Changing Concepts of City and Urban Planning Practices in Guangzhou(1949–2010): An Approach to Sustainable Urban Development

By focusing on Guangzhou, this paper examines how different concepts of city in terms of urban-rural relationships are shaped in transforming China since 1949, and explores how they influence the way in which urban planning are practiced. In the pre-reform era, the city was defined as a productive space under the system of urban-rural segregation established for securing rapid industrialization. Urban planning was thus only concerned with the development of urban areas. In the 1980 s and 1990 s after the reform, institutional change and economic transformation mobilized the urban-rural linkages. The development of suburban areas was then considered by urban planning, but this consideration was a passive response to urban problems such as population explosion and water resources protection. Since the new millennium, the agenda for sustainable development and problems of uneven urban-rural development have called for the development of urban-rural integration. In this context, the city is conceptualized as a complex of mountain, city, river, farmland and sea, reconstructing the ideology of urban-rural division in defining urban development. Urban planning has therefore sought in an active way to develop a sustainable city embracing rural and natural elements, and to balance economic growth and environmental protection. It is argued that developing the concept of city as a complex of urban and rural elements contributes to the urban planning for sustainable urban development, while this conceptualization relies on the recognition of the integrated urban-rural relationship.

Unified Data Model of Urban Air Pollution Dispersion and 3D Spatial City Model:Groundwork Assessment towards Sustainable Urban Development for Malaysia

Understanding the behavior of urban air pollution is important en route for sustainable urban development (SUD). Malaysia is on its mission to be a developed country by year 2020 comprehends dealing with air pollution is one of the indicators headed towards it. At present monitoring and managing air pollution in urban areas encompasses sophisticated air quality modeling and data acquisition. However, rapid developments in major cities cause difficulties in acquiring the city geometries. The existing method in acquiring city geometries data via ground or space measurement inspection such as field survey, photogrammetry, laser scanning, remote sensing or using architectural plans appears not to be practical because of its cost and efforts. Moreover, air monitoring stations deployed are intended for regional to global scale model whereby it is not accurate for urban areas with typical resolution of less than 2 km. Furthermore in urban areas, the pollutant dispersion movements are trapped between buildings initiating it to move vertically causing visualization complications which imply the limitations of existing visualization scheme that is based on two-dimensional (2D) framework. Therefore this paper aims is to perform groundwork assessment and discuss on the current scenario in Malaysia in the aspect of current policies towards SUD, air quality monitoring stations, scale model and detail discussion on air pollution dispersion model used called the Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM). This research proposed the implementation of three-dimensional (3D) spatial city model as a new physical data input for OSPM. The five Level of Details (LOD) of 3D spatial city model shows the scale applicability for the dispersion model implementtation. Subsequently 3D spatial city model data commonly available on the web, by having a unified data model shows the advantages in easy data acquisition, 3D visualization of air pollution dispersion and improves visual analysis of air quality monitoring in urban areas.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SERIOUSLY POLLUTED CITIES IN CHINA——Taking Benxi City as an Example

The environmental problems in the seriously polluted cities in China have been paid attention to by policy makers and foreign and domestic scholars. However, it is very difficult to improve the environmental quality fundamentally due to its complexity, for example the formation of the seriously deteriorated environment. It is considered that the terminal harnessing is an important way,but the spread of high level terminal treatment is restricted by the limit of funds and technological level. Therefore, the way for a sustainable development of the seriously polluted cities should be multiple sided, which is to correlate the operation of environmental protection with the operation of city construction. To achieve an identity of these opposites, measures should be taken during economic development and environmental protection in every developing stage. In this paper, the authors take Benxi City as a case study.

Cooperative Game Among Cities in Urban Agglomerations and Economical Sustainable Development

This paper analyses redounded profits of cooperation and non-cooperation among cities in urban agglomerations based on game theory. It discusses the problems of economical development among cities with feeble cooperation, and deduces the conclusion that only cooperation of cities produces the maximum profits and realizes Pareto efficiency for cities and urban agglomerations. The paper states that cooperation is the cornerstone of economic sustainable development in urban agglomerations in profits produced by cooperation among cities. Some suggestions to accelerate cooperation among cities are proposed.

Sustainable city development challenged by extreme weather in a warming world

The year of 2021 has witnessed many extreme weather events across the world that have shocked and challenged human society,in particular for the populous cities,challenging progress on sustainable city development.In the comment we highlighted the record-breaking rainstorm that is considered to happen only“once-in-a-thousand-years”on 20 July 2021 in Zhengzhou,China;and a series of short and long-term resilience enhancement and risk reducing measures to climate change and natural hazard risks.We found that increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events caused by human-induced climate change challenges progress on sustainable city development,but could also accelerate activities to enable cities to become more resilient.This comment is essential to advance towards the sustainable city development goal(SDG 11)in China’s mega cities,as well as informing progress for other global cities.

