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The Windy City’s Dark Side: A Statistical Exploration of Crime in the City of Chicago
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作者 Clement Odooh Somtobe Olisah +7 位作者 Jane Onwuchekwa Omoshola Owolabi Sevidzem Simo Yufenyuy Oluwadare Aderibigbe Echezona Obunadike Oghenekome Efijemue Saheed Akintayo Samson Edozie 《Journal of Data Analysis and Information Processing》 2024年第3期370-387,共18页
This paper presents a detailed statistical exploration of crime trends in Chicago from 2001 to 2023, employing data from the Chicago Police Department’s publicly available crime database. The study aims to elucidate ... This paper presents a detailed statistical exploration of crime trends in Chicago from 2001 to 2023, employing data from the Chicago Police Department’s publicly available crime database. The study aims to elucidate the patterns, distribution, and variations in crime across different types and locations, providing a comprehensive picture of the city’s crime landscape through advanced data analytics and visualization techniques. Using exploratory data analysis (EDA), we identified significant insights into crime trends, including the prevalence of theft and battery, the impact of seasonal changes on crime rates, and spatial concentrations of criminal activities. The research leveraged a Power BI dashboard to visually represent crime data, facilitating an intuitive understanding of complex patterns and enabling dynamic interaction with the dataset. Key findings highlight notable disparities in crime occurrences by type, location, and time, offering a granular view of crime hotspots and temporal trends. Additionally, the study examines clearance rates, revealing variations in the resolution of cases across different crime categories. This analysis not only sheds light on the current state of urban safety but also serves as a critical tool for policymakers and law enforcement agencies to develop targeted interventions. The paper concludes with recommendations for enhancing public safety strategies and suggests directions for future research, emphasizing the need for continuous data-driven approaches to effectively address and mitigate urban crime. This study contributes to the broader discourse on urban safety, crime prevention, and the role of data analytics in public policy and community well-being. 展开更多
关键词 crime analysis Chicago Data Visualization crime Trends Power BI Urban Safety
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A Survey of Crime Scene Investigation Image Retrieval Using Deep Learning
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作者 Ying Liu Aodong Zhou +1 位作者 Jize Xue Zhijie Xu 《Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology》 EI CAS 2024年第4期271-286,共16页
Crime scene investigation(CSI)image is key evidence carrier during criminal investiga-tion,in which CSI image retrieval can assist the public police to obtain criminal clues.Moreover,with the rapid development of deep... Crime scene investigation(CSI)image is key evidence carrier during criminal investiga-tion,in which CSI image retrieval can assist the public police to obtain criminal clues.Moreover,with the rapid development of deep learning,data-driven paradigm has become the mainstreammethod of CSI image feature extraction and representation,and in this process,datasets provideeffective support for CSI retrieval performance.However,there is a lack of systematic research onCSI image retrieval methods and datasets.Therefore,we present an overview of the existing worksabout one-class and multi-class CSI image retrieval based on deep learning.According to theresearch,based on their technical functionalities and implementation methods,CSI image retrievalis roughly classified into five categories:feature representation,metric learning,generative adversar-ial networks,autoencoder networks and attention networks.Furthermore,We analyzed the remain-ing challenges and discussed future work directions in this field. 展开更多
关键词 crime scene investigation(CSI)image image retrieval deep learning
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涉Sora等文生视频危害行为的刑法规制
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作者 刘宪权 余越洋 《华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》 北大核心 2024年第5期89-102,172,共15页
Sora等文生视频的应用将对刑法的法益理论产生重大影响。应将文生视频生成内容纳入作品范围。文生视频是其生成内容的作者但尚不是权利主体,应将相关著作财产权转移给使用人。涉文生视频强制猥亵、侮辱罪所侵害法益应当包括精神损害的... Sora等文生视频的应用将对刑法的法益理论产生重大影响。应将文生视频生成内容纳入作品范围。文生视频是其生成内容的作者但尚不是权利主体,应将相关著作财产权转移给使用人。涉文生视频强制猥亵、侮辱罪所侵害法益应当包括精神损害的内容。文生视频的应用改变了视频创作行业的社会关系,进而会改变相关犯罪行为法益侵害性程度的判断标准。涉文生视频犯罪主要涉及侵犯人身权利类犯罪、侵犯财产权利类犯罪以及寻衅滋事犯罪。司法解释对涉文生视频犯罪相关罪名构成要件的规定应当既有突破也有限制。我国刑法应设立数据安全责任事故罪以追究文生视频研发者、生产者的过失罪过下的刑事责任。应及时完善生成式人工智能产品应用的前置法规定。司法实践中应将文生视频的智能化程度区分为信息的整理、信息的基本加工、信息的深度加工三类,以此合理分配使用者、研发者与生产者所应当承担的涉文生视频犯罪的刑事责任。 展开更多
