Resistance of Antimicrobial Peptide Gene Transgenic Rice to Bacterial Blight

Antimicrobial peptide is a polypeptide with antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial peptide genes Np3 and Np5 from Chinese shrimp （Fenneropenaeus Chinensis） were integrated into Oryza sativa L. subsp, japonica cv. Aichi ashahi by Agrobacterium mediated transformation system. PCR analysis showed that the positive ratios of Np3 and Np5 were 36% and 45% in To generation, respectively. RT-PCR analysis showed that the antimicrobial peptide genes were expressed in T1 generation, and there was no obvious difference in agronomic traits between transgenic plants and non-transgenic plants. Four Np3 and Np5 transgenic lines in T1 generation were inoculated with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae strain CR4, and all the four transgenic lines had significantly enhanced resistance to bacterial blight caused by the strain CR4. The Np5 transgenic lines also showed higher resistance to bacterial blight caused by strains JS97-2, Zhe 173 and OS-225. It is suggested that transgenic lines with Np5 gene might possess broad spectrum resistance to rice bacterial blight.

Profile of Multidrug Resistant Bacteria in Bukavu Hospitals and Antimicrobial Susceptibility to Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Staphylococcus aureus

Objective: To evaluate the spread of Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) bacterial infections in Bukavu hospitals and test antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of some isolates to usual marketed antibiotics. Methods: The prevalence of MDR strains was determined by using general antimicrobial susceptibility data collected from 3 hospital laboratories. The susceptibility of some isolates to usual antibiotics was processed by agar diffusion method with standard E. coli ATCC8739 and standard antibiotics discs as controls. The tested antibiotics were ampicillin, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin. Results: At the 3 hospitals, 758 tests were realized in urine, pus, stool, FCV, blood, LCR, split and FU specimens;46 strains were unidentified and 712 strains were identified. Of 712 identified strains, 223 (31.4%) were MDR or XDR strains including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter freundii, Morganella morganii, Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium, Neisseria gonorrohoae, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative, staphylococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes. Of the infected patients, 36 (21.5%) children were under 16 years and 188 (78.5%) adults were predominately women (58.5%). The susceptibility test showed that all strains but S. aureus were resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin. Gentamicin, ceftriaxone, and chloramphenicol remain partially active (27% - 80%) against P. mirabilis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The resistance is more likely related to strain mutation than to pharmaceutical quality of the antibiotics prescribed. Conclusion: Both data from hospital laboratories and in vitro post-testing findings confirmed the ongoing elevated prevalence of MDR strains in Bukavu. The causes of antibiotic misuse and socio-economic determinants of the phenomenon of resistance should be scrutinized in order to take adequate strategies in the prospective of establishing an effective control system against this threat to overall health. The results of this work on MDR profiles have various implications for the management of infectious diseases. It provides indicators for the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance, practical guidelines for antibiotic susceptibility testing in biomedical laboratories, and guidance for antibiotic therapy.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of the Bacterial Isolates in Post-Operative Wound Infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal

Unrestrained anti-microbial resistance (AMR) among bacterial pathogens has made the management and treatment of post-operative wound infections difficult. This study assessed the current AMR patterns of bacterial isolates in post-operative wound infections in a tertiary care hospital in Kathmandu,Nepal. Pus swabs collected from post-operative wound infections and submitted for culture and sensitivity were included in this study. Isolation and identification of the organism was done by standard microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and result was interpreted as per National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guide lines. Of the 120 pus swabs processed for culture, 96 showed bacterial growth. Staphylococcus aureus 36 (37.5%) was the predominant gram positive isolate and Escherichia coli 24 (25%) was the major gram negative isolate .The infection was most prevalent in the age group 20-40 years. All S. aureus isolates were sensitive to aminoglycosides and vancomycin. Out of 36 S. aureus, 15 (41.66%) isolates were methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Staphylococcus epidermidis showed high resistance (50%-100%) to all antibiotics but were sensitive to vancomycin. All gram negative isolates showed high resistance against cephalexin (75%-100%) and ceftriaxone (25%-100%). Overall multi-drug resistant isolates were 66.7%. A high level of AMR was observed in gram negative bacterial isolates. Rational use of antibiotics and a regular monitoring of AMR patterns in post-operative wound infections are essential and mandatory to avert further emergence and spread of anti-microbial resistance among bacterial pathogens.