Solutions for Sustainable Economic Development inHo Chi Minh City

Sustainable urban development is becoming the top concern of the nations in making and implementing the development policy systems.Sustainable urban development is a harmonious,effective development process with three pillars:economic development,social inclusion,and environmental management effectively.Vietnam is a rapidly urbanizing country.This process makes Vietnam’s cities face many major problems and challenges,especially sustainable economic development.Ho Chi Minh City is Vietnam’s largest city.It is the dynamic city with the fastest socio-economic development rate of Vietnam.The development of Ho Chi Minh City plays an important role in the overall development of the whole country.However,in the assessments of the authorities and experts,Ho Chi Minh City is growing slowly and facing many big problems.Based on the analysis of the City’s potentials and advantages as well as the difficulties and challenges of the new development context,this paper recommends groups of solutions for sustainable economic development in Ho Chi Minh City in the next decades.

Theoretical framework of the Isfahani style: Inspiring sustainable aspects of a vernacular urban development

The Isfahani style represents a method of traditional Iranian architecture and urban development that existed in the early 20th century and is regarded as a leading model in most traditional Iranian cities. It exhibits several vigorous features contributing to its recognition as a traditional approach to sustainable architecture and urban development. This research endeavors to reveal a theoretical framework beneath these inspiring aspects using the typology of sustainable modern forms, including the hierarchy, passive design strategies, compactness, density, diversity, mixed land use, pluralism, balance, good composition, and integration over time. To this end, the study employs qualitative research methods, drawing from traditional samples, to identify innovative, energy and socially efficient, and low-impact strategies implemented in this vernacular architecture of Iran's semi-arid and hot climates. The findings revealed that the neighborhood concept as a local and plural community (Mahalla) was a vital phenomenon in Iran's urban development. Apparently, the demise of this paradigm effectively played an important role in the numerous challenges regarding the social, energy, and economic viability of modern Iranian cities. Hence, this study presented theoretical frameworks—aligned with sustainable concepts—from the Isfahani style through its analysis, classification, and interpretation, which can contribute to modern urban development.

Pedestrian street and its effect on economic sustainability of a historical Middle Eastern city:The case of Chaharbagh Abbasi in Isfahan,Iran

Pedestrianization is an urban revitalization strategy to enhance sustainability and livability in car-oriented cities.Despite many studies in this research field,the effects of pedestrianization on the economy of cities in developing countries still need further investigation.Additionally,the impact of this strategy on the tenant mix of com-mercial and historical areas in Middle East countries is nebulous.To address these inadequacies,we considered Chaharbagh Abbasi street,located in the heart of Isfahan,Iran,and investigated the impact of a pedestrianization project with particular emphasis on how it affects the economic sustainability of existent commercial fabric.Pre-and post-project data along with field observations and quantifications used to assess structural replacements in trade,were analyzed with SPSS and ArcGIS software.The results revealed unexpected outcomes,such as the closure of some traditional businesses(27.5%),a stagnation in sales(69%)and a decrease in job offers(84%)leading the local economy to a fragile situation.Conversely,it was found that the footfall volume increased by 64% and 73% from the retailers’and pedestrians’viewpoints.This evolution along with a wide opening of food and beverage stores(approximately 60%)makes the post-pedestrianization results more promising than earlier predictions.In conclusion,these findings reinforce the importance of pedestrian streets in revitalizing economic activities in historical and commercial areas from the perspective of economic sustainability.Due to the lack of similar investigations in Middle East countries,these findings can support decision-makers and urban planners to take preventive measures in preserving the diversity of individual small shops for upcoming urban rehabilitation projects in terms of pedestrianization.

物质循环视角下的“可持续漂浮城市”解析——以BIG事务所“Oceanix City”方案为例

随着时代发展,现代城市正面临着土地短缺、住房紧张、能源枯竭以及海平面上升等一系列问题。因而探索陆地之外的生存空间,进而缓解多种城市问题是人们长久以来的愿景。近年来,联合国人居署提出可持续发展的漂浮城市概念,并由BIG事务所设计了世界上第一个弹性化和可持续的漂浮城市原型——Oceanix City。该城市通过引入城市农业,配置能量、水分、养分等循环系统实现最大限度自给自足,满足居民日常生活需求,达到可持续发展的目标。文章运用文献研究法梳理了从漂浮建筑、漂浮社区到漂浮城市的发展历程,并以“Oceanix City”方案为案例分析对象,从物质循环视角入手解析方案的规划设计与建造、循环系统的运作等方面,总结得出拓展海上空间、引入城市农业并构建物质循环系统是应对上述城市问题的有效方式,以期为未来城市的可持续发展提供启示。