关键词 文生视频(Sora) 文生视频 生成内容 法益 数据安全责任事故罪
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GIS Based Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Crimes, a Case Study of Mardan City, Pakistan 被引量:3
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作者 Pukhtoon Yar Jamal Nasir 《International Journal of Geosciences》 2016年第3期325-334,共10页
This paper is aimed to study the crime with special reference to its spatial and temporal distribution. It also tries to analyze and estimates the impact of weather on the prevalence of criminal activity in Mardan Cit... This paper is aimed to study the crime with special reference to its spatial and temporal distribution. It also tries to analyze and estimates the impact of weather on the prevalence of criminal activity in Mardan City. Studying the crimes with reference to its spatial and temporal distribution is important because information about the occurrence of crime is one of the most crucial tools in combating crime. It allows understanding how crimes are distributed through space, and hence can help in combating them. The Geographical Information System is an important tool for dealing with spatial and temporal analysis and thus fighting crime. The advent of desktop computers has significantly increased the role of computer mapping. The availability of user-friendly GIS applications has further increased the use of GIS in crime mapping. For the present study the data was collected about homicide and aggressive assaults from all the three police stations covering Mardan City. The collected data was analyzed under different scenarios. The temporal based analysis of data reveals that almost 50% crimes reported in 2009, took place from May-September (summer) compared to 32% in winter (October to February). The spatial analysis of data reveals 05 hotspots. Sikindary area was identified as the most crucial hotspot where within a 05 km radius, 11 crimes were committed in 2009 followed by Kalpani Bridge area from where a total of 10 crimes of aggressive nature were reported. Similarly police station wise the City Police Station accounts for 47% of the aggressive crimes committed in 2009. 展开更多
关键词 GIS Remote Sensing crimes Mardan City
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Enhancing Cybersecurity Competency in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia:A Fuzzy Decision-Making Approach
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作者 Wajdi Alhakami 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2024年第5期3211-3237,共27页
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia(KSA)has achieved significant milestones in cybersecurity.KSA has maintained solid regulatorymechanisms to prevent,trace,and punish offenders to protect the interests of both individual user... The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia(KSA)has achieved significant milestones in cybersecurity.KSA has maintained solid regulatorymechanisms to prevent,trace,and punish offenders to protect the interests of both individual users and organizations from the online threats of data poaching and pilferage.The widespread usage of Information Technology(IT)and IT Enable Services(ITES)reinforces securitymeasures.The constantly evolving cyber threats are a topic that is generating a lot of discussion.In this league,the present article enlists a broad perspective on how cybercrime is developing in KSA at present and also takes a look at some of the most significant attacks that have taken place in the region.The existing legislative framework and measures in the KSA are geared toward deterring criminal activity online.Different competency models have been devised to address the necessary cybercrime competencies in this context.The research specialists in this domain can benefit more by developing a master competency level for achieving optimum security.To address this research query,the present assessment uses the Fuzzy Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory(Fuzzy-DMTAEL),Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process(F.AHP),and Fuzzy TOPSIS methodology to achieve segment-wise competency development in cyber security policy.The similarities and differences between the three methods are also discussed.This cybersecurity analysis determined that the National Cyber Security Centre got the highest priority.The study concludes by perusing the challenges that still need to be examined and resolved in effectuating more credible and efficacious online security mechanisms to offer amoreempowered ITES-driven economy for SaudiArabia.Moreover,cybersecurity specialists and policymakers need to collate their efforts to protect the country’s digital assets in the era of overt and covert cyber warfare. 展开更多