A Narrative Review of the Laboratory Information System and Its Role in Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in South Africa

A laboratory information system (LIS) established in a microbiology department has the potential to play an important role in the quality of microbiology data such as culture of blood, urine, stool, pus swab samples etc. Such data could be effectively utilised to measure the burden of antimicrobial resistance among patients presented to various hospitals and clinics with an episode of an infectious illness of bacterial origin. A variety of clinical and epidemiological investigations are conducted using culture data and the presence of an electronic system such as LIS enhances such investigations and improves the reliability of measures of antimicrobial resistance owing to improved data quality as well as completeness of data gathered as opposed to paper based system. Therefore to improve surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in South Africa, there is a need to reinforce the functionality of the LIS in both public and private microbiology laboratories as this will help to improve internal quality control methodologies.

The impact of heavy metals on bacterial tolerance of antibiotic resistance and growth in the aquatic environment of Vietnam

Heavy metals may induce bacterial antibiotic resistance and affect their growth in the ecosystem.In this study,we aim to determine bacterial growth and antibiotic resistance in the pressure of heavy metals.Observed the changing morphology by gram staining was checked for bacterial toleration with heavy metal,developing of the colony form unit(CFU)was analysed bacterial kinetic growths and their biofilm formation.The disk diffusion test was used to perform bacterial susceptibility profiles with Ceftazidime(30μg),Ceftriaxone(30μg),Colistin sulfate(10μg),Meropenem or Imipenem(10μg),Ciprofloxacin(5μg)and Azithromycin(15μg)and the CLSI was applied for interpreting the data.The bacterial morphology remarkably changed from normal to short,round shape at a high concentration of heavy metals after 1 month.Their changing shape adapted to heavy metals by survival growing and resisted to Azithromycin,Ciprofloxacin,and Colistin without biofilm formation after 1 month,that was continued increasing after 2 months.The bacterial growth and antibiotic resistance were significant differences between provinces(P=0.01),type of bacterial species,and concentration of heavy metals.These results indicate that heavy metals are a crucial factor-driven for enhancing bacterial adaptation in pollution water resources and inducing their antimicrobial resistance in the aquatic environment.

Strategies for combating bacterial biofilm infections

Formation of biofilm is a survival strategy for bacteria and fungi to adapt to their living environment, especially in the hostile environment. Under the protection of biofilm, microbial cells in biofilm become tolerant and resistant to antibiotics and the immune responses, which increases the difficulties for the clinical treatment of biofilm infections. Clinical and laboratory investigations demonstrated a perspicuous correlation between biofilm infection and medical foreign bodies or indwelling devices. Clinical observations and experimental studies indicated clearly that antibiotic treatment alone is in most cases insufficient to eradicate biofilm infections. Therefore, to effectively treat biofilm infections with currently available antibiotics and evaluate the outcomes become important and urgent for clinicians. The review summarizes the latest progress in treatment of clinical biofilm infections and scientific investigations, discusses the diagnosis and treatment of different biofilm infections and introduces the promising laboratory progress, which may contribute to prevention or cure of biofilm infections. We conclude that, an efficient treatment of biofilm infections needs a well-established multidisciplinary collaboration, which includes removal of the infected foreign bodies, selection of biofilm-active, sensitive and well-penetrating antibiotics, systemic or topical antibiotic administration in high dosage and combinations, and administration of anti-quorum sensing or biofilm dispersal agents.

Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial pathogens in the intensive care unit of Fatmawati Hospital,Indonesia

Objective:To evaluate the sensitivity pattern of bacterial pathogens in the intensive care unit(ICU) of a tertiary care of Falmawati Hospital Jakarta Indonesia.Methods:A cross sectional retrospective study of bacterial pathogen was carried out on a total of 722 patients that were admitted to the ICU of Fatmawati Hospital Jakarta Indonesia during January 2009 to March 2010. All bacteria were identified by standard microbiologic methods,and(heir antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion method.Results:Specimens were collected from 385 patients who were given antimicrobial treatment,of which 249(64.68%) were cultured positive and 136(35.32%) were negative.The most predominant isolate was Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa)(26.5%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae(K.pneumoniae)(15.3%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis(14.9%).P.aeruginosa isolates showed high rate of resistance to cephalexin(95.3%),cefotaxime(64.1%),and ceftriaxone(60.9%).Amikacin was the most effective(84.4%) antibiotic against P.aeruginosa followed by imipenem(81.2%),and meropenem(75.0%).K.pneumoniae showed resistance to cephalexin(86.5%),ceftriaxone(75.7%),ceftazidime(73.0%),cefpirome(73.0%) and cefotaxime(67.9%),respectively.Conclusions:Most bacteria isolated from ICU of Fatmawati Hospital Jakarta Indonesia were resistant to the third generation of cephalosporins,and quinolone antibiotics.Regular surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility pallerns is very important for setting orders to guide the clinician in choosing empirical or directed therapy of infected patients.

Antimicrobial susceptibility and serotypes of Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae in Sri Lanka:Experience from the National Reference Laboratory

Objective:To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility and serotypes of Neisseria(N.)meningitidis and Streptococcus(S.)pneumoniae in Sri Lankan patients.Methods:We retrospectively analyzed 11 blood culture specimens from suspected patients with invasive meningococcal disease and 26 S.pneumoniae clinical isolates.We tested 6 antimicrobials against N.meningitidis and 12 antimicrobials against S.pneumoniae.Meningococcal serogroup was determined by realtime PCR and Quellung serotyping was used for pneumococcal analysis.Results:N.meningitidis serogroup B was the most common in this study.Intermediate-susceptibility to penicillin was seen in 75.0%(6/8)of strains.Susceptibility to ciprofloxacin,levofloxacin and cotrimoxazole was 62.5%(5/8),62.5%(5/8)and 87.5%(7/8),respectively.Excellent susceptibility was seen in cefotaxime and meropenem.In S.pneumoniae,the most common serotype was 19F in both invasive and non-invasive pneumococcal diseases.The majority of strains showed multidrug resistance.Penicillin non-susceptibility in non-meningeal strains were 13.6%and all meningeal strains were penicillin resistant.Erythromycin was highly resistant in both groups.Amoxicillin showed excellent susceptibility in non-invasive pneumococcal diseases strains.Linezolid,levofloxacin and vancomycin showed 100.0%susceptibility in all pneumococcal isolates.Conclusions:Implementation of vaccines should be considered,especially for children and high-risk populations.This may contribute to reducing pneumococcal and meningococcal invasive disease burden and help prevent emergence of antimicrobial resistant strains.

Six-year analysis of key monitoring for bacterial strain distribution and antibiotic sensitivity in a hospital