Urban development and resource endowments shape natural resource utilization efficiency in Chinese cities

Improving the efficiency with which natural resources are utilized is an indispensable for achieving sustainable development and carbon neutrality. By analyzing the utilization efficiency of energy, water, and land, we established a comprehensive natural resource utilization efficiency index(NRUEI). We then calculated the 2016 index for 165 cities in China,and investigated what caused it to vary. We found three main results:(1) the NRUEI varied greatly across China and there were significant positive correlations between urban energy utilization efficiency(EUE), water utilization efficiency(WUE) and land utilization efficiency(LUE);(2) the NRUEI showed a significant positive correlation with a city’s population size,economy(Gross Domestic Product(GDP)), and the level of urban social development(GDP per capita);(3) cities in East China have the highest natural resource utilization efficiency,while cities in Northeast China have the lowest. These results indicate that China’s increasing urban development is associated with rising natural resource utilization efficiency and that the city’s endowment of natural resources is an important factor affecting that efficiency. Further, the results showed that the determinants of a city’s NRUEI differed in large and small cities. Lastly, our results suggest that improving EUE is key for improving NRUEI in urban China, and different efficiencies can be improved intertwined. A major takeaway of this study is that there is great potential for improving natural resource utilization efficiency in Chinese cities and we include city-specific suggestions for efficiency improvements.

Analysis of Urban Garden Landscaping in Yueqing City

The construction of garden landscaping in Yueqing City was introduced in this study,problems emerging in the construction process were analyzed and corresponding measures were put forward.

An Integrative Collaborative Project Approach to Climate-Change Resilience and Urban/Regional Sustainability for the Mexico-Lerma-Cutzamala Hydrological Region

In a rapidly urbanizing world, the social, economic, and ecological complexities of cities require conceptual and operational innovations to enhance climate resilience and sustainability. We describe our Integrative Collaborative Project (ICP) approach to co-create climate resilience in the Mexico-Lerma-Cutzamala Hydrological Region (MLCHR). In recent years, it has suffered from frequent natural disasters, and under climate change scenarios, the intensity and frequency of extreme events, including severe floods, droughts, heat waves and landslides are expected to increase. ICPs are framed as socio-technical capacity building enterprises, with networks operating at multiple scales. The approach differs from other integrative efforts, which tend to be top-down with scant civil society co-ownership, and focus on limited aspects like indicators/assessment, or institutional capacity building. We reimagine all operational stages, from creative thinking, through ethos and concept, assessment, planning, project design, implementation and management, and monitoring and evaluation. The design of ICPs is informed by six integrative domains: 1) project ethos, concept, and framing;2) sectors, topics, and issues;3) spatial and temporal scales;4) stakeholder interests, relationships and capacities;5) knowledge types, models and methods;and 6) socio-technical capacities and networks. Empirically, the approach is based on participatory development practices, pilot project work tackling sustainable water and sanitation in Mexico, and a synthesis of rich experiential knowledge spanning 20 years. The theoretical basis considers a pragmatic knowledge frame, socio-technical transitions literature, and education for social transformation. We describe forward-looking operational details of the Pilot ICP for the Mexico-Lerma-Cutzamala Hydrological Region, with our three-university partnership as catalyst, and a new breed of socio-technical enterprise organization as a key partner, engaging stakeholders at municipal and regional scales.

Smart cities from low cost to expensive solutions under an optimal analysis

This scientific approach mainly aims to develop a smart city/smart community concept to objectively evaluate the progress of these organizational forms in relation to other classical/traditional forms of city organizations.The elaborated model allowed the construction of the dashboard of access actions in the smart city/smart community category on two levels of financial effort correlated with the effect on the sustainable development of smart cities.The validity of the proposed model and our approach was supported by the complex statistical analysis performed in this study.The research concluded that low-cost solutions are the most effective in supporting smart urban development.They should be followed by the other category of solutions,which implies more significant financial and managerial efforts as well as a higher rate of welfare growth for urban citizens.The main outcomes of this research include modelling solutions related to smart city development at a low-cost level and identifying the sensitivity elements that maximize the growth function.The implications of this research are to provide viable alternatives based on smart city development opportunities with medium and long-term effects on urban communities,economic sustainability,and translation into urban development rates.This study’s results are useful for all administrations ready for change that want the rapid implementation of the measures with beneficial effects on the community or which,through a strategic vision,aim to connect to the European objectives of sustainable growth and social welfare for citizens.Practically,this study is a tool for defining and implementing smart public policies at the urban level.