关键词 Cyber security fuzzy DMTaEL security policy cyber crime MCDM
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Addressing Japan’s disposal of nuclear-contaminated water from the perspective of international human rights law
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作者 Yen-Chiang Chang Xiaonan Zhao 《Chinese Journal of Population,Resources and Environment》 2024年第1期1-9,共9页
The discharge of nuclear-contaminated water containing radionuclides into the ocean by Japan will lead to its integration into the entire ecosystem through processes of circulation and biomagnification,eventually ente... The discharge of nuclear-contaminated water containing radionuclides into the ocean by Japan will lead to its integration into the entire ecosystem through processes of circulation and biomagnification,eventually entering the human body via the food chain.This poses a substantial risk of irreversible damage to both the ecosystem and human health,a situation that will worsen with the ongoing discharge of such water.The respect and protection of human rights represent an international consensus,and safeguarding fundamental human rights is a substantial obligation that states must undertake in accordance with both international and domestic law.Since the Fukushima nuclear disaster,Japan has continuously violated its international legal obligations to protect human rights in several areas,including the resettlement of disaster victims,the reduction of nuclear radiation levels,and the handling of contaminated water.Such actions have compromised and will continue to compromise the basic human rights of not only its citizens but also those of people worldwide,including environmental rights,the right to life,development rights,and food rights.In the aftermath of the Fukushima meltdown,the public and workers involved in handling nuclear contaminants have been continually exposed to high radiation levels,endangering their rights to life,development,and health.Japan’s inadequate efforts in victim resettlement and environmental restoration have jeopardized the environmental and food rights of its citizens to live healthily and access food in an environment unaffected by nuclear radiation.The release of nuclear-contaminated water poses a risk of Japan’s nuclear pollution to the people of neighboring countries and the global population at large.The principle of human rights underpins the theory of a community with a shared future for humanity,and human rights are a crucial area of China’s active participation in United Nations affairs and global governance.By voicing concerns over Japan’s potential human rights violations globally,China demonstrates its role as a responsible major country.In response to Japan’s breach of legal obligations and human rights violations,China can adopt a reasoned and beneficial approach,including calling on the international community to hold Japan criminally accountable for crimes against humanity under the Rome Statute and advancing scholarly discussions on ecocide and crimes against the marine environment.Furthermore,China should persist in seeking advisory opinions from the International Court of Justice and strive for substantive accountability,utilizing the mechanisms of international human rights organizations to make its voice heard. 展开更多
关键词 Fukushima nuclearcontaminated water crimes against humanity Remedy for violations of human rights Right to environment Right to life
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Hourly Wage and the Likelihood of Stealing an Item
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作者 Benjamin Borketey David Borketey 《Journal of Data Analysis and Information Processing》 2024年第2期289-303,共15页
Researchers have extensively explored the impact of wages on individuals’ decisions to engage in property crimes. While most of these studies in the past have relied on macro-level data to investigate the relationshi... Researchers have extensively explored the impact of wages on individuals’ decisions to engage in property crimes. While most of these studies in the past have relied on macro-level data to investigate the relationship between crime rates and hourly wages, this paper takes a novel approach by utilizing micro-level data to examine the influence of hourly wages on the likelihood of stealing an item valued at least $50. The results obtained from the estimations reveal that an increase in hourly wage leads to a decrease in the probability of theft, all other factors being held constant. Further estimation by gender revealed that hourly wages given to both male and female have no bearing on the decision to steal. Additionally, the analysis of the differences in theft probabilities across gender and race demonstrates that males consistently exhibit a higher likelihood of engaging in theft when compared to females across various racial groups. 展开更多
