Review of artificial intelligence applications in astronomical data processing

Artificial Intelligence(AI)is an interdisciplinary research field with widespread applications.It aims at developing theoretical,methodological,technological,and applied systems that simulate,enhance,and assist human intelligence.Recently,notable accomplishments of artificial intelligence technology have been achieved in astronomical data processing,establishing this technology as central to numerous astronomical research areas such as radio astronomy,stellar and galactic(Milky Way)studies,exoplanets surveys,cosmology,and solar physics.This article systematically reviews representative applications of artificial intelligence technology to astronomical data processing,with comprehensive description of specific cases:pulsar candidate identification,fast radio burst detection,gravitational wave detection,spectral classification,and radio frequency interference mitigation.Furthermore,it discusses possible future applications to provide perspectives for astronomical research in the artificial intelligence era.

A Cross-matching Service for Data Center of Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory

Cross-matching is a key technique to achieve fusion of multi-band astronomical catalogs. Due to different equipment such as various astronomical telescopes, the existence of measurement errors, and proper motions of the celestial bodies, the same celestial object will have different positions in different catalogs, making it difficult to integrate multi-band or full-band astronomical data. In this study, we propose an online cross-matching method based on pseudo-spherical indexing techniques and develop a service combining with high performance computing system(Taurus) to improve cross-matching efficiency, which is designed for the Data Center of Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory. Specifically, we use Quad Tree Cube to divide the spherical blocks of the celestial object and map the 2D space composed of R.A. and decl. to 1D space and achieve correspondence between real celestial objects and spherical patches. Finally, we verify the performance of the service using Gaia 3 and PPMXL catalogs. Meanwhile, we send the matching results to VO tools-Topcat and Aladin respectively to get visual results. The experimental results show that the service effectively solves the speed bottleneck problem of crossmatching caused by frequent I/O, and significantly improves the retrieval and matching speed of massive astronomical data.

Astronomical Knowledge Entity Extraction in Astrophysics Journal Articles via Large Language Models

Astronomical knowledge entities,such as celestial object identifiers,are crucial for literature retrieval and knowledge graph construction,and other research and applications in the field of astronomy.Traditional methods of extracting knowledge entities from texts face numerous challenging obstacles that are difficult to overcome.Consequently,there is a pressing need for improved methods to efficiently extract them.This study explores the potential of pre-trained Large Language Models(LLMs)to perform astronomical knowledge entity extraction(KEE)task from astrophysical journal articles using prompts.We propose a prompting strategy called PromptKEE,which includes five prompt elements,and design eight combination prompts based on them.We select four representative LLMs(Llama-2-70B,GPT-3.5,GPT-4,and Claude 2)and attempt to extract the most typical astronomical knowledge entities,celestial object identifiers and telescope names,from astronomical journal articles using these eight combination prompts.To accommodate their token limitations,we construct two data sets:the full texts and paragraph collections of 30 articles.Leveraging the eight prompts,we test on full texts with GPT-4and Claude 2,on paragraph collections with all LLMs.The experimental results demonstrate that pre-trained LLMs show significant potential in performing KEE tasks,but their performance varies on the two data sets.Furthermore,we analyze some important factors that influence the performance of LLMs in entity extraction and provide insights for future KEE tasks in astrophysical articles using LLMs.Finally,compared to other methods of KEE,LLMs exhibit strong competitiveness in multiple aspects.

