Exploring Regional Ecological Cultures in the Upper Reaches of the Yellow River in the Ming and Qing Dynasties from the Perspective of "Top Eight Views"

By studying typical "Top Eight Views" in cities like Xining,Lanzhou and Yinchuan in the upper reaches of the Yellow River,mountain and water landscapes in the study area were analyzed in terms of natural ecology;bridges,canals,ferries,pavilions,mansions,towers,temples,historical sites,production and living landscapes were analyzed in terms of humanistic ecology.On this basis,"Top Eight Views" in the upper reaches of the Yellow River were compared and the following conclusions obtained:mountain landscapes were distributed in the whole region,waterscapes unevenly valued in different cities,bridges,canals and ferries mostly located in Ningxia,temples commonly found in all cities,garden arts introduced into cities,traditional cultures carried forward by historical relics.Then the relationship between "Top Eight Views" and regional eco-cultures was analyzed,and it was proposed that humanistic and cultural connotations of these "Top Eight Views" contributed a lot to beautifying urban environment,satisfying needs of the locals' spiritual life,carrying forward local history and culture,enriching urban cultural connotations,expanding living spaces of local residents and improving integrated functions of cities."Top Eight Views" culture complied with the construction gist of urban ecological cultures,and was of great referential value for the construction of urban ecological cultures in the upper reaches of the Yellow River,and also the healthy,scientific and sustainable development of local cities.

Landslide Developmental Characteristics and Response to Climate Change since the Last Glacial in the Upper Reaches of the Yellow River, NE Tibetan Plateau

The upper reaches of the Yellow River in northeastern Tibetan Plateau are geohazards areas.The evolution of the Yellow River,chronology of some landslides,and spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of super large scale and giant landslides within the region are summarized using paleoclimate evidence,and the relationship between the intensive landslide period and climatic changes since the Last Glacial period is analyzed.It is concluded that （1） Super large scale and giant landslides are distributed widely within the region,particularly in the Qunke-Jianzha basin.（2） The chronological sequence of landslides is established by dating the slip zones of landslides and analyzing the relations between landslides and their overlying or underlying loess formations.Five landslide development periods are determined：53-49 ka BP,33-24 ka BP,10-8 ka BP,5-3.5 ka BP,and the present.（3） These correspond closely to warm and wet periods during the last 100,000 years,i.e.,two weak paleosol development stages of Malan loess deposited during the last Glacial period in the Chinese loess Plateau,L1-4 and L1-2 that belong to the marine oxygen isotope stage 3,the last deglaeial period,the Holocene Optimum,and the modern global warming period.（4） Landslide triggers may be closely linked to warm and wet periods related to rapid climatic transitions.

Formation Mechanisms and Geomorphic Evolution of the Erlian Mudflow Fans, Eastern Guide Basin of the Upper Reaches of Yellow River

Several argillaceous platforms lie along the Yellow River（YR） of the eastern Guide Basin, northeastern Tibetan Plateau, and their compositions, formation processes, and geomorphic evolution remain debated. Using field survey data, sample testing, and high-resolution remote sensing images, the evolution of the Erlian mudflow fans are analyzed. The data show significant differences between fans on either side of the YR. On the right bank, fans are dilute debris flows consisting of sand and gravel. On the left bank, fans are viscosity mudflows consisting of red clay. The composition and formation processes of the left bank platforms indicate a rainfall-induced pluvial landscape. Fan evolution can be divided into two stages： early-stage fans pre-date 16 ka B.P., and formed during the last deglaciation; late-stage fans post-date 8 ka B.P.. Both stages were induced by climate change. The data indicate that during the Last Glacial Maximum, the northeastern Tibetan Plateau experienced a cold and humid climate characterized by high rainfall. From 16–8 ka, the YR cut through the Erlian early mudflow fan, resulting in extensive erosion. Since 8 ka, the river channel has migrated south by at least 1.25 km, and late stage mudflow fan formation has occurred.