韧性城市治理体系的构建困境与对策

在现代社会中,快速的城市化进程以及日益严峻的复合型灾害风险,使得传统城市安全治理体系与模式已无法满足需求,韧性治理理念逐渐引起重视。韧性城市治理体系具有健全的城市规划和设计、跨部门合作与协调、公众参与及社会创新、敏锐的风险识别力,以及快速的环境适应和恢复能力等特征。我国韧性城市治理体系构建面临城市建设规划有待升级、城市应急管理体系有待完善、城市空间结构有待优化、城市承载能力有待提升等问题。应升级建设规划,优化韧性城市空间结构;加强基础设施韧性,完善城市应急管理体系;加强生态系统韧性,提升城市承载能力;加强经济和社会韧性,提升城市综合治理水平,以建立完善的韧性城市治理体系。

学习型城市建设:全球实践及其启示

学习型城市在国外已有近半个世纪的发展,积累并形成了一套较为成熟且可资借鉴的运作模式与经验。通过对以项目为依托的欧洲经济论模式、以技术为依托的北美智能论模式、以政府为依托的东亚关系论模式和以基本发展为依托的非洲理念论模式等不同地区学习型城市建设与发展的系统引介与分析,提炼其对新时代中国学习型城市建设与发展的经验借鉴,并在此基础上提出契合本土实际的推进策略:培育“学习文化”,营造全社会学习氛围;加强学习型社区建设,推进居民终身学习;创造更多学习机会,扩大教育共享范畴;加大公共财政投入,拓宽多元化资金支持;建立健全相关协同制度与联动保障机制等。

基于物联网大数据的智慧城市可持续建设研究

文中针对智慧城市建设可持续发展与规划的重要意义和重大影响,利用物联网和大数据分析技术,提出了一种以物联网和大数据分析为基础的智慧城市可持续发展规划与建设框架。首先,设计了一种基于物联网的异构聚合智慧城市架构;然后,对框架进行了大数据分析与探讨;最后,利用HadoopEco系统,对数据吞吐率曲线与数据量大小进行了评估,验证了所提框架的实用性和先进性。

珠三角彩叶林美学文化与功能评价指标体系构建

针对珠三角城市群中广州、深圳、佛山等地及周边地区常见的彩叶树种美学文化功能评价中的关键问题,在文献梳理和理论实践的基础上,运用专家评估法和层次分析原理建立综合指标法,构建包括3个准则层(B1~3)、9个次准则层(C1~9)和27个指标层(D1~27)的评价指标体系,以期有效地评价珠三角彩叶林的美学与文化功能,明确森林城市群生态系统文化服务保护与开发的重点,提升彩色林相营建技术与美丽湾区建设的匹配性与实用性,拓展城市林业和人居环境学科理论的内涵与应用。

东京市郊铁路转型改造带动城市发展实践研究及对北京的启示

北京正处于市郊铁路发展初期,日本东京都市圈在以市郊铁路支撑和引导城市发展、实现城市与交通可持续发展方面取得的成功经验,具有重要借鉴价值。着眼于东京铁路转型改造与城市发展的互动历程,梳理东京市郊铁路沿线一体化开发的特点及成功经验,以东日本旅客铁道集团、田园都市线及筑波快线为例,剖析东京铁路转型与城市发展之间的协同关系、转型效果与实践经验。以此结合北京市郊铁路发展实际,针对城市规划引领有待加强、站点一体化政策机制亟待完善、运营服务水平需逐步提高、交通衔接仍需优化等问题,提出北京市郊铁路发展模式,以期为北京市郊铁路在轨道交通引导城市空间布局、轨道线路引领城市轴线发展、高品质轨道微中心打造、运管能力提升、多网融合发展等方面提供参考。

智慧城市与城市建筑设计的融合分析

文章探讨智慧城市与城市建筑设计的融合,通过分析智慧城市的定义和特征,围绕可持续发展、以用户体验为中心以及技术创新的原则,探讨新加坡的Marina Bay Sands、谷歌的Nest智能家居系统和迪拜的Burj Khalifa 3个智慧城市与城市建筑设计融合的实例。结果显示,智慧城市与城市建筑设计的融合能够促进城市的可持续发展,提升居民的生活体验和安全感。该融合是构建更高效、环保且人性化城市的关键步骤,对未来城市规划和建筑设计具有深远影响。

精明收缩理论视角下的资源枯竭型城市街区规划更新设计——以山东省济南市钢城区为例

随着经济发展,资源型城市在成熟期之后进入衰败期,人口的大量流失与原有土地利用率低,导致城市在衰退道路上更进一步。文章以济南市钢城区为例,总结了资源枯竭型城市的问题。借助精明收缩理论,探讨其与城市规划更新的结合,并使用改良Malthus人口模型和人口统计数据进行济南市钢城区人口收缩验证,依据钢城区现有城市规划蓝图,提出开放街区、弹性控制用地、闲置用地开发、土地功能混合四个方面的可持续规划建议。