SUSTAINABLE EXPLOITATION AND UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE INLAND RIVERBASIN OF ARID NORTHWEST CHINA

Calculated in terms of surface runoff plus irrepeated groundwater, there is about 8. 67 ×1010m3 of total available water resources in the inland river basins of arid Northwest China. Water resources is the decisive factor for survival of oases and human being. But there have arisen several aspects of Serious eco-environment problems resulted from irrational exploitation and utilization. From now on, the development and utilization of water not only requires to promote regional economy, but also needs to protect and improve the environment based on their potential. Sustainable utilization needs to broaden new sources and saving water at first. Then three measures are recommended.

Surface runoff processes and sustainable utilization of water resources in Manas River Basin, Xinjiang, China

Water is the important resource to guarantee the existence and development of oases in arid areas. To improve the utilization efficiency of water resources in Manas River Basin, this paper investigated the trends and periods of runoff based on the runoff and climate data for the past 50 years. Subsequently, with the socioeconomic and water resources data, we studied a comprehensive evaluation on the water security in this area. The results indicated that the stream flows in the three hydrological stations of Hongshanzui, Kensiwat and Bajiahu have sig- nificantly increased and undergone abrupt changes, with periods of 18 and 20 years. According to assessment, water security in the Manas River Basin was at an unsafe level in 2008. In criterion layer, the ecological security index and the index of supply-demand situation are both at the relatively secure level; the quantity index and so- cioeconomic index of water resources are at the unsafe level and basic security level, respectively. Therefore, in order to achieve sustainable economic and social development within the Manas River Basin, it is vital to take a series of effective measures to improve the status of water security.

CONSTRAINING FACTORS TO SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES AND THEIR COUNTERMEASURES IN CHINA

This paper discusses the constraining factors to sustainable utilization ofwater resources in China, and the countermeasures to realize sustainable water utilization. Theresult of comprehensive analysis shows that constraining factors to sustainable utilization of waterresources in China are complicated, including physical geographical factors and socio-economicfactors, such as uneven distribution of water resources at temporal and spatial scales,inappropriate institutional arrangement and non-water-saving and non-wter-conservation productionand life mode. The countermeasures against constraining factors to water resources sustainabledevelopment are put forward as follows: 1) using wetlands and forests, and through spatialconversion to realize temporally sustainable supply of water resources; 2) transferring waterbetween basins and areas and developing various water resources in water shortage area; 3)establishing water-saving society; 4) strengthening water pollution control and water resourcesprotection; and 5) establishing unified water resources management mechanism.

AHP Comprehensive Evaluation on Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources in Hengshui City, China

In order to investigate the sustainable utilization of water resources in Hengshui City, quantitative analysis and comprehensive evaluation on 15 indexes of Hengshui City, such as the perspectives of social and economic development condition, water resource condition, environment condition, development and utilization of water resources,were conducted by using the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) method from 2004 to 2008. Although the sustainable utilization has been growing from 2004 to 2008, the situation and environment of water resources were not optimistic because of the severe water shortage in Hengshui. In the future, improving the supply capacity is the key target for promoting sustainable utilization of water resources.

PROBLEMS AND COUNTERMEASURES OF WATER RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION IN CHINA

According to the theory of sustainable development,the current situation and existent problems of the expl oita-tion of water resources were analyze d in this paper.The results show that the contradiction between supply an d demand of water resources is continually aggravating,water pollution is incre asingly serious,water environment is worse,the over-extraction area of the underground water is expanding and water crisis stands out gradually,so it is imp erative under the situation to actualize the susta inable exploitation strategies of water resources.It is necessary for s ustainable utilizing water resources to introduce the mod el of sustainable utilization of water resources-the model of wealth transferring be-tween the generations of water resou rces,establish water-saving socie ty system and water market,form tech nology sys-tems,management systems and evaluation systems for many sorts of water r esources,improve the utilization r atio of water resources,transform waste water in to resources and maintain and restore the water space of water environmen t.