A Preliminary Study on the Rational Utilization of Land Resources in the Poverty-Stricken Mountainous Areas in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River:A Case Study of Xueshan Township

As one of the most fragile alpine plateau and canyon areas in China,the upper reaches of the Yangtze River are the key areas of ecological construction in China.It is also a key area for poverty alleviation in the country.Therefore,it is necessary to take into account the dual goals of poverty reduction and ecological environment construction,and explore a win-win road of ecological construction and poverty alleviation in line with the reality of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.Taking Xueshan Township,Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County,Yunnan Province,which is located in the poor mountainous area of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River as an example,based on many field investigations and existing investigation and statistical data,this paper analyzes the current situation and main problems of land use in Xueshan Township,and then puts forward measures and suggestions for rational utilization of land resources in Xueshan Township.This can provide a necessary reference for the next implementation of rural revitalization strategy and ecological construction.

Impact of vegetation restoration on hydrological processes in the middle reaches of the Yellow River,China

Sediment discharge from the Yellow River originates mainly from the drainage area between Hekouzhen and Longmen, i.e., the Helong area. Spatial-temporal variations of the vegetation cover in this area during the 1981-2007 period have been investigated using GIMMS and SPOT VGT NDVI data. We have also analyzed the interannual variations in vegetation cover and changes in annual runoff and sediment discharge, the consequences from precipitation change and the Grain for Green Project （GGP）. The results show that vegetation cover of the Helong area has increased during the 1981-2007 period. The northwestern part the Helong area, where the flat sandy lands are covered by grass, has experienced the largest increase. The region where the vegetation cover has declined is largely found in the southern and southeastern Helong area, which is a gullied hilly area or forested. Although precipitation was relatively low during the 1999-2007 period, the vegetation cover showed a significant increase in the Helong area, due to the implementation of the GGP. During this period, the most significant improvement in the vegetation cover occurred mainly in the gullied hilly areas of the Loess Plateau, such as the drainage basins of the Kuyehe and Tuweihe rivers and the middle and lower reaches of the Wudinghe and Yanhe rivers. A comparison of the average annual maximum NDVI between the earlier （1998-2002） stage and the next five years （2003-2007） of the GGP indicates that the areas with increases of 10% and 20% in NDVI account for 72.5% and 36.4% of the total area, respectively. Interannual variation of annual runoff and sediment discharge shows a declining trend, especially since the 1980s, when the decrease became very obvious. Compared with the 1950-1969 period, the average runoff during the 1980-2007 period was reduced by 34.8 × 10^8 m3 and the sediment discharge by 6.4 ×10^8 t, accounting for 49.4% and 64.9% of that in the 1950-1969 period, respectively. There is a positive correlation between the annual maximum NDVI and annual runoff and sediment discharge. This correlation was reversed since the implementation of the GGP in 1999 and vegetation cover in the He- long area has increased, associated with the decrease in runoff and sediment discharge. Less precipitation has been an important fac- tor driving the decrease in runoff and sediment discharge during 1999 2007. However, restoration and improvement of the vegetation cover may also have played a significant role in accelerating the decrease in annual runoff and sediment discharge by enhancing evapotranspiration and alleviating soil erosion.

STUDIES ON TERRACES AND RIVER SYSTEM CHANGES OF THE UPPER YELLOW RIVER

There are seven steps of terrace both in the Guide basin and Gonghe basin along the Yellow River. More close to the source, less the steps of terrace. Three ancient terraces are found in Gonghe basin. The upper reaches of the Yellow River was joined up by a series of stream captures at different periods of time, the ancient Yellow River linked up the Gonghe basin and Guide basin at the end of the middle Pleistocene, the Longyangxia gorge developed around 60 Ka.B.P., and the gorge between Maqu and Tangnag developed around 20 Ka.B.P.