关键词 crime Hourly Wage MaLE FEMaLE Logistic Regression
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Sora等生成式人工智能对诈骗犯罪司法认定的影响与应对
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作者 刘水灵 董文凯 《青少年犯罪问题》 2024年第3期114-124,共11页
文生视频大模型Sora是目前生成式人工智能中最为先进的代表性应用。在为人类社会带来福祉及革命性变化的同时,Sora等生成式人工智能技术也有存在可能被滥用于进行“深度伪造”的潜在风险。在刑法层面,“深度伪造”等技术风险使得“眼见... 文生视频大模型Sora是目前生成式人工智能中最为先进的代表性应用。在为人类社会带来福祉及革命性变化的同时,Sora等生成式人工智能技术也有存在可能被滥用于进行“深度伪造”的潜在风险。在刑法层面,“深度伪造”等技术风险使得“眼见耳闻”不再为实,主要可能影响到诈骗类犯罪的司法认定与刑事归责。Sora等生成式人工智能现阶段仍属于弱人工智能,本质上属于人类使用的工具,不具有刑事责任主体资格。在未来的迭代版本中,我们不能排除Sora等生成式人工智能产生自主意识进而成为强人工智能的可能性。在Sora等生成式人工智能的介入下,司法机关将面临前所未有的证据认定难题。Sora等生成式人工智能技术风险的协同治理必须由国家、社会和企业等多方主体共同参与,在技术研发、推广应用等多环节建立健全监督评估机制,并且由行政法、刑法等多个部门法共同规制。 展开更多
关键词 Sora 生成式人工智能 深度伪造 诈骗类犯罪 应对措施
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Detection and Mapping of Violent Crime Hotspots in Southwestern Nigeria
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作者 Michael Ajide Oyinloye Suleiman Abdul-Azeez Adegboyega +4 位作者 Francis Omowonuola Akinluyi Akinola Adesuji Komolafe Joseph Olusola Akinyede Olabanji Odunayo Aladejana Samuel Olumide Akande 《Journal of Geographic Information System》 2023年第3期334-365,共32页
The increasing rate of insecurity in Nigeria, especially the southwest requires a paradigm shift from popular approach to crime hotspots detection. This study employed geospatial technologies to integrate spatio-tempo... The increasing rate of insecurity in Nigeria, especially the southwest requires a paradigm shift from popular approach to crime hotspots detection. This study employed geospatial technologies to integrate spatio-temporal crime, social media and field observation data from the communities in all the six states in the southwest to develop crime hotspots that can serve as preliminary information to assist in allocating resources for crime control and prevention. Historical crime data from January 1972 to April, 2021 were compiled and updated with rigorous field survey in September, 2021. The field data were encoded, input to the SPSS 17 and analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis. A total 936 crime locations data were geolocated and exported to ArcGIS 10.5 for spatial mapping using point map operation and further imported to e-Spatial web-based and QGIS for the generation of hotspot map using heatmap tool. The results revealed that armed robbery, assassination and cultism were more pronounced in Lagos and Ogun States. Similarly, high incidences of farmers/herdsmen conflicts are observed in Oyo and Osun States. Increasing incidences of kidnapping are common in all the south-western states but very prominent in Ondo, Lagos and Oyo States. Most of the violent crime incidents took place along the highways, with forests being their hideouts. Violent crimes are dominantly caused by high rate of unemployment while farmer/herdsmen conflicts were majorly triggered by the scarcity of grazing fields and destruction of arable crops. The conflicts have resulted in the increasing cases of rape and disruption of social group, intake of hard drugs, cult-related activities, low income and revenue generation, and displacement of farmers and infrastructural damages. The study advocates regular retraining and equipping of security agents, establishment of cattle ranch, and installation of sophisticated IP Camera at the crime hotspots to assist in real-time crime monitoring and management. 展开更多
关键词 Violent crimes crime Hotspots Detection Geospatial Technologies Temporal crime Data Real-Time crime Information
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Spatial Pattern and Distribution of Crime in Suleja Lga, Niger State, Nigeria
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作者 Isaac Utenwojo Ocholi Paul Ojochenemi Abuh +1 位作者 Ademu Samuel Aminu Musa 《Journal of Geographic Information System》 2023年第4期379-390,共12页
The study examines the Spatial Pattern and Distribution of Crime in Suleja LGA, Niger State, Nigeria. The study used GIS and statistical methods to analyse the pattern and distribution of crime incidence in the study ... The study examines the Spatial Pattern and Distribution of Crime in Suleja LGA, Niger State, Nigeria. The study used GIS and statistical methods to analyse the pattern and distribution of crime incidence in the study area. The records of each crime incidence were geocoded. Microsoft Excel was used to collate and organise the crime entries before they were imported into the ArcGIS Pro 2.0 environment. A geodatabase was created where the spatial and aspatial data were encoded and geospatial analysis was performed. The study reveals that the crime distribution pattern is generally clustered with a Global Moran’s I index of 0.097, a Z-score