Research on the Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources of Jinan City

The study on the sustainable utilization of water resources of Jinan city is a research hotspot in the urban sustainable development field.How to use a scientific and rational evaluation index system to analyze the sustainable utilization of water resources of Jinan city and then guide the development and utilization of water resources becomes particularly important.Based on the theory of sustainable development this study introduces the method,basic steps and evaluation indexes of the assessment of the development and utilization of water resources.By systemic analyzing the exploitation and utilization standards of water resources and economy and society in Jinan city,the evaluation and index system of sustainable utilization of water resources in Jinan city can be constructed and index weight can be confirmed,and then,the standard of sustainable utilization of water resources in different years can be analyzed comparably.Thus,the deficiency of lack of reflection of coordination extent in water resources development standard,society and economy in traditional evaluation method is settled efficiently.The paper takes the sustainable utilization of water resources of Qingdao City in 2008 as the standard to compare and assess the water resources utilization in Jinan City.The paper also collects data of water resources in Jinan City from 2001 to 2007.The result indicates that evaluation method is of feasibility and it is effective to the implementation of sustainable utilization strategy water resources in Jinan City.

TOPSIS Based Assessment of Sustainable Water Resources Utilization

Based on water resources conditions,social development,social economy and ecological conditions,the Indicators system for sustainability assessment of water resources use( ISSAWRU) was established for Yinchuan City. Using the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution( TOPSIS),the sustainable development and utilization plan of water resources was assessed for Yinchuan City during 2010-2014. In 2010-2014,there were no significant changes in the natural conditions of water resources in Yinchuan City; however,with the promulgation of national water resources related policies,Yinchuan City realized gradual increase in the water resources utilization rate,gradual improvement in the ecological environment,and gradual optimization of water resources sustainable utilization situation at the same time of ensuring rapid economic growth.

Establish Green Industry System,Improve the Comprehensive Utilization Level of Salt Lake Resources,and Create A New Pattern of Green Sustainable Development in Qaidam Basin

Qaidam Basin in Qinghai Province has rich multiple complex resources with salt lakes as the core.These resources form a special condition for the development of green economy,having rare and particular nature.The

Groundwater resources in karst area in Southern China and sustainable utilization pattern

Occurrence conditions of groundwater in southern karst area are complicated. The water-bearing media in the karst have multiplicity, and the groundwater is hosted in holes, gaps, seams, pipes and caves. The karst water shows heterogeneity where fast and slow flow coexist, and the Darcy and non-Darcy flow coexist, and the liquid flow, the gas flow and solid flow coexist. The evaluation and investigation indicates that the mineable resource of karst groundwater is about 53.44 billion m^3/y, and the current exploitation quantity is merely 6.565 billion m^3/year. The exploitation and utilization potential is gigantic. In the region there are altogether 2 763 karst subterranean rivers with a total length of 12 687 km. The dry season runoff volume equals to 47 billion m^3/year. At present the exploitation is only 10%. Four effective utilization models of karst groundwater resources have been put forward.(1) The karst hills-depression zone formed the surface-underground united reservoir. By digging tunnels, water diversion irrigation and generating electricity, the ecological economy is developed.(2) In the deep-cut peak cluster depression area, by using the high-part Epikarst spring and constructing the regulation and storage water tank, the stereo ecological agriculture is developed.(3) In the karst peak forest plain and hilly-gully area, the pump-type underground regulating reservoir is constructed and the water-saving ecological agriculture is strengthened.(4) In the fault basin region with the surrounding groundwater runoff belting beam backwater, the water resources are jointly controlled to develop a fruit crop base within the basin.

Research on Sustainable Utilization of Water Resource in Binzhou City by Ecological Footprint

Sustainable utilization state of water resource in Binzhou City was studied by ecological footprint. Results showed that the per capita eco- logical footprints of living water, producing water and ecological water were respectively 0.071, 1. 105 and 0.032 hm^2/person. The total per capita ecological footprint was 1.208 hm^2/person, and the total per capita ecological carrying capacity was 1.357 hm^2/person. The per capita ecological surplus of water resource was 0.149 8 hm^2/person. It illustrated that the development and utilization of water resource in Binzhou City were overall sustainable.

The Relationship between Water Resources Use Efficiency and Scientific and Technological Innovation Level: Case Study of Yangtze River Basin in China