Landslide susceptibility assessment in Western Henan Province based on a comparison of conventional and ensemble machine learning

Landslide is a serious natural disaster next only to earthquake and flood,which will cause a great threat to people’s lives and property safety.The traditional research of landslide disaster based on experience-driven or statistical model and its assessment results are subjective,difficult to quantify,and no pertinence.As a new research method for landslide susceptibility assessment,machine learning can greatly improve the landslide susceptibility model’s accuracy by constructing statistical models.Taking Western Henan for example,the study selected 16 landslide influencing factors such as topography,geological environment,hydrological conditions,and human activities,and 11 landslide factors with the most significant influence on the landslide were selected by the recursive feature elimination(RFE)method.Five machine learning methods[Support Vector Machines(SVM),Logistic Regression(LR),Random Forest(RF),Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost),and Linear Discriminant Analysis(LDA)]were used to construct the spatial distribution model of landslide susceptibility.The models were evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic curve and statistical index.After analysis and comparison,the XGBoost model(AUC 0.8759)performed the best and was suitable for dealing with regression problems.The model had a high adaptability to landslide data.According to the landslide susceptibility map of the five models,the overall distribution can be observed.The extremely high and high susceptibility areas are distributed in the Funiu Mountain range in the southwest,the Xiaoshan Mountain range in the west,and the Yellow River Basin in the north.These areas have large terrain fluctuations,complicated geological structural environments and frequent human engineering activities.The extremely high and highly prone areas were 12043.3 km^(2)and 3087.45 km^(2),accounting for 47.61%and 12.20%of the total area of the study area,respectively.Our study reflects the distribution of landslide susceptibility in western Henan Province,which provides a scientific basis for regional disaster warning,prediction,and resource protection.The study has important practical significance for subsequent landslide disaster management.

基于InSAR技术的夏藏滩滑坡区地表变形监测与分析

黄河上游两岸巨型滑坡发育,对以龙羊峡水电工程为代表的黄河上游梯级电站以及当地居民生产生活和生命财产安全等带来一定影响和潜在危害。为研究黄河上游巨型滑坡分布区地表形变特征,以位于青海尖扎境内的黄河上游右岸夏藏滩滑坡分布区为研究区,利用升轨、降轨Sentinel-1A影像数据,采用InSAR技术对滑坡体地表形变信息进行提取和分析,并通过实地调查对基于InSAR技术监测结果进行现场验证。结果表明:采用升轨、降轨Sentinel-1A影像数据所获得的区内滑坡体地表最大形变速率分别为24mm/a和21mm/a,最大累计变形量分别为133mm和128mm;2017—2022年监测周期内,随着监测时间增加,位于夏藏滩滑坡前缘的次级滑坡特征点A和B累计位移量呈逐渐增加的变化趋势;基于PS-InSAR和SBAS-InSAR两种方法所得到的滑坡体地表累计变形量具有一致性特征,该结果表明InSAR技术适用于黄河上游拉干峡—寺沟峡流域巨型滑坡体地表变形的监测。该研究结果不仅为开展黄河上游巨型滑坡地表变形监测提供有效方法,而且为该流域有效防治古滑坡复活提供数据支撑和实际指导。

Geomorphological and environmental evolution in the upper reaches of the Yellow River during the late Cenozoic

Studies of the geomorphology and stratigraphy in the upper reaches of the Yellow River during the late Cenozoic demonstrate that the period of 30 - 3.4 Ma is characterized by a relatively stable tectonic setting, a persistently hot climate and a wide distribution of inland basins. This long-term stable environment resulted in a planation surface, the main surface on the Qinghai-Xizang (Qingzang) Plateau, on which red earth crust and karst arc formed. Since 3.4 Ma, the Qingzang Plateau was 'uplifted as a whole massif, accompanied by the dissection and disintegration of the main surface, termination of deposition and deformation of stratigraphy in red basins, increasing relief and commencing accumulation of inland molasse formation mainly of conglomerate. Subsequent strong uplift of the Qingzang Plateau at 2.5 Ma and 1.7-1.66 Ma led to cormation of the basic geomorphological configuration of the Qingzang Plateau and occurrence of the Yellow River. These three strong uplifts of the Qingzang Plateau between 3.4 Ma and 1.7 -1.66 Ma was, therefore, named the Qingzang movement and divided correspondingly into three phases A. B and C. After the appearance of the Yellow River, the Qingzang Plateau continued uplifting intermittently, resulting in 8 valley terraces dated to 1.63. 1.5, 1.2. 0.8, 0.6, 0.15. 0.05. and 0.01 Ma. which also record the whole process of headward erosion of the Yellow River.

