Current methods of evaluating long term Sustainable Development seldom take into account the time period over which an evaluation is made except through simplistic economic models which heavily discount the future. If...Current methods of evaluating long term Sustainable Development seldom take into account the time period over which an evaluation is made except through simplistic economic models which heavily discount the future. If sustainable development is to be a serious issue then the impact on the future of decisions made today must be properly assessed and evaluated. This requires a new understanding of time as a key feature of the Sustainability debate and new models of how this new understanding can be brought into the evaluation process. This was at the heart of the Torino declaration signed by the University organisations of the G8, G20 and developing nations in April 2009. Time is a critical part of the sustainability debate and is seldom addressed directly. This paper will provide a possible solution based on a strong theoretical and philosophical framework of how this difficult subject can be approached and applied to sustainable urban planning. The work presented is based on a philosophical model of the cosmos which has both internal and external credibility. It forms the basis ofa PhD study and has been applied to small case studies in Italy and elsewhere. These will be presented to encourage further study into this important area within the evaluation and assessment of sustainable development.展开更多
This paper gives insight into the use of underground space in Helsinki,Finland.The city has an underground master plan(UMP) for its whole municipal area,not only for certain parts of the city.Further,the decision-maki...This paper gives insight into the use of underground space in Helsinki,Finland.The city has an underground master plan(UMP) for its whole municipal area,not only for certain parts of the city.Further,the decision-making history of the UMP is described step-by-step.Some examples of underground space use in other cities are also given.The focus of this paper is on the sustainability issues related to urban underground space use,including its contribution to an environmentally sustainable and aesthetically acceptable landscape,anticipated structural longevity and maintaining the opportunity for urban development by future generations.Underground planning enhances overall safety and economy efficiency.The need for underground space use in city areas has grown rapidly since the 21 st century;at the same time,the necessity to control construction work has also increased.The UMP of Helsinki reserves designated space for public and private utilities in various underground areas of bedrock over the long term.The plan also provides the framework for managing and controlling the city’s underground construction work and allows suitable locations to be allocated for underground facilities.Tampere,the third most populated city in Finland and the biggest inland city in the Nordic countries,is also a good example of a city that is taking steps to utilise underground resources.Oulu,the capital city of northern Finland,has also started to ‘go underground’.An example of the possibility to combine two cities by an 80-km subsea tunnel is also discussed.A new fixed link would generate huge potential for the capital areas of Finland and Estonia to become a real Helsinki-Tallinn twin city.展开更多
Urban Building Energy Modelling(UBEM)allows us to simulate buildings’energy performances at a larger scale.However,creating a reliable urban-scale energy model of new or existing urban areas can be difficult since th...Urban Building Energy Modelling(UBEM)allows us to simulate buildings’energy performances at a larger scale.However,creating a reliable urban-scale energy model of new or existing urban areas can be difficult since the model requires overly detailed input data,which is not necessarily publicly unavailable.Model calibration is a necessary step to reduce the uncertainties and simulation results in order to develop a reliable and accurate UBEM.Due to the concerns over computational resources and the time needed for calibration,a sensitivity analysis is often required to identify the key parameters with the most substantial impact before the calibration is deployed in UBEM.Here,we study the sensitivity of uncertain input parameters that affect the annual heating and cooling energy demand by employing an urban-scale energy model,CitySim.Our goal is to determine the relative influence of each set of input parameters and their interactions on heating and cooling loads for various building forms under different climates.First,we conduct a global sensitivity analysis for annual cooling and heating consumption under different climate conditions.Building upon this,we investigate the changes in input sensitivity to different building forms,focusing on the indices with the largest Total-order sensitivity.Finally,we determine First-order indices and Total-order effects of each input parameter included in the urban building energy model.We also provide tables,showing the important parameters on the annual cooling and heating demand for each climate and each building form.We find that if the desired calibration process require to decrease the number of the inputs to save the computational time and cost,calibrating 5 parameters;temperature set-point,infiltration rate,floor U-value,avg.walls U-value and roof U-value would impact the results over 55%for any climate and any building form.展开更多
Although a lot of research has focused on energy recovery and recycling of valuable materials from wastes to reduce loads on landfills,landfilling is still an inseparable part of solid waste management.Since landfills...Although a lot of research has focused on energy recovery and recycling of valuable materials from wastes to reduce loads on landfills,landfilling is still an inseparable part of solid waste management.Since landfills potentially pose a risk to human health and the surrounding environment,landfill site selection is an important endeavor that has to be carried out with great care.Choosing a suitable location for landfills depends on several factors and is a complicated procedure.In this paper,a comprehensive review of landfill site selection methods,with an emphasis on multi criteria decision making(multiple criteria decision analysis)has been presented.Assessments indicate that the most frequently used methods are weighted linear combination(WLC),ordered weighted averaging(OWA),analytic hierarchy process(AHP),fuzzy analytic hierarchy process(F-AHP),TODIM,fuzzy TODIM,analytic network process(ANP),fuzzy-analytic network process(F-ANP),and grey systems theory,each of which is discussed.The most widely used factors for selecting a landfill site are groundwater depth,surface water vicinity,elevation,land slope,soil permeability,soil stability,flooding susceptibility,lithology and stratification,faults,land use type,nearby settlements and urbanization,cultural and protected site vicinity,wind direction,roads,railways,proximity to building materials,pipelines and powerlines,and proximity to airports.展开更多
文摘Current methods of evaluating long term Sustainable Development seldom take into account the time period over which an evaluation is made except through simplistic economic models which heavily discount the future. If sustainable development is to be a serious issue then the impact on the future of decisions made today must be properly assessed and evaluated. This requires a new understanding of time as a key feature of the Sustainability debate and new models of how this new understanding can be brought into the evaluation process. This was at the heart of the Torino declaration signed by the University organisations of the G8, G20 and developing nations in April 2009. Time is a critical part of the sustainability debate and is seldom addressed directly. This paper will provide a possible solution based on a strong theoretical and philosophical framework of how this difficult subject can be approached and applied to sustainable urban planning. The work presented is based on a philosophical model of the cosmos which has both internal and external credibility. It forms the basis ofa PhD study and has been applied to small case studies in Italy and elsewhere. These will be presented to encourage further study into this important area within the evaluation and assessment of sustainable development.
