NATURAL RESOURCES AND ECO-ENVIRONMENT MAPPING IN HENAN,CHINA

The history is briefly looked back of natural resources and eec-environmental mapping in Henan Province. The main achievements are alsosummed up in following aspects: geographical mapping, soil mapping, land resource mapping, hydrothermal resource mapping, biological resource mapping, ecological mapping, design and compilation of natural resource and environment atlas, and study on cartographic theory and method. The basic characterristics are discussed, they include 1) extensive cartographic field and varied-type map; 2) resource and environment mapping being closely connected with resource investigation and environment research; 3) traditional cartographic method being dominant; 4) cooperation of cartographic researchers. Finally, the future tasks are proposed as follows: compiling a series of large-scale maps and renewing obsolete maps; dynamically monitoring and mapping of natural resource and environment system; mapping of eec-environment; and establishing information system of resource and environment.

Changing Trends of Natural Resources Degradation in Kagera Basin: Case Study of Kagera Sub-Basin, Uganda

In many respects, river basins are extremely convenient natural resources management units and hence calls for an integrated approach in case of transboundary nature. Environmental resources in Kagera basin are under great threat due to demographic factors leading to wide spread environmental degradation. Land degradation and biodiversity loss are central issues in the basin, but the extent and severity of the degradation pressures are not yet clearly illustrated and their implications largely unknown. To date, natural resource mapping in Kagera basin has been based on isolated case studies for specific purposes and not much has been done in mapping resources and classification of resources degradation by remote sensing applications considering the whole basin. In this study, basin-wide mapping approach was adopted and hot spot areas associated with natural resources use in the basin identified and trends over time established. However, this paper presents results from Kagera River sub-basin, Uganda. Mapping exercise was done by using landsat images and aerial photos of Kagera basin covering the years 1984-2002. Overall, bushland in Kagera sub-basin, Uganda increased by 78% and woodland cover showed mere 6% gain;but a 53% decrease in open woodland sub-type and 29% decrease in closed woodland. Significant shift occurred in cultivation with herbaceous crops (mainly banana) from year 1984-2002 moving from east to west of Kagera sub-basin, Uganda representing 167% increase. Area occupied by permanent swamp decreased 31%. Over the same period, land cover change detection matrix indicates main land cover changes include conversion to bushland (59.34%) followed by conversion to grassland (7.29%) and cultivated land (7.16%), with only 24.19% of the land cover remaining unchanged. It is concluded that the observed changes are, a result of human-induced factors and show unsustainable utilization of natural resources as most of the changes make the land susceptible to degradation.

“Tasks”versus“Disciplines”:The Comprehensive Surveys of Natural Resources by the Chinese Academy of Sciences,and the Politics of Science Policy in the People’s Republic of China

As soon as the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)was founded by the new government of the People’s Republic of China in 1949,the principles of“linking theory with practice”and“conducting research to serve the people”set the framework for its scientific studies.How to balance their obligations to facilitate national economic construction with their desires to advance disciplinary scientific developments posed a knotty problem that frustrated those who organized and engaged in scientific research across the country,and in the CAS in particular.Against this background,the slogan“let tasks lead disciplines”was proposed as an effective solution.However,how exactly to put this into practice became a pressing issue,as CAS scientists and scholars debated the relationship between tasks and advances within scientific disciplines.This paper examines these debates as they were carried out in the case of the comprehensive surveys of natural resources organized by the CAS,focusing especially on different understandings of the relationship between“tasks”and“disciplines”within the CAS in the early 1960s,and examining the impact and legacy of“letting tasks lead disciplinary developments,”with possible lessons for the formulation of scientific plans today.