甘肃积石山强震诱发同震滑坡-泥流灾害链联动耦合致灾效应

近年来黄土区强震和极端天气诱发的典型滑坡-泥流灾害链事件呈多发态势,链式地质灾害较单一灾害隐蔽性更强、波及范围更大、破坏程度更高、损失更严重,因此链式地质灾害防控研究一直是防灾减灾的热点和难点。2023年12月18日23时59分,甘肃省临夏州积石山县发生Ms 6.2级地震,震源深度10 km,已造成151人死亡。此次强震诱发青海省民和县中川乡草滩村—金田村滑坡-泥流链式灾害,共造成20人死亡,灾害链致死率占地震遇难总人数的13.5%。灾后通过遥感影像处理解译、文献资料整理甄别、无人机摄影航测、野外详细勘查访问、现场采样分析测试等手段方法,对滑坡-泥流链式灾害开展了较全面系统研究,恢复和重现滑坡-泥流灾害链的启动-滑动-流动-堆积过程,探讨提出“滑源区地表冻结阻隔滞水效应、滑源区沟谷整平回填滞水效应、滑源区台地灌溉渗流饱水效应、滑源区振动液化筛选启动效应、滑源区漏斗收口增速启动效应、流通区土体差异流动分选效应、流通区沟岸坍塌补给增流效应、流通区沟底冰封饱水加速效应、堆积区上游渗水补给增程效应”等9大联动耦合致灾效应。该研究可为链式地质灾害的形成机理与防控提供科学参考。

黄河上游高寒沙地生态经济型治沙植物筛选评价

为助推黄河上游高寒区乡村振兴工作,在调查黄河上游沙生植物种质资源的基础上,采用层次分析法,从适应能力、扩繁能力、生态价值和经济价值4个方面确定地带性乡土植物、自然分布海拔、自然分布坡向等21个评价指标,构建黄河上游高寒沙地生态经济型治沙植物筛选层次结构模型,从22种具有经济价值的乡土治沙植物中筛选出沙棘、金露梅、银露梅、变叶海棠、垂穗披碱草、高山羊茅、高山绣线菊和窄叶鲜卑花等8种优良生态经济型治沙植物,为黄河上游高寒沙地植被恢复治沙植物选择提供科学依据。

基于土地利用变化的黄河上游四川段生态系统服务价值评价

[目的]通过定量研究20年间黄河上游四川段土地利用变化与生态系统服务价值的关系,评估该流域段生态综合治理效果,为健全民族区域空间规划、生态环境保护与管理提供依据,助力黄河流域高质量发展。[方法]利用黄河上游四川段2000年、2010年和2020年土地利用数据,基于土地利用动态度、土地利用矩阵分析土地利用变化,并参考中国陆地生态系统单位面积生态系统服务价值当量,对黄河上游四川段生态系统服务价值当量的经济价值进行修正,定量研究黄河上游四川段2000-2020年间土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响。[结果](1)2000-2020年黄河上游四川段林地、荒漠、湿地和水系土地利用面积呈上升趋势,耕地、灌木、草地和冰川积雪呈下降趋势,2010-2020年土地利用变化比2000-2010年更显著;(2)黄河上游四川段2000年、2010年和2020年生态系统服务价值分别为1.27×1010,2.51×1010,3.92×1010元,呈上升趋势,敏感性分析表明分析结果可靠。各土地利用类型中,对生态系统总价值贡献最为显著的地类是草地,2000-2010年和2010-2020年草地生态服务贡献率分别为93.90%和72.90%,其次为湿地和林地;(3)研究区在20年间各单项生态系统服务价值均呈增加趋势,区域生态服务功能的分项价值大小均为调节服务>支持服务>供给服务>文化服务,11个单项功能中起显著服务价值的为气候调节、水文调节、土壤保持和生物多样性,4项之和占总价值比例超过69.50%。黄河上游四川段土地利用变化影响区域生态系统服务价值的变化,其中草地影响最显著,其次为湿地和林地。[结论]研究结果表明20年间生态治理成果逐渐增强,生态环境不断变好。