BACKGROUND With the widespread use of antimicrobial drugs,bacterial resistance has become a significant problem,posing a serious threat to public health.The prevalence of clinical infection strains in hospitals and their drug sensitivities are key to the appropriate use of antibiotics in clinical practice.AIM To identify prevalent bacteria and their antibiotic resistance profiles in a hospital setting,thereby guiding effective antibiotic usage by clinicians.METHODS Specimens from across the institution were collected by the microbiology laboratory.The VITEK 2 compact fully automatic analyzer was used for bacterial identification and antibiotic sensitivity testing,and the WHONET5.6 software was utilized for statistical analysis.RESULTS A total of 12062 bacterial strains of key monitoring significance were detected.Staphylococcus aureus demonstrated widespread resistance to penicillin,but none of the strains were resistant to vancomycin or linezolid.Moreover,219 strains of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci and 110 strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were detected.Enterococcus faecalis showed moderate resistance to the third-generation quinolones ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin,but its resistance to nitrofurantoin and tetracycline was low.Enterococcus faecium displayed significantly lower resistance to third-and fourthgeneration quinolones than Enterococcus faecalis.The resistance of two key monitoring strains,Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae,to piperacillin/tazobactam was 5%-8%.However,none of the Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were resistant to meropenem.The resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii to piperacillin/sulbactam was nearly 90%.Nonetheless,the resistance to tigecycline was low,and Pseudomonas aeruginosa demonstrated minimal resistance in the antibiotic sensitivity test,maintaining a resistance of<10%to the cephalosporin antibiotics cefotetan and cefoperazone over the last 6 years.The resistance to amikacin remained at 0.2%over the past 3 years.CONCLUSION Our hospital’s overall antibiotic resistance rate was relatively stable from 2017 to 2022.The detection rates of key monitoring strains are reported quarterly and their resistance dynamics are monitored and communicated to the entire hospital,which can guide clinical antibiotic selection.

胸腺肽α1联合替加环素治疗重症多重耐药菌感染的临床效果

目的探究临床治疗重症多重耐药菌感染时使用胸腺肽α1联合替加环素治疗的效果。方法抽取2022年7月至2024年3月临沂市人民医院急诊科及急诊ICU收治的140例重症多重耐药菌感染患者,以随机数字表法分组,对照组纳入患者70例,采用替加环素治疗方案;试验组纳入患者70例,采用胸腺肽α1联合替加环素治疗方案。对比干预前后实验室血清炎症因子指标、治疗指标恢复时间、临床疗效以及用药安全性。结果干预后,两组患者C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、降钙素原(PCT)水平均较干预前有所改善,相比较而言试验组CRP、IL-1β、PCT水平更低,白细胞介素10(IL-10)水平更高(P<0.05);试验组退热时间、肺部啰音消失时间、炎症消退时间、住院时间为均短于对照组(P<0.05)。试验组治疗总有效率高于对照组,不良反应发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论治疗重症多重耐药菌感染时,使用胸腺肽α1联合替加环素治疗可有效缩短治疗时间,改善患者临床症状,减轻患者炎症反应,并降低不良反应发生情况,提升治疗效果。

Microbial resistance to nanotechnologies:An important but understudied consideration using antimicrobial nanotechnologies in orthopaedic implants

Microbial resistance to current antibiotics therapies is a major cause of implant failure and adverse clinical outcomes in orthopaedic surgery.Recent developments in advanced antimicrobial nanotechnologies provide numerous opportunities to effective remove resistant bacteria and prevent resistance from occurring through unique mechanisms.With tunable physicochemical properties,nanomaterials can be designed to be bactericidal,antifouling,immunomodulating,and capable of delivering antibacterial compounds to the infection region with spatiotemporal accuracy.Despite its substantial advancement,an important,but under-explored area,is potential microbial resistance to nanomaterials and how this can impact the clinical use of antimicrobial nanotechnologies.This review aims to provide a better understanding of nanomaterial-associated microbial resistance to accelerate bench-to-bedside translations of emerging nanotechnologies for effective control of implant associated infections.

湖南省细菌耐药监测网2012-2021年肠球菌属细菌耐药性监测报告

目的了解湖南省临床分离肠球菌属细菌对各类抗菌药物的耐药情况及变迁。方法收集湖南省细菌耐药监测网成员单位2012—2021年临床分离的肠球菌属细菌耐药性监测数据,按照统一方法进行数据清洗后应用WHONET 5.6软件进行统计分析。结果2012—2021年共纳入110652株非重复肠球菌属细菌,主要为粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌,分别占46.9%(37774株)、45.9%(36968株),其次为鸟肠球菌(2.5%,1982株)、鹑鸡肠球菌(1.8%,1428株)、铅黄肠球菌(1.5%,1185株)。肠球菌属细菌主要标本来源为尿(51.8%,57350株),其次是分泌物(9.6%,10660株)、胆汁(8.5%,9377株)。2012—2021年粪肠球菌对氨苄西林、替考拉宁和万古霉素的耐药率分别为5.5%~12.0%、1.3%~2.0%、0.6%~1.4%,屎肠球菌对氨苄西林、替考拉宁和万古霉素的耐药率分别为69.2%~85.0%、1.5%~2.8%、0.7%~2.5%。除利奈唑胺和米诺环素,屎肠球菌对检测抗菌药物的耐药率均高于粪肠球菌。粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率分别从2012年的1.4%、2.1%下降至2021年的0.6%、0.7%,呈下降趋势。结论肠球菌属临床分离菌对万古霉素和替考拉宁保持较好的敏感性,粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率呈下降趋势。