基于自组织特征映射模型(SOFM)网络的中国自然资源生态安全区划

自然资源生态安全是国家安全的重要组成部分,自然资源生态安全区划对保障区域可持续发展提供了重要途径。基于自然资源数据、生态环境数据和相关区划资料,从生态敏感性与生态服务重要性角度构建了自然资源生态安全评价指标体系,进而揭示了中国自然资源生态安全的空间格局;通过建立区划的原则和指标,按照一级区主要反映自然资源空间分布格局,二级区主要揭示自然资源生态安全水平的差异,采用SOFM网络制订了中国自然资源生态安全区划方案。结果显示:(1)中国自然资源生态安全水平整体偏低,以中警与重警状态区域为主,安全和较安全状态的区域仅占24.22%,其中低安全等级区多分布于400mm等降水量线以西的干旱、半干旱区,高安全等级区则集中分布于水热资源与生物资源较为丰富的东南部地区;(2)中国自然资源生态安全区划方案包括8个一级区与27个二级区,总结归纳各大区自然资源的特征和威胁生态安全的问题,并针对二级区自然资源生态安全状况提出了对策建议。研究结果可为分区、分类推进全国自然资源可持续利用和国土空间优化提供理论支持与决策依据。

From Digitalized to Intelligentized Surveying and Mapping: Fundamental Issues and Research Agenda

Nowadays Surveying and Mapping(S&M)production and services are facing some serious challenges such as real-timization of data acquisition,automation of information processing,and intellectualization of service applications.The main reason is that current digitalized S&M technologies,which involve complex algorithms and models as the core,are incapable of completely describing and representing the diverse,multi-dimensional and dynamic real world,as well as addressing high-dimensional and nonlinear spatial problems using simple algorithms and models.In order to address these challenges,it is necessary to explore the use of natural intelligence in S&M,and to develop intelligentized S&M technologies,which are knowledge-guided and algorithm-based.This paper first discusses the basic concepts and ideas of intelligentized S&M,and then analyzes and defines its fundamental issues in the analysis and modeling of natural intelligence in S&M,the construction and realization of hybrid intelligent computing paradigm,and the mechanism and path of empowering production.Further research directions are then proposed in the four areas,including knowledge systems,technologies and methodologies,application systems,and instruments and equipments of intelligentized S&M.Finally,some institutional issues related to promoting scientific research and engineering applications in this area are discussed.

Dominant and Subdominant Types of Nature Resources in Ukraine: Regional Analysis

Geographic specificities of allocation of basic (dominant) and second significant (subdo-minant) types of nature resources of Ukraine are disclosed in the aspect of 278 Ukrainian natural (physic-geographic) rayon. Major territorial combinations of nature resources formed in the state’s natural regions are exposed.

A Survey of Tibet's Natural Resources

Ⅰ. Agricultural resources Agriculture, the foundation of Tibet’s economic development, demonstrates its chief superiority in the following aspects: 1. Concentrated arable land, large and varied grassland and rich waste land. The 3.36 million mu of arable land in Tibet are centered onthe valleys of "one jiang and two rivers" with abundant water and excellent temperature. According to 1990 statistics, the total areas of arable land in the 18 counties and cities situated on the middle section of the "one jiang and

Evaluation of urban underground space resources using a negative list method: Taking Xi'an City as an example in China

Utilization of urban underground space has become a vital approach to alleviate the strain on urban land resources,and to optimize the structure and pattem of the city.It is also very important to improve the city environment,build livable city and increase the capacity of the city.Based on the analysis of existing evaluation methods and their problems,a method for evaluating underground space resources based on a negative list of adverse factors affecting underground space development is proposed,to be primarily used in urban planning stages.A list of the adverse factors is established,including limiting factors,constraining factors and influencing factors.Taking Xi'an as an example,using a geographical information system platform,a negative list of adverse factors for the underground space resources in Xi'an City are evaluated,and preventive measures are proposed.Natural resources,exploitable resources,and the potential growth of exploitable underground space resources are evaluated.Underground space assessment in the different development stages of the city,collaborative utilization and safety evaluation for multiple subsurface resources,environmental impact and assessment,as well as evaluation methods based on big data and intelligent optimization algorithms are all discussed with the aim of serving city planning and construction.