黄河流域上游煤矿区土地利用类型变化及其对固碳服务的影响

明晰矿区土地利用变化及其对区域碳储量的影响,是“双碳”目标背景下推进矿区低碳减排和绿色高质量发展的重要手段.基于多源数据集,使用InVEST模型、土地利用动态度、转移矩阵、缓冲区分析和灰色关联度等方法,识别了1990-2020年黄河流域上游13个大中型煤矿区的土地利用类型时空变化,评估了不同矿区及其周边不同距离缓冲区的固碳服务能力,并对二者的关联度进行分析,旨在厘清矿区土地利用变化对固碳服务的影响.结果表明:(1)1990-2020年煤矿区土地利用类型主要以草地、未利用地、林地和耕地向城乡工矿居民用地转移为主,城乡工矿居民用地面积以288.8 hm^(2)/a的速度持续扩张.(2)1990-2020年不同时段城乡工矿居民用地的单一动态度均为正值,草地和未利用地则均为负值,其中2010-2015年各土地利用类型的综合动态度均较高,2015-2020年则均相对较低,并且露天开采方式矿区土地利用强度远高于井工开采方式.(3)1990-2020年各矿区内单位面积年固碳量在0.7~4.1 Mg/hm^(2)之间,在时间上呈先下降后升高再下降的趋势,并且在距离矿区50 km范围内,距离越远,平均单位面积年固碳量越高,影响程度逐渐下降.(4)不同土地利用类型与单位面积年固碳量的平均关联度从高到低表现为未利用地>耕地>草地>林地>水体.研究显示,黄河流域上游煤矿区开发过程中未利用地和耕地面积的变化是矿区生态系统固碳服务变化的重要原因.

黄河上游巨型滑坡区植被分布及其根系力学强度特征

为研究黄河上游巨型滑坡区植被分布类型及其根系力学强度特征,以位于黄河上游席芨滩巨型滑坡区为研究区,通过野外植被样方调查、制取根系和土体试样以及室内开展单根拉伸试验等方法,探讨了区内3种优势草本植物醉马草、异针茅、冷地早熟禾的单根抗拉力学特征,以及植物生长区土体营养元素特征对植物分布的影响。结果表明:席芨滩滑坡区以草本植物为主,灌木零星分布,物种数呈“驼峰状分布”;通过采用冗余分析得到,草本植物生长区土壤含水量(P<0.01,F=12.7)、pH值(P<0.05,F=8.0)和全氮(P<0.05,F=4.5)对植物群落生长和分布特征影响较为显著。进一步研究表明,同种植物生长位置不同,则其单根抗拉力学强度亦不同,而相同位置处的不同种植物,相应地其单根力学强度亦表现出不同的特征。这种特征表现在分布于滑坡中部的冷地早熟禾的平均单根抗拉力和平均抗拉强度均显著高于生长在滑坡前缘和后壁位置的;分布在滑坡中部位置处的3种优势草本植物,其平均单根抗拉力和平均单根抗拉强度由大至小依次为异针茅(9.10 N,80.29 MPa)、冷地早熟禾(7.51 N,49.78 MPa)、醉马草(6.69 N,34.82 MPa)。本研究结果可为科学防治席芨滩滑坡分布区边坡水土流失、浅层滑坡等坡面水土灾害提供理论依据和实际指导。