文摘This paper gives insight into the use of underground space in Helsinki,Finland.The city has an underground master plan(UMP) for its whole municipal area,not only for certain parts of the city.Further,the decision-making history of the UMP is described step-by-step.Some examples of underground space use in other cities are also given.The focus of this paper is on the sustainability issues related to urban underground space use,including its contribution to an environmentally sustainable and aesthetically acceptable landscape,anticipated structural longevity and maintaining the opportunity for urban development by future generations.Underground planning enhances overall safety and economy efficiency.The need for underground space use in city areas has grown rapidly since the 21 st century;at the same time,the necessity to control construction work has also increased.The UMP of Helsinki reserves designated space for public and private utilities in various underground areas of bedrock over the long term.The plan also provides the framework for managing and controlling the city’s underground construction work and allows suitable locations to be allocated for underground facilities.Tampere,the third most populated city in Finland and the biggest inland city in the Nordic countries,is also a good example of a city that is taking steps to utilise underground resources.Oulu,the capital city of northern Finland,has also started to ‘go underground’.An example of the possibility to combine two cities by an 80-km subsea tunnel is also discussed.A new fixed link would generate huge potential for the capital areas of Finland and Estonia to become a real Helsinki-Tallinn twin city.
文摘Urban Building Energy Modelling(UBEM)allows us to simulate buildings’energy performances at a larger scale.However,creating a reliable urban-scale energy model of new or existing urban areas can be difficult since the model requires overly detailed input data,which is not necessarily publicly unavailable.Model calibration is a necessary step to reduce the uncertainties and simulation results in order to develop a reliable and accurate UBEM.Due to the concerns over computational resources and the time needed for calibration,a sensitivity analysis is often required to identify the key parameters with the most substantial impact before the calibration is deployed in UBEM.Here,we study the sensitivity of uncertain input parameters that affect the annual heating and cooling energy demand by employing an urban-scale energy model,CitySim.Our goal is to determine the relative influence of each set of input parameters and their interactions on heating and cooling loads for various building forms under different climates.First,we conduct a global sensitivity analysis for annual cooling and heating consumption under different climate conditions.Building upon this,we investigate the changes in input sensitivity to different building forms,focusing on the indices with the largest Total-order sensitivity.Finally,we determine First-order indices and Total-order effects of each input parameter included in the urban building energy model.We also provide tables,showing the important parameters on the annual cooling and heating demand for each climate and each building form.We find that if the desired calibration process require to decrease the number of the inputs to save the computational time and cost,calibrating 5 parameters;temperature set-point,infiltration rate,floor U-value,avg.walls U-value and roof U-value would impact the results over 55%for any climate and any building form.
文摘Although a lot of research has focused on energy recovery and recycling of valuable materials from wastes to reduce loads on landfills,landfilling is still an inseparable part of solid waste management.Since landfills potentially pose a risk to human health and the surrounding environment,landfill site selection is an important endeavor that has to be carried out with great care.Choosing a suitable location for landfills depends on several factors and is a complicated procedure.In this paper,a comprehensive review of landfill site selection methods,with an emphasis on multi criteria decision making(multiple criteria decision analysis)has been presented.Assessments indicate that the most frequently used methods are weighted linear combination(WLC),ordered weighted averaging(OWA),analytic hierarchy process(AHP),fuzzy analytic hierarchy process(F-AHP),TODIM,fuzzy TODIM,analytic network process(ANP),fuzzy-analytic network process(F-ANP),and grey systems theory,each of which is discussed.The most widely used factors for selecting a landfill site are groundwater depth,surface water vicinity,elevation,land slope,soil permeability,soil stability,flooding susceptibility,lithology and stratification,faults,land use type,nearby settlements and urbanization,cultural and protected site vicinity,wind direction,roads,railways,proximity to building materials,pipelines and powerlines,and proximity to airports.