of 1.87, and a P-value < 0.06. Furthermore, the study reveals that armed robbery (61), kidnapping (40), car theft (33), culpable homicide (31), rape (29), and robbery (13) cases rank the highest in crime rate. Equally, findings of the study show that Chaza, Kwamba, Madalla, Suleja central, and Gaboda are the major crime hotspot zones at 90% confidence, as analysed using the Getis-Ord Gi* (Hot spot analysis) spatial statistics tool in ArcGIS Pro 2.0. The research therefore recommends that more effort be put into fighting crime, especially in areas where there are low-security formations, as they mostly have the highest record of crimes committed. Also, the patrol units should be equipped with GPS for better surveillance and real-time tracking of criminal activities. 展开更多
关键词 Urban Security Spatial Pattern crime GIS HOTSPOT INSECURITY
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On People’s Worries about Becoming a Victim of Events or Conditions Often Blamed on Those up There
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作者 Ingwer Borg Dieter Hermann 《Macro Management & Public Policies》 2023年第4期41-54,共14页
The authors study people’s worries about becoming victimized by events and conditions often blamed on“those up there”.Excessive worries are bad for people’s performance because they lead to risk avoidance and lowe... The authors study people’s worries about becoming victimized by events and conditions often blamed on“those up there”.Excessive worries are bad for people’s performance because they lead to risk avoidance and lower self-confidence.In two representative surveys conducted in Germany,it is found that victimization concerns are positively correlated with people’s gender,previous victimization,their estimated likelihood of being victimized,their fear of crime,their crime-avoidance behavior,their striving for tradition and security,and their negative attitudes toward crimes.Negative correlations are found for people’s education,their striving for universalism,and their social capital.When considering all predictors combined,people’s expected likelihood to become victimized is found to be the optimal predictor of victimization concerns.It is recommended that management concentrates on setting realistic levels of such risk estimates to avoid negative effects on people’s performance. 展开更多
关键词 WorRIES CONCERNS Fear of crime Performance management Personal values
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Monitoring and Early Warning of New Cyber-Telecom Crime Platform Based on BERT Migration Learning 被引量:6
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作者 Shengli Zhou Xin Wang Zerui Yang 《China Communications》 SCIE CSCD 2020年第3期140-148,共9页
The network is a major platform for implementing new cyber-telecom crimes.Therefore,it is important to carry out monitoring and early warning research on new cyber-telecom crime platforms,which will lay the foundation... The network is a major platform for implementing new cyber-telecom crimes.Therefore,it is important to carry out monitoring and early warning research on new cyber-telecom crime platforms,which will lay the foundation for the establishment of prevention and control systems to protect citizens’property.However,the deep-learning methods applied in the monitoring and early warning of new cyber-telecom crime platforms have some apparent drawbacks.For instance,the methods suffer from data-distribution differences and tremendous manual efforts spent on data labeling.Therefore,a monitoring and early warning method for new cyber-telecom crime platforms based on the BERT migration learning model is proposed.This method first identifies the text data and their tags,and then performs migration training based on a pre-training model.Finally,the method uses the fine-tuned model to predict and classify new cyber-telecom crimes.Experimental analysis on the crime data collected by public security organizations shows that higher classification accuracy can be achieved using the proposed method,compared with the deep-learning method. 展开更多
关键词 NEW cyber-telecom crime BERT model deep LEaRNING monitoring and WaRNING text analysis
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Prevalence, Pattern and Factors Associated with Psychiatric Disorders among Persons Arrested for Violent Crimes in Ife/Modakeke Area, Southwestern Nigeria 被引量:1
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作者 Musiliu Adejare Lawal Samuel Kolawole Mosaku +1 位作者 Bolanle Adeyemi Ola Olufemi Morakinyo 《Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science》 2014年第12期535-543,共9页