黄河上游地区三维生态足迹自然资本可持续评价及驱动力

本文基于改进的三维生态足迹模型,测算了黄河上游4个省区2012-2021年的人均三维生态足迹,并利用偏最小二乘法进行了驱动力分析。结果表明:黄河上游的人均生态足迹从2012年的2.089 9 hm^(2)·人^(-1)上升至2021年的2.536 5 hm^(2)·人^(-1),10年间仍处于生态可持续状态;研究期间黄河上游各省区的人均生态足迹深度均超过1 hm^(2)·人^(-1),人均生态足迹广度在总体上呈先升后降的趋势;人均三维生态足迹整体处于波动上升趋势,其中内蒙古的人均三维生态足迹值偏高,2021年达到3.87 hm^(2)·人^(-1);5个时期的可持续发展水平变化特征呈现“西南高东北低”的分布格局,可持续发展水平较高的省份为青海省和甘肃省;驱动力分析模型表明,黄河上游地区自然资本驱动力整体受人口、社会消费、生态建设、科技和环境污染多重因素综合影响。未来需因地制宜制定和实施可持续发展策略,推动黄河上游地区生态保护与高质量发展。

1951—2020年黄河上中游径流变化特征及归因分析

【目的】河川径流是地表重要的水资源,对其变化特征和原因进行解析,是流域水资源科学管理规划的前提。【方法】本文采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验、Pettitt突变检验、Budyko弹性系数法等方法分析了黄河上游和中游近70年(1951—2020年)径流变化的趋势和成因。【结果】(1)1951—2020年黄河上游年降水量呈不显著增加趋势(4.04 mm/(10 a),P> 0.05),中游呈不显著减少趋势(4.90 mm/(10 a),P> 0.05);上游、中游年潜在蒸散发均呈不显著增加趋势(1.77、2.23 mm/(10 a),P> 0.05);(2)黄河上游和中游1980—2020年土地利用/覆盖变化明显,主要表现在林草面积的增加,上游、中游年NDVI分别以0.025/(10 a)、0.042/(10 a)的速率显著增加(P <0.01);(3)1951—2020年,上游和中游年径流量分别以3.46、7.46 mm/(10 a)的速率显著减少(P <0.01),并分别在1986年、1990年发生突变;(4)上游和中游径流对降水变化最为敏感,其次是土地利用/覆盖变化、潜在蒸散发变化,且径流对各影响因子的敏感性逐年增强,即气候和土地利用/覆盖的变化将更容易引起径流的变化;(5)土地利用/覆盖变化是导致黄河上游和中游径流减少的主要原因,其次是降水和潜在蒸散,但各影响因子对径流变化的影响性质和程度在上游和中游不同区间存在一定的差异。其中,上游地区降水、潜在蒸散发、土地利用/覆盖变化对径流的影响性质和程度分别为-14.04%、1.30%、112.73%;中游地区分别为21.54%、3.63%、74.83%。【结论】1951—2020年黄河上游和中游径流变化是气候变化和土地利用/覆盖变化共同作用的结果,但主要影响因素为人类活动主导的土地利用/覆盖变化,且各因子对径流的影响在不同区间存在一定的差异。本研究结果可为黄河上游和中游不同区间的水资源管理和综合治理提供理论支持。