The Yangtze River Basin’s water resource utilization efficiency(WUE)and scientific and technological innovation level(STI)are closely connected,and the comprehension of these relationships will help to improve WUE and promote local economic growth and conservation of water.This study uses 19 provinces and regions along the Yangtze River’s mainstream from 2009 to 2019 as its research objects and uses a Vector Auto Regression(VAR)model to quantitatively evaluate the spatiotemporal evolution of the coupling coordination degree(CCD)between the two subsystems of WUE and STI.The findings show that:(1)Both the WUE and STI in the Yangtze River Basin showed an upward trend during the study period,but the STI effectively lagged behind the WUE;(2)The CCD of the two subsystems generally showed an upward trend,and the CCD of each province was improved to varying degrees,but the majority of regions did not develop a high-quality coordination stage;(3)The CCD of the two systems displayed apparent positive spatial autocorrelation in the spatial correlation pattern,and there were only two types:high-high(H-H)urbanization areas and low-low(L-L)urbanization areas;(4)The STI showed no obvious response to the impact of the WUE,while the WUE responded greatly to the STI,and both of them were highly dependent on themselves.Optimizing their interaction mechanisms should be the primary focus of high-quality development in the basin of the Yangtze River in the future.These results give the government an empirical basis to enhance the WUE and promote regional sustainable development.

Measurement and assessment of water resources carrying capacity in Henan Province, China

As demands on limited water resources intensify, concerns are being raised about water resources carrying capacity（WRCC）, which is defined as the maximum sustainable socioeconomic scale that can be supported by available water resources and while maintaining defined environmental conditions. This paper proposes a distributed quantitative model for WRCC, based on the principles of optimization, and considering hydro-economic interaction, water supply, water quality, and socioeconomic development constraints. With the model, the WRCCs of 60 subregions in Henan Province were determined for different development periods. The results showed that the water resources carrying level of Henan Province was suitably loaded in 2010, but that the province would be mildly overloaded in 2030 with respect to the socioeconomic development planning goals. The restricting factors for WRCC included the available water resources, the increasing rate of GDP, the urbanization ratio, the irrigation water utilization coefficient, the industrial water recycling rate, and the wastewater reuse rate, of which the available water resources was the most crucial factor. Because these factors varied temporally and spatially, the trends in predicted WRCC were inconsistent across different subregions and periods.

Challenge and Perspective of Yangtze River Basin Water Resources Protection

The major faced problems at present in Yangtze river basin are: ① uneffective control in river water pollution threatens seriously the safety of drinking water; ② shrinkage of lake area and serious eutrophication; ③ soil-water losses degraded the ecological environment of the basin; ④ the impact of TGP and S-N water transfer project on water environment of the basin. In the light of above-mentioned problems, water resources utilization strategy must be adjusted and the sustainable social and economic development should be supported by sustainable water resources utilization, and it is necessary to take the following countermeasures: ① establishing overall flood control and disaster relief system; ② developing high water use efficiency agriculture; ③ taking "giving priority to water saving on the basis of pollution control" as urban water resources utilization strategy; ④ implementing comprehensive pollution control strategy with sources control as main point; ⑤ guaranteing water demand of the ecological environment; ⑥implementing the strategy of maintaining water resources supply and demand balance on the basis of water demand management; ⑦ studying countermeasures for the ecological and environmental impacts of trans-basin water transfer and western China devolopment. The key of realization of sustainable water resources utilization is to reform management and investment mechanism of water resources and water price policy. It is the only way to solve the water resources problems in Yangtze river basin as well as the whole China.

Problems for water resources development in typical small karst drainage basins and countermeasures

In karst area water deficit is one of the main factors constraining sustainable economic development. In 1979 the comprehensive karstic observational field station was set up in Houzhai drainage basin located,\ in Puding county of Guizhou Province, which can represent most of the small karst drainage basins on the dividing line of the Guizhou Plateau. Geomorphology, water resources and water chemistry were investigated and observed. Based on comparisons of water supply with water demand and analysis of the main problems in water exploitation and utilization. it is found out that the water deficiency was not directly caused by the scarcity of natural water resources. The true reason is the insufficient capacity of water supply caused by the dismatch of the water and soil water resources which can be dealt with by building more irrigation works. Some solutions such as to build scientific basis for water exploitation and utilization and sustainable economic development in karst drainage basins on dividing line of the Guizhou Plateau.

Cloud model-based analysis of regional sustainable water resource utilization schemes

Given the adverse effects of current water shortages,low utilization and imbalance between the supply and demand,and other status quo problems relating to social economic development,the construction industry and agriculture,a cloud model was applied to a water resource system using five sustainable water resource utilization schemes for Kiamusze,Heilongjiang Province,as an example.This research changes the qualitative description of the concept language into a quantitative analysis of an evaluation indicator.A cloud model-based analytical method for regional sustainable water resource utilization schemes was proposed,and the sustainable grades of the water resources were calculated.The research results showed that,in addition to the natural continuation of such schemes,the development trends of four new schemes achieved the sustainable utilization of water resources,and thus,the sustainable water resource utilization was optimized.However,when the open-source,throttle,comprehensive and coordination schemes were subjected to the optimum applicability analysis,based on the limiting factors in different periods,resource availability and long-term development,decision-making regarding the best solution in different periods better ensures sustainable development in Kiamusze.The research results provide a significant theoretical basis for the formulation of scientific and reasonable sustainable water resource utilization strategies in Kiamusze.