2015-2021年CHINET尿液分离菌分布和耐药性变迁

目的了解2015-2021年CHINET细菌耐药监测网中尿液分离菌的分布和耐药性。方法收集CHINET细菌耐药监测网51家医疗机构2015-2021年所有尿液标本临床分离菌的耐药监测数据资料,采用WHONET 5.6软件进行统计分析。结果2012-2021年尿液标本共分离细菌261893株,其中革兰阳性菌62219株,占23.8%,革兰阴性菌199674株占76.2%。常见的分离菌依次为大肠埃希菌(46.7%)、屎肠球菌(10.4%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(9.8%)、粪肠球菌(8.7%)、奇异变形杆菌(3.5%)、铜绿假单胞菌(3.4%)、无乳链球菌(2.6%)和阴沟肠杆菌(2.1%)。上述细菌主要分离自住院患者,女性多见于男性,成人多见于儿童。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和奇异变形杆菌中产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBL)菌株分别占53.2%、52.8%和37.0%。耐碳青霉烯类的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌中检出率分别为1.7%、18.5%、16.4%和40.3%。粪肠球菌对氨苄西林、呋喃妥因、利奈唑胺、万古霉素、替考拉宁和磷霉素的耐药率<10%,屎肠球菌对氨苄西林、左氧氟沙星、红霉素的耐药率>90%,对万古霉素、利奈唑胺和替考拉宁的耐药率<2%。ICU住院患者分离的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对大部分抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于门诊患者和非ICU住院患者。结论尿液标本临床分离菌主要以大肠埃希菌、肠球菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主,不同人群尿液标本中分离的细菌种类和耐药性不尽相同,应重视细菌耐药监测,减少抗菌药物的不合理使用。

2020—2022年某医院主要细菌耐药情况分析

目的通过分析福建中医药大学附属第二人民医院2020年1月—2022年12月常见细菌的耐药性,了解医院的细菌耐药情况,为临床提供合理使用抗菌药物的参考依据。方法通过回顾性分析方法对2020年1月—2022年12月福建中医药大学附属第二人民医院患者标本分离的病原菌株进行统计,从病原菌标本分布、病原菌种类及耐药等方面进行分析。结果2020—2022年分离的菌株共计12009株,呼吸道标本(包括痰、肺泡灌洗液)最多。前5位为大肠埃希菌2139株(17.81%)、肺炎克雷伯菌1342株(11.17%)、铜绿假单胞菌1094株(9.11%)、金黄色葡萄球菌为主793株(6.60%)、鲍曼不动杆菌541株(4.50%)。耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌(Carbapenemresistant K.pneumoniae,CR-KP)和耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌(Carbapenemresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa,CR-PA)2022年比2020年明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。其余3种耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(Methicillin-resistant S.aureus,MRSA)、耐碳青霉烯类大肠埃希菌(Carbapenemresistant Escherichia coli,CR-EC)、耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌(Carbapenemresistant Acinetobacter baumannii,CRAB)3年间检出率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。鲍曼不动杆菌对大多数常用抗菌药物耐药率>50%。结论福建中医药大学附属第二人民医院主要以革兰阴性杆菌为主,鲍曼不动杆菌对大多数常用抗菌药物耐药率>50%,CR-KP(耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌)和CR-PA(耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌)的耐药率呈增高趋势,建议临床密切关注病原菌耐药情况的变化,减少多重耐药菌的产生。