Studies on Land Resource Inventory for Agricultural Land Use Planning in Northern Transition Zone of India through Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques

Land suitability analysis is a prerequisite to achieving optimum utilization of available land resources. Hence, a study on land resource inventory for agricultural land use planning was conducted in the Northern Transition Zone of India to determine land capability and develop a suitability map for wheat and sorghum-based on physical and climatic factors of production using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Detailed soil survey information was used for this exercise. Four series (Singhanhalli, Mugli, Bogur and Venkatapur series) were identified and mapped into seventeen mapping units. Land capability classification showed that a greater portion of the study area belonged to class III followed by class IV with limitations of erosion, wetness and varying soil properties. Four land capability classes viz., II, III, IV, and VI, and seven subclasses viz., IIsf, IIItsf, IVs, IVt, IVts, IVtsf and VIt were identified. Major limitations of these subclasses were slope, erosion, depth, texture, coarse fragments, pH, organic carbon and base saturation. Soil suitability assessment revealed that the soils are moderately suitable to permanently not suitable. About 234 ha (31.6%) is moderately suitable, 494 ha (65.0%) marginally suitable and 10.2 ha (1.3%) permanently not suitable for wheat;while 78.5 ha (10.3%) is moderately suitable, 633.4 ha (82.3%) marginally suitable and 32.6 ha (4.3%) permanently not suitable for sorghum respectively. The moderate, marginal and permanent non-suitability was due to moderate, severe and very severe limitations respectively. However, it is possible to achieve potential yield of the crops in the study area if these limitations are addressed.

The Concept of Information Support for Bi-oresource and Ecosystem Research in the North-West Pacific: Theory and Practical Implementation

The first part of the article provides an overview of the theoretical evidence, the main provisions, and the implementation strategy of information support for bioresource and ecosystem research in the north-west Pacific, which has been conducted over the past 20 years in the Russian Far East Research Institute TINRO-Center. In short, the concept consists of a combination of the following four assertions: 1) For the steady and sustainable development of the Russian Far East, the entire Russian Federation and the Asia-Pacific Region in general, environmental, food, economic, and other security is required, which cannot be achieved without the rational use of bioresources based on the ecosystem approach to the management of aquatic bioresources. 2) For the inventory, appraisal, monitoring, forecasting of the state of and management the natural water resources when applying this approach, statistically relevant quantitative information is required on the greatest possible number of constituents of marine biocenosis of the north-western Pacific for the longest possible period of time, which is only available at the TINRO-Center. 3) This valuable data should be organized into databases, based on which geo-information and other electronic information systems are prepared, and based on these map atlases and reference books on natural water resources, using automated workplaces created especially for this. 4) The resulting unique information support will be of great value not only for practical purposes, but also for science, both applied and fundamental. Next comes a summary of the many years of work on the practical implementation of this concept and the key achievements in this field obtained by the TINRO-Center by the end of 2015 are reviewed. At the end, some plans for the near future are outlined.

A NATION-WIDE SOIL SURVEY RATIONALIZES EXPLOITATION OF VARIOUS SOIL RESOURCES

To tap the production potential of soil resources in China by making a nationwide soil investigation is a precondition for developing the farming production as a means of coping with the current population explosion and providing necessities for people’s livelihood.This article expounds practical methods for the survey and elucidates rational exploitation in line with soil conditions in different localities across the land.

新时期基础测绘规划省市县联动协同编研刍议

基础测绘是基础性、公益性事业,国家对基础测绘实行分级管理。立足于机构改革后基础测绘在自然资源管理格局中的职责定位、工作重点,以及如何更好地履行新《测绘法》赋予的法定职责,分析了新形势下基础测绘的发展现状和面临的形势,提出了基础测绘“十四五”规划省市县一体化协同编研的主要遵循和具体思路,据此明确了工作重点和任务举措,相关观点已在广东省、惠州市及其各县区基础测绘“十四五”规划编制中得到了应用。

基于知识图谱的森林资源资产知识服务体系构建

森林资源资产是一个新生专属名词,而现有数据基础、技术方法、管理体系很难实现对森林资源资产相关知识的查询。同时,由于知识具有零散化、广义化特性,导致现有的管理体系缺乏对知识数据的信息采集、搜索、汇总和正确解读。文中从知识图谱视角出发,构建基于知识图谱的森林资源资产知识服务体系,并针对知识服务体系构建过程中面临的数字化基础程度及应用存在差异、数据体系架构间存在知识鸿沟、数据标准体系建设存在不足3方面挑战,从提升数字化应用能力、促进分析方法学研究、加强数据标准体系建设3方面提出了对策建议,以期为建立数据技术驱动的森林资源资产管理体系提供思路。