面向新时期新需求的三峡水库运行方案研究

本文回顾三峡水库设计洪水、特征水位、运行方案变化调整过程,综述三峡水库运行调度关键技术研究进展和分析来水来沙变化情况。分别采用最可能洪水地区组成法和非一致性洪水频率分析两种途径,推求考虑上游水库群调蓄影响的三峡水库运行期设计洪水及特征水位。结果表明:近10年三峡入库泥沙量比初设成果减少了84.4%,宜昌站水文情势IHA-RVA综合指标为74%、发生了重度改变,三峡水库运行期1000年一遇7~15 d洪量减少了约81.5亿~142.8亿m^(3),初设确定汛限水位的主要制约因素(防洪、泥沙)发生了很大的变化。原单站设计洪水及确定的三峡水库175-155-145 m运行方案,已无法满足新时期水资源高效利用和生态环境保护的新需求。建议把三峡水库运行方案调整为175-160-155 m,主汛期水位在155~160 m区间动态控制运行,长江中下游梅雨结束后应考虑提前蓄水,8月底蓄至163 m左右,9月底蓄至165 m,10月底蓄满。该方案在保证大坝和下游防洪安全的前提下,汛期减少弃水并增加枯水期补水量,预计可增发10%左右的发电量;抬高运行水位也有利于库区航运和减少消落带;9月份尽量不蓄水或少蓄水,可减少蓄水期对下游河道及两湖生态环境的不利影响,具有巨大的经济、社会和生态环境等综合利用效益。当预测预报长江流域可能发生流域性大洪水时,尽快将库水位消落至汛限水位145 m,确保大坝和下游防洪安全。

基于水资源生态足迹的沿海11个省级行政区水资源可持续利用分析

基于水资源生态足迹模型,对中国沿海11个省级行政区2005—2020年水资源生态足迹、水资源生态承载力及水资源可持续利用进行分析。结果表明:①水资源生态足迹与水环境生态足迹变化趋势相似,总体呈“W”型变化轨迹,水环境生态足迹占比为3类水资源生态足迹账户中最高,表明水环境生态足迹是水资源生态足迹的主要产源;②4类淡水生态足迹中,农业用水生态足迹占总淡水生态足迹的比重最高,农业用水生态足迹远高于工业、生活和生态用水生态足迹(除上海外),表明农业用水生态足迹是淡水生态足迹的主要贡献类型;③受自然因素和社会因素的影响,水资源生态承载力波动明显,呈南高北低的分布格局;④水资源整体上处于生态赤字状态,仅广西在研究期内一直为水资源生态盈余,水资源负载指数呈增长趋势且整体在II级以上,表明水资源利用程度高,潜力小,开发利用较困难,万元GDP水资源生态足迹呈下降趋势,水资源利用效率不断提升,水资源可持续利用具有一定潜力。

基于水资源生态足迹的黄河流域水资源可持续利用研究

黄河流域面临着水资源短缺、上下游分布不均的问题,为确保区域内水资源可持续利用,亟需对流域水资源可持续性开展科学评价。基于黄河流域2020年水资源数据,将虚拟水消耗和再生水利用纳入水资源生态足迹评价体系,综合考量了水资源生态盈亏、万元GDP水资源生态足迹以及水生态压力,对流域水资源可持续发展进行评估。结果表明:黄河流域各市(州)人均水资源生态足迹地域差异显著,上游地区普遍较高,内蒙古的巴彦淖尔市、青海的海南藏族自治州和海北藏族自治州(10.52、8.72、6.85 hm^(2)/人)位列前3;而中下游经济发达、人口密集的省会城市如郑州、太原、西安(0.45、0.35、0.29 hm^(2)/人)等则相对较低。人均水资源生态承载力最高与最低的地区均位于上游,源头的阿坝藏族羌族自治州(四川)、甘孜藏族自治州(四川)以及果洛藏族自治州(青海)(96.29、79.52、66.86 hm^(2)/人)位列前3,而白银(甘肃)、乌海(内蒙古)、石嘴山(宁夏)(0.002 0、0.002 5、0.003 1 hm^(2)/人)等市则相对较低,呈现与生态足迹不同的特征。流域人均水资源生态盈亏,仅上游的青海和四川呈现盈余,其余省(区)中有约85.5%的市(州)处于赤字状态,水资源压力指数大于1,处于水资源不可持续利用状态,安全程度较低。流域内万元GDP水资源生态足迹差异大,从上游到下游呈下降趋势,青海、四川、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古、陕西、山西、河南和山东等省(区)分别为1.17、0.91、0.68、0.61、0.58、0.28、0.28、0.32、0.36 hm^(2)/万元,表明水资源利用效率在中下游省(区)相对较高。研究表明,黄河流域水资源生态赤字程度已远远超过水资源承载能力,亟需加强水资源生态补偿和可持续利用研究,采取有效措施以实现水资源对经济社会发展的可持续支撑。