2022年西安交通大学第一附属医院细菌耐药性监测

目的了解西安交通大学第一附属医院2022年临床分离菌的分布及对抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床抗菌药物的合理应用提供参考依据。方法回顾性收集该院2022年1月1日—12月31日临床分离的非重复细菌,采用纸片扩散法、全自动仪器法进行体外抗菌药物敏感性试验,按2021年CLSI文件标准判读结果,用WHONET 5.6软件进行数据分析。结果共分离细菌8638株,革兰阴性菌60.8%(5253/8638),革兰阳性菌39.2%(3385/8638)。葡萄球菌属中甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)、表皮葡萄球菌(MRSE)、其他凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的检出率分别为33.0%、75.8%、51.9%,未发现万古霉素耐药株。肠球菌属中屎肠球菌万古霉素耐药株的检出率为0.6%,粪肠球菌中未发现万古霉素耐药株,粪肠球菌对利奈唑胺的耐药率(5.2%)高于屎肠球菌(0.7%)。碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌目细菌的检出率为7.9%,其中肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌耐药株检出率分别为12.1%和1.6%。碳青霉烯类耐药的铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌检出率分别30.9%和77.0%。结论细菌耐药形势严峻,临床应加强医院感染部位的标本送检,提高病原菌学的诊断能力及耐药性监测,助力临床合理使用抗菌药物,减少多重耐药菌的进一步蔓延。

2015—2021年CHINET临床分离克雷伯菌属细菌耐药性变迁

目的了解2015—2021年CHINET耐药监测网52所医院的克雷伯菌属细菌分布及对各类抗菌药物的耐药性变迁。方法按照CHINET技术方案对菌株进行抗菌药物敏感性试验,参照2021年CLSI M100折点标准。结果2015—2021年共分离到非重复克雷伯菌属细菌241549株,其中肺炎克雷伯菌88.0%、产气克雷伯菌5.8%、产酸克雷伯菌5.7%、其他克雷伯菌属0.6%。克雷伯菌属细菌主要分离自呼吸道标本(48.49±5.32)%;分离率前三的科室分别是内科(22.79±3.28)%、外科(17.98±3.10)%和ICU(14.03±1.39)%。肺炎克雷伯菌对大部分抗菌药物耐药率高于同属其他菌种,但替加环素及多黏菌素B仍在克雷伯菌属中显示较低的耐药性。肺炎克雷伯菌和产酸克雷伯菌的超广谱β内酰胺酶阳性菌株对抗菌药物的耐药率均高于其阴性菌株。ICU患者分离的肺炎克雷伯菌和碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌(CRKP)对绝大部分抗菌药物耐药率高于非ICU患者,成年患者的CRKP对大部分抗菌药物耐药率高于儿童患者。结论2015—2021年临床分离克雷伯菌属细菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药率呈较大幅度增长,对替加环素、多黏菌素B仍保持较高的敏感率,仍需加强克雷伯菌属细菌耐药性监测。

广东省2019—2023年耐万古霉素屎肠球菌检出率升高的时空变迀研究

目的分析近年广东省耐万古霉素屎肠球菌(VR-Efm)临床分离株的时空分布,探寻VR-Efm检出率上升的原因。方法回顾性分析2019—2023年广东省4个区域(珠三角、粤东、粤西、粤北)的38所医疗机构上报至广东省细菌耐药监测系统中VR-Efm检出情况、患者人口学特征及科室和标本分布等资料,同步分析世界卫生组织重点关注的ESKAPE中其他5种细菌的检出情况。结果广东省VR-Efm检出率从2019年1.4%(63/4543)上升至2023年21.3%(1351/6345),呈明显上升趋势,2023年44.7%(17所)的医疗机构VR-Efm检出率>20%;广东省4个区域VR-Efm检出率普遍上升,以珠三角地区为中心向周围辐射增长。ESKAPE整体由2019年10.1%升至2023年10.8%,其余5种病原体中,耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌检出率从2019年8.0%上升至2023年15.0%,耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌和耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌属检出率分别从2019年的61.6%、34.4%、21.2%、7.9%下降至2023年的58.2%、31.9%、21.0%、7.6%,皆有不同程度下降。ICU VR-Efm检出率(12.2%)高于门急诊(9.4%)、内科(9.2%)和外科(7.0%)等非ICU科室(均P<0.05)。VR-Efm检出率较高标本分别为尿(9.8%)、血(9.1%),其余标本检出率介于6.9%~9.6%。青少年患者VR-Efm检出率(4.4%)低于中老年患者(>9.4%,P<0.05)。结论近5年广东省VR-Efm检出率明显上升,可能与社区和医院获得的优势克隆传播有关。有条件的医疗机构应对入院患者开展VR-Efm的筛查,并对检出VR-Efm的患者采取有效防控措施,以遏制VR-Efm检出率在该区域的上升。