Background: Association between violence and mental disorders has contributed immensely to the stigma associated with mental illness in the society;because people erroneously see mentally ill individuals as dangerous,... Background: Association between violence and mental disorders has contributed immensely to the stigma associated with mental illness in the society;because people erroneously see mentally ill individuals as dangerous, they will not want to associate with them. Aims: To assess the prevalence and pattern of psychiatric disorders among a sample of the violent offenders and to examine any relationship between psychiatric disorders and crimes. Method: This was a two-phase cross-sectional study in three police stations in Ile-Ife/Modakeke area of Nigeria. In the first phase, we screened 400 consecutive adults arrested for violent crimes using the General Health Questionnaire—30. In the second phase, all 36 persons with probable psychopathology were then interviewed with the Present State Examination to make a definitive diagnosis. Results: The mean age of all the subjects was 29.9 years (SD ± 7.3). The male to female ratio was 11:1. Respondents were mostly single (54%);most had secondary education or less (82%) and about 60% were currently using psychoactive substances (drugs). About 8.5% of all the subjects had a diagnosable psychiatric disorder;paranoid schizophrenia was the commonest psychiatric disorder (41.2%). Mentally ill subjects were three times more likely to commit homicidal offence than non-mentally ill subjects. Conclusion: There exists a significant but weak relationship between mental illness and violent crimes. 展开更多
关键词 PREVaLENCE PSYCHIaTRIC VIOLENT crimes NIGERIa
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Temporal-spatial Distribution of Various Types of Crime in the Special Wards of Tokyo 被引量:1
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作者 Zhuo LIU Hui LIN +1 位作者 Qinghua HE Yuling WANG 《Journal of Geodesy and Geoinformation Science》 2022年第2期19-28,共10页
Based on the official criminal data released by the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department in 2019,this paper discusses the temporal-spatial distribution of various types of crimes in the special wards of Tokyo.The resu... Based on the official criminal data released by the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department in 2019,this paper discusses the temporal-spatial distribution of various types of crimes in the special wards of Tokyo.The results show that:(1)The times of high and low incidence of different types of crime differ significantly.Although vicious crime and violent crime present no obvious monthly distribution,property crime clearly differs between the first and second half of a calendar year.(2)The month before the new year sees a surge in most types of crime.(3)Vicious crime peaks in the hours between night and early morning.Violent crime and property crime correlate positively with the frequency of human interaction and peak in the morning and evening commuting hours.(4)The spatial distribution of crime resembles the concentric circles of the three rings of the special wards of Tokyo,with a central high-incidence area,a center-peripheral low-incidence area,and a marginal high-incidence area.In addition,the center sees more personal crime than the periphery,whereas property crimes show the opposite trend.(5)A spatial autocorrelation analysis shows that the special wards of Tokyo may be grouped into the“high-high”and“low-low”agglomeration modes of different types of crime,with marked differences between the various types of crime.The crime can be divided into three types:central agglomeration,double central agglomeration,and decentralized agglomeration. 展开更多
关键词 crime geography temporal-spatial distribution spatial analysis special wards of Tokyo
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A Comparative Study between the Jordanian and Omani Digital Crimes Law
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作者 Ali Abu Romman 《Journal of Information Security》 2017年第1期8-22,共15页
The nature of crime has dramatically changed after the revolution of the new digital era. It is no longer based on violence but on the criminal computer abilities and technical expertise. This paper presents a compreh... The nature of crime has dramatically changed after the revolution of the new digital era. It is no longer based on violence but on the criminal computer abilities and technical expertise. This paper presents a comprehensive comparison between the Jordanian digital law 2015 and the Omani information technology digital crime law 2010. The results of this study indicate that the Jordanian Digital law requires some enhancements in order to cope with the trends of the ever-changing nature of the digital crimes. 展开更多
关键词 JorDaN DIGITaL crime LaW & Oman
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Comparison of Model Performance for Basic and Advanced Modeling Approaches to Crime Prediction
