical quality of farmers;in terms of the structure of rural human resources,the status quo is the irrational industrial structure distribution and imbalanced regional structuredistribution.The thesis also discusses the edification of theory of human resources development in cultivating new-type farmers.First,in terms ofthe control over quantity of rural human resources,it is to keep the stability of family planning policy,and expedite the transfer of rural surplus la-bor;second,in terms of promoting the quality of rural human resources,it is to bolster the development of reserve rural labor force resources,toconstruct the adult educational training system with Chinese characteristics,and to build rural primary health care system;third,in terms of adjus-ting the structure of rural human resources,it is to perfect rural human resources market,and adjust rural economical structure and talents struc-ture.

How Much Surplus Labor Is in the Countryside?

The long-held belief of an inexhaustible surplus of labor in rural areas of China is fading fast.Amid worries over its aging popula- tion,China is confronted with serious challenges to sustain its labor supply so as to shore up its growing economy.How to fur- ther transfer the remaining surplus labor into cities and how to improve the quality of Chinese laborers are questions the country faces.The Guangming Daily,a newspaper based in Beijing,con- ducted an interview with Cai Fang,an economist and Director of the Institute of Population and Labor Economics under the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,to delve into China’s labor dilemma.Cai gave his opinions in the following excerpts:

乡村振兴背景下农村劳动力的高质量充分就业

促进农村劳动力高质量充分就业对巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果、全面推进乡村振兴、推动高质量发展、实现共同富裕具有重要意义。然而,当前中国农村劳动力高质量充分就业面临着农业产业就业动能发挥不足、乡村振兴所需劳动力短缺、就业质量有待提升的现实问题。为全面推进乡村振兴背景下农村劳动力的高质量充分就业,建议从推动农村一二三产业融合拓展农业农村就业空间、加强人力资本开发提升农村劳动力就业素质、促进城乡融合发展拓宽农村劳动力转移就业渠道等多方面着力。

Solution to the Dilemma of the Migrant Labor Shortage and the Rural Labor Surplus in China

Since 2003, China＇s labor market has been facing two coexisting crises： a rural labor surplus and a severe shortage of migrant labor Using data from the 2000 China Health and Nutrition Survey questionnaire, which covers 288 villages in 36 counties, this paper attempts to find a solution to this dilemma. Specifically, a multinomial logit model, a Mincer- type model and a probit model are applied to examine the effect of educational level on the employment choices for rural laborers, and on the wages and the employment status of migrants. Based on the results of our analysis, we propose the implementation of policy aimed at increasing the educational level of rural dwellers, in conjunction with other policies to eliminate all artificial barriers, to facilitate the migration of rural laborers.

我国农村剩余劳动力转移的特点和对农村经济发展的影响及对策

转移农村剩余劳动力,增加农民收入是解决"三农"问题的重要途径。本文在分析农村剩余劳动力转移的现状、特点、原因及其对农村经济影响的基础上,提出有效转移农村剩余劳动力的对策:大力发展劳务经济,维护农民工的社会保障权益,加快小城镇建设,提高劳动者素质,调整产业结构及建立和完善农村劳动力信息管理与服务系统。

农村青壮年劳动力过度流失对新农村建设的影响与解决对策

以一些地区农村青壮年劳动力过度流失的现状为切入点,以理论探索和实证分析为依据,揭示了这些地区青壮年劳动力过度流失对新农村建设的影响,分析了其原因,进而提出了解决对策。主要通过舆论引导、强化农村教育、发展农村产业、鼓励富余劳力转移和吸引人才回乡相结合、落实大学生村官制度等措施使农村富余劳力有序转移,同时避免农村青壮年劳动力过度流失。只有找到二者利益的平衡点,才能优化农村人力资源配置。

西方国家基于“二元”结构的农村劳动力转移理论述评

目前对于农村劳动力转移的理论研究很多,西方国家依据“二元经济结构”理论对农村劳动力转移的研究形成了刘易斯的二元经济模型、拉尼斯-费景汉模型、乔根森模型、托达罗劳动力转移模型等.分别对这几种理论模式进行了评析,并且对西方国家关于农村劳动力转移的理论模式论和实践经验进行了归纳总结,旨在为我国解决农村剩余劳动力转移问题提供切合我国实际的科学理论依据和实践经验,以便更好地促进我国农村劳动力的转移,推进我国城市化进程.

农村剩余劳动力转移理论研究述评

目前对于农村剩余劳动力转移的研究很多,国内外学者对农村剩余劳动力问题的界定,归纳起来有城乡预期收入差异和城市就业概率标准、国际标准模型法、农业技术需要法等六种方法。西方发展经济学家依据二元经济结构理论对人口转移的研究形成了刘易斯的二元经济模型、拉尼斯—费景汉模型、乔根森模型、托达罗人口流动模型等。国内外学者在应用这些发展经济学理论模型的基础上,提出了农村剩余劳动力的就地转移、异地转移、多元复合转移等模式,评述这些不同观点,有利于从理论上丰富我国农村经济学的研究内容,在实践中促进农村经济的发展。

农村内部劳动力转移的经济影响分析

以Cobb-Douglas函数推导出一种计算农业剩余劳动力转移对农业增加值形成及非农经济增长贡献的方法,并据此计算出了从1991-2002年我国剩余劳动力转移对经济增长、农村居民收入提高,以及对就业增长的贡献。分析表明,农村内部劳动力的转移不但是加快农村产业结构升级步伐,而且也是农村工业化的必由之路。

论农村劳动力转移中的人力资本投资--兼论劳务经济的作用

本文基于国家人口战略提出的在农村劳动力转移中开发人力资本的战略背景,探讨农村剩余劳动力转移中人力资本的影响和具体作用,同时通过分析劳动转移中供给和需求相互作用实现平衡的条件与机制,探讨劳务经济在其中所起的重要作用。劳务经济组织根据市场需要,为农村劳动力转移获得人力资本提供定位明确职业技能、技术技能、法律规章和城市规范的培训投资,从而可以利用市场机制实现整体劳动力人力资本水平的提高。

国外农村劳动力转移教育培训的经验借鉴

本文介绍了在城镇化进程中国外农村劳动力转移教育培训的历史经验,特别是20 世纪60年代后欧美和日本等发达国家的政府干预举措或政策措施,立足我国农村劳动力转移对教育与培训的多种需求,从国外经验或教训中,寻求借鉴和启示,在比较中提出了某些对策建议,加深了对科技进步与教育培训是农村劳动力良性转移的重要保证的认识,对有关决策和实践具有参考价值。

农业机械化与农村劳动力转移

农村劳动力转移是社会发展的一种必然趋势。本文分析了农业机械化对促进农村剩余劳动力转移具有重要的推动作用,指出了农业机械化、农村劳动力转移和农业现代化三者之间的关系,并在此基础上论述了构建农村劳动力转移的现实途径。

农村剩余劳动力转移与农村城镇化

制约我国农村剩余劳动力转移的因素有许多,比如:封闭的城乡二元结构、城镇化滞后于工业化、农村劳动力素质低等。与之相应,我们可以通过农村城镇化、农业综合开发和农业产业化经营、发展农村第三产业、发展个体与私营经济、扩大劳务输出规模、提高农村人口素质和农村人力资本水平等途径来实现农村剩余劳动力转移,而其中推进农村城镇化来发展小城镇是实现农村剩余劳动力转移的根本途径。