机器学习方法在预测细菌耐药表型中的应用

随着我国经济迅速发展和医疗需求不断增长,人医临床、宠物临床和畜牧养殖行业中抗菌药物的使用愈发频繁,导致病原菌耐药问题日趋严峻,造成公共卫生安全隐患。快速、准确的细菌耐药表型检测能够有效指导临床医生对感染性疾病的诊断和治疗,降低由经验用药和不合理用药引发的耐药风险。然而,现有检测技术耗时较长且操作繁琐,难以在临床中推广,种类单一的快速检测试剂等产品又无法满足临床的多元化需求。因而,亟需开发新的技术方法以提供快速鉴定细菌耐药表型的有效解决方案。细菌的组学信息中蕴含大量与细菌耐药表型相关的特征,从中快速、准确地挖掘相关信息能够为快速诊断和治疗提供帮助。机器学习模型在处理复杂结构数据方面有显著优势,在挖掘组学信息工作中展示巨大应用潜力。随着该领域的快速发展,机器学习方法有望为临床快速、准确地预测耐药表型提供技术支持,助力医生诊疗准确性的提升。本综述系统总结了机器学习模型在细菌耐药表型预测领域的研究现状和发展趋势,并比较了不同机器学习方法的特点和性能,同时归纳总结细菌耐药表型预测建模工作所需的关键要素,为后续相关研究提供参考。

《抗菌药物临床应用管理标准》制订与解析

抗菌药物临床应用管理是医疗机构药事管理和药学服务的重要组成部分。该标准以抗菌药物在医疗机构的生命全周期为主线,以国家政策法规为依据,以科学性、通用性、指导性和可操作性为编写原则,通过梳理问题、征集意见、专家论证审议而形成,是国内外首部对抗菌药物临床应用管理进行规范的团体标准。该文通过对该标准制订过程中的团队组成、问题梳理和编制流程以及标准各要素进行介绍与解析,为广大使用该标准的同行提供参考。

Translating bacteriophage-derived depolymerases into antibacterial therapeutics:Challenges and prospects

Predatory bacteriophages have evolved a vast array of depolymerases for bacteria capture and deprotection.These depolymerases are enzymes responsible for degrading diverse bacterial surface carbohydrates.They are exploited as antibiofilm agents and antimicrobial adjuvants while rarely inducing bacterial resistance,making them an invaluable asset in the era of antibiotic resistance.Numerous depolymerases have been investigated preclinically,with evidence indicating that depolymerases with appropriate dose regimens can safely and effectively combat different multidrug-resistant pathogens in animal infection models.Additionally,some formulation approaches have been developed for improved stability and activity of depolymerases.However,depolymerase formulation is limited to liquid dosage form and remains in its infancy,posing a significant hurdle to their clinical translation,compounded by challenges in their applicability and manufacturing.Future development must address these obstacles for clinical utility.Here,after unravelling the history,diversity,and therapeutic use of depolymerases,we summarized the preclinical efficacy and existing formulation findings of recombinant depolymerases.Finally,the challenges and perspectives of depolymerases as therapeutics for humans were assessed to provide insights for their further development.