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作者 Yuezhexuan Zhu 《Intelligent Information Management》 2018年第6期123-132,共10页
A good machine learning model would greatly contribute to an accurate crime prediction. Thus, researchers select advanced models more frequently than basic models. To find out whether advanced models have a prominent ... A good machine learning model would greatly contribute to an accurate crime prediction. Thus, researchers select advanced models more frequently than basic models. To find out whether advanced models have a prominent advantage, this study focuses shift from obtaining crime prediction to on comparing model performance between these two types of models on crime prediction. In this study, we aimed to predict burglary occurrence in Los Angeles City, and compared a basic model just using prior year burglary occurrence with advanced models including linear regressor and random forest regressor. In addition, American Community Survey data was used to provide neighborhood level socio-economic features. After finishing data preprocessing steps that regularize the dataset, recursive feature elimination was utilized to determine the final features and the parameters of the two advanced models. Finally, to find out the best fit model, three metrics were used to evaluate model performance: R squared, adjusted R squared and mean squared error. The results indicate that linear regressor is the most suitable model among three models applied in the study with a slightly smaller mean squared error than that of basic model, whereas random forest model performed worse than the basic model. With a much more complex learning steps, advanced models did not show prominent advantages, and further research to extend the current study were discussed. 展开更多
关键词 crime Prediction RECURSIVE Feature ELIMINaTION BENCHMaRK Model Linear Regressor RaNDOM ForEST Regressor
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Crimes of Violence in Our Arab Society
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作者 Mohammed Abu Abid 《Journal of Philosophy Study》 2017年第10期562-568,共7页
Violence is an inherited phenomenon, a social phenomenon of concern, and violence is a complex social phenomenon that is not based on one factor and is not the result of one. It is the result of a combination of facto... Violence is an inherited phenomenon, a social phenomenon of concern, and violence is a complex social phenomenon that is not based on one factor and is not the result of one. It is the result of a combination of factors and causes because it is an individual and social phenomenon. In the context of the humanitarian nature that makes this behavior fake that will satisfy the requirements and needs or achieve the goals but we find that the reality is the opposite when we use force, methods, and violence in social relations under any justification, it is customary and violation of social norms, defined violence as "any behavior expressed Any reaction intended to inflict harm, self or otherwise, self-destruction or other property of pain. It is important to note that the phenomenon of violence is a global social phenomenon that is not limited to Arab society. Violence is also prevalent in other societies of the world. Violence causes a rupture in our Arab society, and therefore we are called upon to fight it. In recent years, violence has increased among young people in Arab society in particular." 展开更多
关键词 VIOLENCE arab society crimes
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Assessing the Threat of Nexus Between Organized Crime and Democratic Politics: Mapping the Factors
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作者 Catalina Uribe Burcher 《International Relations and Diplomacy》 2017年第1期1-19,共19页
In recent years, increased attention from the media, the international community and policy makers has highlighted the destabilizing effects criminal networks have on the legitimacy of democratic politics, as well as ... In recent years, increased attention from the media, the international community and policy makers has highlighted the destabilizing effects criminal networks have on the legitimacy of democratic politics, as well as the capacity of democratic systems to deliver basic services. Indeed, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development highlighted in 2014 how illicit financial flows drain the state from resources needed to provide basic services (OECD, 2014). While this problem affects not only developing and fragile states, these countries are particularly affected as this phenomenon tends to exacerbate inequality (Briscoe, Perdomo & Uribe Burcher, 2014). Mapping the factors that make politics vulnerable to the influence of organized