Astronomical influence of the development of Paleogene thin coal seam groups in offshore Lacustrine basins:A case study of the ZhuⅠDepression's Enping Formation located in the northern South China Sea

The development of the Paleogene coal seams in China's offshore basin areas generally had the characteristics of coal measures with large thicknesses,large numbers of coal seams,thin single coal seams,poor stability,scattered vertical distribution,and a wide distribution range.This study selected the Enping Formation of the ZhuⅠDepression in the northern section of the South China Sea as an example to determine the macro-control factors of the development of the Paleogene coal seam groups.An analysis was carried out on the influencing effects and patterns of the astronomical cycles related to the development of the thin coal seam groups in the region.A floating astronomical time scale of the Enping Formation was established,and the sedimentary time limit of the Enping Formation was determined to be approximately 6.15 Ma±.In addition,the cyclostratigraphy analysis results of the natural gamma-ray data of Well XJ in the Enping Formation of the Xijiang Sag revealed that the development of the thin coal seams had probably been affected by short eccentricity and precession factors.The formation process of coal seams was determined to have been affected by high seasonal contrast,precipitation,and insolation.During the periods with high values of short eccentricity,the seasonal contrasts tended to be high.During those periods,fluctuations in the precession controls resulted in periodic volume changes in precipitation and insolation of the region,resulting in the development of thin coal seams.It was also found that the periods with low precession were the most conducive to coal seam development.On that basis,combined with such factors as sedimentary environmental conditions conducive to the development of thin coal seam groups,this study established a theoretical model of the comprehensive influences of short eccentricity and precession on the development and distribution of Paleogene thin coal seam groups in offshore lacustrine basins.The patterns of the Paleogene astronomical periods and paleoclimate evolution,along with the control factors which impacted the development of thin coal seam groups in offshore lacustrine basins,were revealed.

Research surveys and their evolution:Past,current and future uses in healthcare

Research surveys are believed to have originated in antiquity with evidence of them being performed in ancient Egypt and Greece.In the past century,their use has grown significantly and they are now one of the most frequently employed research methods including in the field of healthcare.Modern validation techniques and processes have allowed researchers to broaden the scope of qualitative data they can gather through these surveys such as an individual’s views on service quality to nationwide surveys that are undertaken regularly to follow healthcare trends.This article focuses on the evolution and current utility of research surveys,different methodologies employed in their creation,the advantages and disadvantages of different forms and their future use in healthcare research.We also review the role artificial intelligence and the importance of increased patient participation in the development of these surveys in order to obtain more accurate and clinically relevant data.

Dietary Surveys Carried out among Diabetic Patients Hospitalized in the Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Department of the C.H.U-B

A varied and balanced diet has always been essential in the optimal management of diabetes. The objective of this work was to evaluate dietary surveys among 50 diabetic patients hospitalized in the metabolic and endocrine diseases department of the Brazzaville Hospital and University Center. This survey was carried out using two methods: dietary history and 24-hour recall. The results relating to the dietary history revealed in the patients a dietary imbalance characterized by snacking at meals, non-compliance with a balanced diet and a high frequency of consumption of foods rich in simple sugar. and saturated fats. Regarding the 24-hour recall, the survey showed that the average blood sugar levels of hospitalized patients increased depending on the number of meals. This meant that these hyperglycemias (2 to 5 g/L) observed in these patients exceeded three meals per day and required, among other things, an increase in insulin intake or doses. The age groups of diabetic patients were also divided. These age groups had partly defined the types of diabetes encountered. Regarding body mass index, women had a body mass index greater than 30 kg/m2 compared to men. This increase in body mass index was explained by being overweight or even obese due to excess body fat.

Exploration of the relationship between the astronomical calendar and the origins of Qi,Yin and Yang,and the Five Elements

Background:Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)as a traditional Chinese medical practice,has gradually evolved into a coherent and systematic medical science based on natural principles and applied to human beings over time.The publication of the“Huangdi Neijing”(The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine,Written between the Warring States period and the Qin and Han Dynasties,and finally compiled in the Western Han Dynasty,from 475 B.C.E.-8 C.E.)signified the establishment of a comprehensive theoretical framework for Chinese medicine.Due to the perspective of the‘correspondence between heaven and man’in TCM,the purpose of this paper is to explore the origin and development of the basic theories of TCM under the ancient astronomical view and the connection between the two.Methods:This paper emphases on the universe uninty with the humanities,philosophy,and medicine,starting with the forms of stargazing in ancient Chinese astronomy and the natural laws derived by the ancients from their observations of natural celestial phenomena.Results:Astronomy,arts and crafts,divination and medical correlations are based on the sequential changes of natural seasons.Conclusion:The operation of natural celestial phenomena and the characteristics of physical phenomena correspond to human physiology,and the development of the basic theories of Chinese medicine is inextricably linked to ancient astronomy,ancient philosophy,and ancient primeval science.