贵州省水资源生态足迹时空演变与可持续利用研究

基于水资源生态足迹和生态承载力的理论模型,对贵州省2010—2021年水资源生态足迹、生态承载力和生态盈余的时空变化进行测度,并运用泰尔指数对水资源生态足迹的空间差异进行分析,最后基于压力—状态—响应(PSR)模型构建水资源可持续利用综合评价指标体系。结果表明:1)贵州省人均水资源生态足迹、生态承载力均呈波动上升趋势;水资源生态承载力大于生态足迹,使贵州省水资源始终保持生态盈余,且总体呈上升趋势;水资源生态足迹耗水主要来源于生产和生活用水,特别是生产用水。2)贵州省水资源生态足迹泰尔指数在上升,人均生态足迹泰尔指数在下降,水资源生态承载力泰尔指数、人均生态承载力泰尔指数、水资源生态盈余泰尔指数和人均生态盈余泰尔指数都处于振荡上升趋势。贵州省水资源生态足迹地区差异明显,黔中地区差异最大,黔西地区次之,黔东地区差异较小,需要特别关注黔中和黔西地区的水资源使用。3)水资源可持续利用综合评价指标体系中压力指数、状态指数、响应指数分别呈下降、上升和上升趋势,说明水资源状态不断改善,措施应对得力,压力不断减轻,因此水资源可持续利用综合评价指数不断提高。研究结果表明:贵州省水资源可持续利用状况近年来有所改善,但是时空差异明显,地区分布不均,仍需重点提高生产和生活用水账户的用水效率,不断优化产业结构,提高水资源可持续利用水平。

汛期洪水资源化利用对三峡水库淤积影响研究

作为三峡水库诸多优化调度方式中的一种,洪水资源化利用对水库淤积的影响受到持续关注,开展针对场次洪水的相关研究有助于进一步深化对水库淤积科学问题的认识,有望为调度工作提供一定的技术支撑。通过2013年以来的历史水文资料分析与水沙运动数值模拟,探究了入库洪水的输沙过程以及洪水资源化利用对库区淤积与水库排沙的影响。结果表明:洪峰流量介于30000~55000 m 3/s的中小洪水是近年三峡入库洪水的主要形式,随着入库洪峰流量的增加,洪水的地区组成逐渐趋向于金沙江下游、嘉陵江共同主导;常年回水区淤积、水库排沙是“消化”入库泥沙的两种主要途径,且以前者的作用为主;针对Ⅰ-3类入库洪水,坝前起调水位Z 0的抬升或洪水资源化利用对水库淤积的影响主要在于造成了库区淤积的重分布,次要在于改变了水库的排沙作用,在Z 0≤150 m条件下,洪水资源化利用对水库淤积的影响相对较小;针对典型洪水,当武隆洪峰流量Q′WL与入库洪峰流量Q′RK的比值小于1/5(即Q′WL/Q′RK<1/5)且朱沱洪峰流量Q′ZT与北碚洪峰流量Q′BB的比值介于3/2和3之间(即3/2<Q′ZT/Q′BB≤3)时,在Z 0=145 m情景下,洪水量级的提高增加了约50%的入库沙量,而水库调度抬升的库水位不足坝前水深的5%,导致前者较后者产生了更加严峻的变动回水区淤积和水库排沙情势;随着嘉陵江的洪水输沙作用逐渐显著,变动回水区,尤其是嘉陵江与长江干流交汇口下游河道的淤积情势愈发明显,应当予以重视。