crime is a key element in the effort to implement adequate strategies to prevent and mitigate this phenomenon. This paper explores 21 threat factors identified, understood as some of the conditions that may contribute to the likelihood that political corruption linked to organized crime takes place. These threat factors underline institutional weaknesses--including those related to illicit political fmance---and organized crime activities, which create opportunities for illicit networks to penetrate democratic political systems. The paper also discusses how these institutional weaknesses interrelate to specific criminal markets and networks. The paper draws from extensive desk research in 2015, which complements previous desk and field research on the same topic carded out in 2011-2014 in the Baltic States, Latin America and West Africa. 展开更多
关键词 organized crime political corruption illicit networks state fi'agility political finance
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Hate Crimes Methodological, Theoretical & Empirical Difficulties A Pragmatic & Legal Overview
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作者 Gadi Hitman Dror Harel 《Cultural and Religious Studies》 2016年第1期1-13,共13页
Hate crimes are a culture phenomenon which is perceived by most as an occurrence that should be uprooted from the society. Yet, to date, we have been unable to do so. Hate crimes are the subject of research and commen... Hate crimes are a culture phenomenon which is perceived by most as an occurrence that should be uprooted from the society. Yet, to date, we have been unable to do so. Hate crimes are the subject of research and comments by experts in various fields. In this regard, most scholars agree that a hate based crime is distinguished from a "regular" criminal offence by the motive--the attack is aimed at a victim who is part of a differentiated minority group. However, when reading the relevant documents in the area, it seems that the differences between the experts start at the most basic point--what constitutes hate crimes? This article analyses the concept of "hate crimes" via an interdisciplinary approach aimed at flashing out the fundamental gaps in the research. We have found that the problems include, inter alia, discrepancies in the definition of hate crimes, methodological difficulties regarding validity and legitimacy (mainly due to the absence of information based on the attacker's point of view) and the lack of agreement on the appropriate legal methods required to deal with the ramifications of hate crimes. While part I of this paper revolves around the theoretical aspects of the questions put forth at the centre of this article, part II looks at the same questions from a legal viewpoint. The correlation between the two chapters shows the impact the methodological difficulties have on enforcement endeavors. This relation is further advanced through the examination of test cases from different countries, among them--lsrael. Finally, the article concludes by suggesting a few thoughts on the way to overcome the theoretical problems and making the enforcement efforts more efficient. 展开更多
关键词 hate crimes methodological problems legal enforcement
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Alteration of Crime Risk Levels and Formal Aspect of Typical LowCost Housing Design Due to Site Conditions and Building Codes
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《Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture》 2011年第11期967-978,共12页
As a component of the process of rationalization, lowcost housing Institution, as well as major investiment companies, commonly reuse a typical design as a standard. The goal of this procedure is to obtain cheaper cos... As a component of the process of rationalization, lowcost housing Institution, as well as major investiment companies, commonly reuse a typical design as a standard. The goal of this procedure is to obtain cheaper costs both in the construction and in the maintenance of an homogeneous lot of buildings. The paper shows that, nevertheless an identical design being proposed in different towns, the final results are buildings with a different aspect. This is mainly due to the influence of building codes of the urban plan of the specific town, and to the site conditions, such as street orientation, ground inclination and so on. As a result the paper offers the ability to evaluate the role of the external factors on a standard design (with the afore said scale vantages) under the criminological point of view as well. This may be considered a further vantage that aims to obtain a lower crime risk level in town design. 展开更多
关键词 Standardized housing design alterations crime risk levels.
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