Establishment of an astronomical time scale for the Shizigou Formation in the Qaidam Basin,Inner Asia and orbital forced evolution of lakes during The Pliocene

The Qaidam Basin,as the largest inland basin within the Tibetan Plateau,has accumulated more than 10,000 m of Cenozoic continental sediments.It serves as a crucial research area for documenting Cenozoic climate changes and plateau uplift processes in the Asian interior.Additionally,the basin holds vast reserves of oil and gas resources,making high-resolution drilling data invaluable for studying paleoclimate.In this study,the longsequence lacustrine deposits of JS1 drill core across the Shizigou Formation in the Yiliping Depression at the western center of the basin were studied,aiming to establish an astronomical timescale for the Shizigou Formation and investigate the characteristics of paleoclimatic changes during the late Miocene to the Pliocene for the Asian interior.The analysis was carried out using high-resolution natural gamma ray(GR)data sequences,employing techniques such as spectral analysis,filtering,and wavelet analysis in cyclostratigraphy.The results indicated the presence of a stable Milankovitch orbital signal was perfectly recorded in the Shizigou Formation,primarily influenced by eccentricity cycles,with weaker obliquity and precession cycles.Using the stable and continuous 405 ka eccentricity cycle in astronomical tuning,a"floating"astronomical timescale with a duration of 6.1 Ma for the Yiliping depression's Shizigou Formation has been established.With reference to previously established stratigraphic age anchor points,an absolute astronomical timescale(2.5–8.6 Ma)has been ultimately provided for the Shizigou Formation.Simultaneously,a clear 100 ka short eccentricity cycle record has been identified during the Pliocene(5.3–2.5 Ma),which corresponds in time with the aridification within the basin during this Pliocene period.In addition,a comparison of the Pliocene natural gamma ray curve of the Qaidam Basin with global ice volume variations indicated that the basin's aridification was influenced by global cooling,with eccentricity-modulated precession cycles controlling solar radiation and subsequently affecting the evolution of lakes in the arid region of Inner Asia.

Are the altitudinal patterns of plant diversity derived from field surveys consistent with those from empirical integrated methods?

Field surveys and empirical integrated methods are commonly used in the ecological research to understand the altitudinal pattern of plant diversity of mountains.However,few studies have compared the differences between the two methods on the same scale.Here,we addressed and compared the altitudinal patterns of species richness(SR),phylogenetic diversity(PD),the standardized effect size of phylogenetic diversity(PDses)and mean phylogenetic distance(MPDses)of about 580 angiosperms growing on Mount Kenya from two independent datasets:one is based on our several times field surveys in this mountain and another one is based on empirical data integrated from literatures.We found that the altitudinal diversity patterns of field surveys dataset were consistent with the empirical integrated dataset.Both SR and PD showed hump-shaped patterns along the altitude,and both PDses and MPDses showed monotonically decreasing patterns along the altitude.The ratio of diversity between field surveys dataset and empirical integrated dataset were gradually increase along the altitude.Our research provides new insight for understanding the altitudinal diversity patterns of plants of a tropical mountain.