自然资源三维立体一张图建设技术探究

传统的二维图形技术已无法满足当前自然资源管理的高质量发展需求,实景三维技术成为解决这一问题的关键。为了实现对各类自然资源的立体集中管理,为自然资源统一调查监测评价提供基础支撑,本文基于大数据、云计算、知识图谱等技术,以娄底市娄星区为例,设计了自然资源三维立体一张图管理平台,实现了对自然资源的管理与利用,探索了其在自然资源数据管理、数据共享、多维度挖掘分析、全方位分析决策方面的应用,为各地相关工作开展提供了参考。

面向国土空间规划的自然资源数据“一张图”建设研究

自然资源是社会经济发展建设的载体,自然资源数据是国土空间规划有效实施的重要基础,建设数据一张图是自然资源管理工作开展的重要前提。针对这一需求,本文首先对国土规划数据的类别、特点进行分析,建立自然资源一体化数据组织及编码体系;然后对数据属性组织方法进行研究,提出空间—属性双重关联的数据存储管理模式;最后,依托项目进行数据综合治理工作,验证本文的可行性。

广西应急测绘保障体系框架研究

分析了广西应急测绘任务需要解决的问题,包括:应对的情况、保障服务的对象、保障的阶段和各阶段的主要工作等。提出了该问题的解决思路,设定了广西应急测绘保障体系建设目标,设计了一套具有“统一指挥、上下联动、依靠群众”组织体系的,具有“专常兼备、反应迅速”技术体系的和“覆盖全面”支撑体系的广西应急测绘保障体系框架,很好支撑了首次国省协同跨省区应急测绘保障演练的顺利开展,也经受住了“‘3.21’东航飞行事故”应急测绘保障任务的实践考验。

江西省天保工程数据库构建与管理以弋阳县为例

为使江西省的天保工程管理更加规范、科学,本文以弋阳县为例,构建了天保工程数据库,并提出数据库的日常更新管理方法。通过建立天保工程数据库,可将天保林矢量数据与当前公益林矢量数据、森林督查图斑、林地征占图斑、林木采伐图斑、造林上图图斑、森林火灾或森林病虫害等自然灾害图斑等档案资料进行叠加分析,实现林业资源“一张图”动态管理天保林变化情况。研究成果可为江西省范围的天保工程数据库建立和管理提供技术指导。

存量数据转换自然资源管理实体生产实践

基于加快推进新型基础测绘体系建设,不断提升基础测绘支撑服务能力和水平的目的,以存量1∶500大比例尺DLG数据为基础,结合DOM、国土变更调查等参考数据,研究DLG转换为基础地理实体和专业类自然资源管理实体生产流程,通过广州市新型基础测绘珠江新城(新中轴)琶洲试验区实践,分析基础地理实体和自然资源实体生产转换的技术实现过程以及转换成效。

测绘新技术在自然资源测绘工程中的应用

空间规划体系属于自然资源规划中的核心构成元素,迅速、准确的获取地表变化动态,这对自然资源的监控与规划而言有着深刻的现实含义。无人机航测技术的出现,有效解决了传统测绘方式的缺陷,大幅提升了测绘工作效率,为自然资源监测与规划提供了可靠的数据支持。本文从无人机航测技术入手,以尚志市林业资源调查规划项目为案例,采集了实验区域大比例尺地形图,再对数据采集期间有可能形成的误差问题展开分析,给出了相应的降低误差的方式。

水流自然资源确权登记信息集成关键技术

水流资源是自然资源确权的重要类型,复杂的数据源与繁琐的业务流程严重制约了其确权的效率和成果精度。提出了一套信息集成处理解决方案,根据水流自然资源确权的技术目标和要求,并结合业务实施过程和特点,从多源水流资源数据融合处理、协同式数据管理和作业编辑、确权业务作业流程的功能定制、确权数据成果的信息输出4个方面进行技术改进。以汉北河流域为研究区进行验证,结果表明该方案能有效提升成果精度,提高作业效率。