黄河上游降水变化分析

黄河上游是黄河流域重要的水源涵养区,径流占流域多年平均(1956—2000年)总径流的62%,降水变化不仅是水源的主要影响因素,也关系到涵养能力的变化。本文利用黄河上游43个气象站1960—2021年逐日降水系列数据,基于小波分析划分周期,采用Mann-Kendall检验法、距平法、频率曲线法等对上游区降水变化进行分析,结果表明:(1)黄河上游降水可划分出1963—1981年、1981—1999年、1999—2018年三个明显的周期;(2)1960—2021年年降水量以4.9 mm 10a的趋势增加,三个周期时段内年降水量的倾向率分别为-0.9 mm 10a,-1.0 mm 10a,46mm 10a;(3)1960—2021年年降水量距平百分率在-15%~15%的正常年份占比74%,距平百分率在-30%~-15%的轻旱年份和15%~30%的轻涝年份分别占比15%和8%;距平百分率在30%~40%的中涝年份占3%,旱涝年份基本发生在1963—1981年、1999—2018年两个周期;(4)三个周期时段日降水量具有差异的主要是频率小于10%的降水,且随海拔变化有差异,表现为1999—2018年玛沁站25~45.4 mm d降水量比以往增强,1999—2018年临夏站20~50 mm d降水量比以往增强,1963—1981年乌审召站50~65 mm d降水量比以往增强。

黄河上游宁蒙河段平滩流量变化与水沙过程的响应关系

平滩流量是表征河道排洪输沙能力的重要指标,开展宁蒙河段平滩流量变化机理的研究对于治理黄河意义重大,本文采用实测资料分析的方法,研究了黄河上游宁蒙河段平滩流量变化特征及其与汛期水沙过程的定量关系。研究结果表明:黄河上游宁蒙河段沿程六站平滩流量由1960年代中期的3600~5800 m^(3)/s减小到目前的1900~4000 m^(3)/s。2000年前宁蒙河段三湖河口平滩流量与汛期水沙过程关系点群与2000年后两者关系点群存在明显分区,说明2000年后宁蒙河段河床演变机理发生了变化,遵循不同规律。建立的宁蒙河段三湖河口平滩流量与汛期水沙过程的定量关系式表明,宁蒙河段平滩流量随着汛期平均水量的减小(增大)而减小(增大),随着汛期平均来沙系数的减小(增大)而增大(减小),随着汛期水流过程参数的增大(减小)而增大(减小)。

黄河中上游区土地使用结构与布局复合优化

黄河中上游地区生态环境脆弱,空间发展问题突出,探索该区域土地使用结构和布局优化配置是实现黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的有效途径。该研究以黄河中上游地区为研究对象,基于该区域土地使用、社会经济等数据,运用多目标规划(multi-objective programming,MOP)和PLUS模型模拟了惯性发展、生态保护、经济优先和生态-经济均衡4种情景下研究区未来土地格局和变化趋势,并在平衡生态与经济的目标下提出最优土地使用结构和布局方案。结果表明:1)4种情景下,土地使用比例结构存在较大差异;2)均衡情景下的区域土地使用结构和空间布局方案为最优,其综合效益值最高且达到19481.00亿元,与生态保护情景相比其经济效益(12223.88亿元)增长了4.07%,与经济优先情景相比其生态价值(7257.12亿元)增长了2.32%;经济优先情景下综合效益值为20273.96亿元,是4种情景下最高的。研究可为黄河中上游区域未来土地使用规划编制和土地可持续利用规划提供依据。

黄河上游景泰川电力提灌工程的经济与生态效益

为促进景泰川电力提灌工程及其灌溉区(以下简称“景电工程”及“景电灌区”)持续健康发展,通过时间序列分析法,对比分析景电工程自建设以来产生的经济效益;利用2000—2020年的归一化植被指数数据,采用Slope趋势分析法,分析2000—2020年景电灌区植被指数的时空动态变化。结果表明:1980—2020年农村人均纯收入增加19854元;城乡居民储蓄存款增加近100倍;地区生产总值增加122亿元;财政收入增加5.78亿元,40年的时间里财政收入增加289倍。2000—2020年植被指数持续增加,区域生态呈显著改善状态,景电灌区灌溉面积已发展到60784 hm^(2),荒漠化土地面积减少2.0667万hm^(2),景电工程建成以后,生态得到有效恢复,促进了区域农业经济的快速发展,居民生活水平显著提高。