Profiling Astronomical Objects Using Unsupervised Learning Approach

Attempts to determine characters of astronomical objects have been one of major and vibrant activities in both astronomy and data science fields.Instead of a manual inspection,various automated systems are invented to satisfy the need,including the classification of light curve profiles.A specific Kaggle competition,namely Photometric LSST Astronomical Time-Series Classification Challenge(PLAsTiCC),is launched to gather new ideas of tackling the abovementioned task using the data set collected from the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope(LSST)project.Almost all proposed methods fall into the supervised family with a common aim to categorize each object into one of pre-defined types.As this challenge focuses on developing a predictive model that is robust to classifying unseen data,those previous attempts similarly encounter the lack of discriminate features,since distribution of training and actual test datasets are largely different.As a result,well-known classification algorithms prove to be sub-optimal,while more complicated feature extraction techniques may help to slightly boost the predictive performance.Given such a burden,this research is set to explore an unsupervised alternative to the difficult quest,where common classifiers fail to reach the 50%accuracy mark.A clustering technique is exploited to transform the space of training data,from which a more accurate classifier can be built.In addition to a single clustering framework that provides a comparable accuracy to the front runners of supervised learning,a multiple-clustering alternative is also introduced with improved performance.In fact,it is able to yield a higher accuracy rate of 58.32%from 51.36%that is obtained using a simple clustering.For this difficult problem,it is rather good considering for those achieved by well-known models like support vector machine(SVM)with 51.80%and Naive Bayes(NB)with only 2.92%.

The control of astronomical cycles on lacustrine fine-grained event Sedimentation——A case study of the Chunshang sub-member of the upper Es_(4) in the Dongying Sag

Fine-grained lacustrine sedimentation controlled by astronomical cycles remains a research weakness in sedimentology studies,as most studies have concentrated on how astronomical cycles affect the normal lacustrine fine-grained sedimentation,but how they affect the lacustrine fine-grained event sedimen-tation has been rarely studied.Therefore,this work researched the characteristics of event sedimentation by systematically observing the cores from 30 cored wells in the Shahejie Formation of the Dongying Sag at a depth of over 1800 m,with more than 4000 thin sections being authenticated and over 1000 whole rocks being analyzed by X-ray diffraction(XRD).The research object was the Chunshang Sub-member of Upper Es_(4) in the Fanye 1 well,as it had the most comprehensive analysis data and underwent the most continuous coring.We divided astronomical cycles into different orders and made corresponding curves using the gamma-ray(GR)curve,spectral analysis,power spectrum estimation,and module extreme values,there were 6 long eccentricity periods,22 short eccentricity periods,65.5 obliquity cycles,and 110.5 precession cycles in this sub-member.On this basis,this study analyzed the control of astronomical cycles on the lacustrine fine-grained event sedimentation,and the research shows deposits were developed by slide-slump,turbidities,hyperpycnites,and tempestites in the Chunshang Sub-member of the Upper Es_(4),with higher long eccentricity,the monsoon climate contributes to the formation of storm currents,while with lower long eccentricity,the surface deposits are severely eroded by rivers and rainfalls,thus developing the slide-slump,turbidities,and hyperpycnites.The relationship between the lacustrine fine-grained event sedimentation and astronomical cycles was studied in this case study,which can promote research on fine-grained sedimentary rocks in genetic dynamics and boost the theoretical and disciplinary development in fine-grained sedimentology.

天文应用红外焦平面读出电路研究

成功设计了一款天文应用的640×512短波红外焦平面读出电路。由于红外天文观测具有极低背景辐射、光子通量低的特点,为了实现探测器的高信噪比,需要降低器件的暗电流和电路噪声。电路采用有效的功耗管理策略,在保证电路正常工作的前提下尽可能地降低电路功耗以减小电路辉光对器件暗电流的影响。同时,研究非破坏性读出的数字功能,实现了超长的积分时间和信号的多帧累积,并作为一种斜坡采样的策略有效地降低读出噪声。短波HgCdTe焦平面的测试结果符合理论设计预期,开启电路非破坏性读出功能,设置6 000 s的积分时间,当电路功耗调低至14.04 mW时暗电流为0.9 e-·pixel^(-1)·s^(-1)。读出噪声在两档增益下分别为50 e-(10 fF)和27 e-(5 fF),非线性度低于0.1%。

吉林天文观测基地光学观测环境及相关研究进展

地基光学天文望远镜是人类探索与研究宇宙的重要手段,对已有地基光学台址的光学观测环境进行监测分析,可以为后期设备针对性改造以及观测者调整观测策略提供参考依据,对提升地基光学设备的观测效能具有重要的意义.吉林天文观测基地(简称“基地”)隶属于中国科学院国家天文台长春人造卫星观测站,位于吉林省吉林市大绥河镇小绥河村南沟约5 km处(东经126.3°,北纬43.8°,海拔高度313m).基地大气视宁度均值范围约为1.3″-1.4″、天顶附近V波段的天光背景亮度为20.64mag·arcsec^(-2)、年晴夜数最高可达270余天,具有良好的天文观测条件.吉林天文观测基地于2016年投入运行,现有1.2m光电望远镜、迷你光电阵列望远镜、大视场光电望远镜阵列、新型多功能阵列结构光电探测平台等多台(套)光电望远镜设备.利用上述设备,主要围绕空间目标探测与识别、精密轨道确定、光电探测新方法以及变源天体的多色测光等开展相关研究工作,与多家国内高校及科研院所保持着良好的合作关系.

宋代水运仪象台图像复刻与虚拟展示设计

提升宋代水运仪象台虚拟展示设计的沉浸性、交互性。实地调研、测绘,将三维建模和动画、360全息投影等三维数字化技术应用于水运仪象台的虚拟展陈。真实复刻出其虚拟模型,呈现出虚拟立体的数字图像,完整且清晰地展示了其外观构造和内部结构及机械运转状态。数字化技术为展示水运仪象台的千年风貌提供了新的方式,对于中华文明史上杰出科技的保存与传播有积极的借鉴意义。

空间天文望远镜自适应精密稳像闭环控制

针对空间天文望远镜低频段视轴扰动补偿问题,提出了一种基于主动光学技术的自适应精密稳像闭环控制方法。该方法以精细导星仪(Fine Guide Sensor,FGS)为高精度视轴扰动检测器,以四点支撑压电驱动大口径快摆镜机构(Fast Steering Mirror,FSM)为视轴扰动补偿器。首先,采用位置式PID控制器串联积分环节进行精密稳像闭环控制,得到补偿FGS检测出的二维视轴扰动所需FSM的二维摆动角度,进而根据驱动结构转换为每个支撑点的压电陶瓷执行器(Piezoelectric actuators,PZT)的伸缩量。然后,利用基于广义Bouc-Wen逆模型的压电动态迟滞前馈补偿方法进行高精度的压电陶瓷执行器定位控制。最后,根据有监督的Hebb学习规则,利用具有自学习和自适应能力单神经元对PID控制器参数进行调整,从而得到最优控制器参数。实验结果表明,所提控制方法能够有效地补偿空间天文望远镜的视轴偏差,可以将精细导星仪X方向和Y方向的星点质心位置偏差功率谱密度在0~6 Hz频段内积分值分别抑制了98.54%和98.62%。

渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷古近系沙三下亚段旋回地层学分析及地层划分

湖相细粒沉积多具有连续性,能记录和保存显著的天文旋回信号,是进行天文旋回分析的理想地层。通过对渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷重点井沙三下亚段自然伽马数据进行MTM频谱分析和FFT进化谐波分析,建立了“浮动”天文年代标尺,并在单井上进行了天文旋回地层划分及连井地层对比,为全区搭建了地层格架。研究结果表明:(1)渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷沙三下亚段记录了显著的天文旋回信号,匹配出最优沉积速率为9.0×103cm/Ma;由长偏心率、短偏心率、斜率和岁差周期产生的旋回地层厚度分别为42.3 m,9.0 m,2.4~4.7 m和1.3~1.9 m;(2)沙三下亚段比较稳定的记录了6个长偏心率旋回、25个短偏心率旋回,可将短偏心率曲线作为地层划分依据来进行高精度地层对比。(3)运用天文旋回理论进行岩相发育规律、岩相空间配置关系的预测,可为湖盆沉积中心页岩油气地质“甜点”的精细勘探提供依据。

西太平洋中中新世转型的天文轨道周期特征

中中新世气候转型是一次深刻的全球降温事件,地球各圈层,包括大气圈、水圈、生物圈、岩石圈、冷圈均发生了显著的变化,对理解新生代全球气候突变具有重要的借鉴意义。西太平洋GC18沉积柱样完整记录了中中新世15~11 Ma的沉积记录。本研究基于该柱样精确的年代学框架,开展了岩芯地球化学扫描.

多波段多信使天文警报信息汇集与发布平台的设计与实现

【目的】近年来天文学研究进入多信使、多波段天文学时代,天文学家可以根据天文警报信息及时地调整观测计划,追踪观测热点事件,及时全面地获取天文警报信息非常重要。【方法】基于天文警报信息获取的需求,设计了天文警报汇平台,一站式汇集国际主流信息渠道数据,利用ChatGPT完成关键信息抽取,优化提示工程,提高ChatGPT信息抽取成功率,对警报数据融合整理后进行可视化展示。【结果】实验验证了提示工程的优化使ChatGPT抽取关键信息的成功率得到显著提升。【结论】天文警报汇平台可以给天文学家提供便利,及时地发布、共享天文警报信息。ChatGPT在很大程度上能够帮助科研人员从原始警报文本中抽取需要的关键信息,提示工程的优化使ChatGPT的输出更加可靠。

太周探测:从60年代四大天文发现说起(下)

人类的探索欲望及数千年来的不断积累促成了20世纪60年代的四大天文发现,而大气层对天文观测的一些根本性限制促使人们在20世纪冲出地球进入太空。在宽广的波段进行天文观测有着极为苛刻的要求,新猜想和模型的提出也要求进行新的验证,这些都促进了观测设备及器件的性能趋于极致。本文旨在对此进行简要的回顾分析并列举一些典型实例,侧重考察其探测波段、主镜或天线的口径、探测仪器及所用器件的类型和性能等,以便进行纵向和横向的比较,温故而思新。

吐哈盆地胜北洼陷中下侏罗统水西沟群天文旋回地层划分

根据自然伽马测井数据,对吐哈盆地胜北洼陷沁探1井中下侏罗统水西沟群开展旋回地层学分析和沉积噪声模拟,并利用识别出的地层中的米兰科维奇旋回信号来研究地球轨道周期对湖平面变化的驱动作用,进而进行天文旋回地层划分。研究结果表明:①吐哈盆地胜北洼陷中下侏罗统水西沟群在自然伽马曲线中可识别出12.8~51.1 m,3.0~11.9 m,1.1~3.6 m和1.3~2.4 m的沉积旋回,比例关系为21.0∶5.0∶1.5∶1.0。根据天文调谐与相关系数估算出水西沟群沉积速率为3.3~11.7 cm·ka-1。②天文调谐后的时间域序列显示水西沟群长偏心率周期为405 ka、短偏心率周期为99~131 ka、斜率周期为32.6~35.0 ka、岁差周期为20.0~24.8 ka,证明吐哈盆地中下侏罗统沉积过程受到米兰科维奇旋回控制。沁探1井八道湾组(未钻穿)、三工河组和西山窑组的持续时间分别为3.0±0.1 Ma,4.1±0.1 Ma和9.0±0.1 Ma。③地球轨道旋回对陆相湖盆的湖平面升降具有明显的驱动作用,沁探1井水西沟群的沉积噪声模拟证明了~1.5 Ma超长周期可控制台北凹陷早—中侏罗世湖平面的变化。